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Soga T, Nakajima S, Kawaguchi M, Parhar IS. Repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor /neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) in social stress and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110053. [PMID: 32739332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extreme stress is closely linked with symptoms of depression. Chronic social stress can cause structural and functional changes in the brain. These changes are associated with dysfunction of neuroprotective signalling that is necessary for cell survival, growth, and maturation. Reduced neuronal numbers and volume of brain regions have been found in depressed patients, which may be caused by decreased cell survival and increased cell death. Elucidating the mechanism underlying the degeneration of the neuroprotective system in social stress-induced depression is important for developing neuroprotective measures. The Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) also known as Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor (NRSF) has been reported as a neuroprotective molecule in certain neurological disorders. Decreased expression levels of REST/NRSF in the nucleus can induce death-related gene expression, leading to neuronal death. Under physiological stress conditions, REST/NRSF over expression is known to activate neuronal survival in the brain. Alterations in REST/NRSF expression in the brain has been reported in stressed animal models and in the post-mortem brain of patients with depression. Here, we highlight the neuroprotective function of REST/NRSF and discuss dysregulation of REST/NRSF and neuronal damage during social stress and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Shingo Nakajima
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Maiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, PJ, 47500, Malaysia.
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Venugopal C, Shamir C, Senthilkumar S, Babu JV, Sonu PK, Nishtha KJ, Rai KS, K S, Dhanushkodi A. Dosage and Passage Dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Exosomes Derived from Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vitro Analysis. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 17:379-390. [PMID: 29366415 DOI: 10.2174/1566523218666180125091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a group of disorders for which no treatment is available till date. Stem cell based therapy offers great hope and promise. However, stem cell transplantation is associated with certain disadvantages like poor targeted migration, engraftment and survival of the transplanted cells. MATERIAL & METHOD Exosomes, a type of extracellular membrane vesicle released by all cell types including stem cells, offer an alternative to stem cell transplantation. Exosome carry a wide array of biomolecules and are implicated in exhibiting substantial benefits in the repair/regeneration of the injured tissue. Thus, exosomes offer an alternative therapeutic approach as a substitute of cell transplantation. In order to utilize exosomes for therapeutic purpose, it is essential to evaluate the appropriate passage number and the dosage to avoid possible cytotoxic effects. Here, we isolated exosomes from different passages of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and analysed the neuroprotective potential of BM-MSC exosomes in an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. RESULT Our results demonstrated that the exosomes isolated from early passage of rat BM-MSC exhibited more efficient neuroprotective potential as opposed to later passages derived exosomes. Furthermore, the neuroprotective efficacy of exosome is dosage dependent. i.e. the lower dosage of exosomes was found to be neuroprotective, whereas higher dosage of exosomes (from later passages) was found to be detrimental to neurons. The early passage derived exosomes protected neurons through anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic and anti-oxidant mechanisms. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that adult stem cells derived exosomes could be a potential therapeutic agent to confer neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venugopal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Christopher Shamir
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Sivapriya Senthilkumar
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Janitri Venkatachala Babu
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Peedikayil Kurien Sonu
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Kusum Jain Nishtha
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Kiranmai S Rai
- Dept. of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shobha K
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Yelahanka, Bangalore-560065, India
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Her LS, Mao SH, Chang CY, Cheng PH, Chang YF, Yang HI, Chen CM, Yang SH. miR-196a Enhances Neuronal Morphology through Suppressing RANBP10 to Provide Neuroprotection in Huntington's Disease. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2452-2462. [PMID: 28744327 PMCID: PMC5525749 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in several neurobiological processes, including the development and progression of diseases. Previously, we identified that one specific miRNA, miR-196a, provides neuroprotective effects on Huntington's disease (HD), although the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Based on our bioinformatic analyses, we hypothesize miR-196a might offer neuroprotective functions through improving cytoskeletons of brain cells. Here, we show that miR-196a could enhance neuronal morphology, further ameliorating intracellular transport, synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, and learning and memory abilities. Additionally, we found that miR-196a could suppress the expression of RAN binding protein 10 (RANBP10) through binding to its 3' untranslated region, and higher expression of RANBP10 exacerbates neuronal morphology and intracellular transport. Furthermore, miR-196a enhances neuronal morphology through suppressing RANBP10 and increasing the ability of β-tubulin polymerization. Most importantly, we observed higher expression of RANBP10 in the brains of HD transgenic mice, and higher expression of RANBP10 might exacerbate the pathological aggregates in HD. Taken together, we provide evidence that enhancement of neuronal morphology through RANBP10 is one of the neuroprotective mechanisms for miR-196a. Since miR-196a has also been reported in other neuronal diseases, this study might offer insights with regard to the therapeutic use of miR-196a in other neuronal diseases.
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Xu K, Ye L, Sharma K, Jin Y, Harrison MM, Caldwell T, Berthiaume JM, Luo Y, LaManna JC, Puchowicz MA. Diet-Induced Ketosis Protects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mouse. Adv Exp Med Biol 2017; 977:205-213. [PMID: 28685447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade we have consistently shown that ketosis is neuroprotective against ischemic insults in rats. We reported that diet-induced ketotic rats had a significant reduction in infarct volume when subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and improved survival and recovery after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. The neuroprotective mechanisms of ketosis (via ketogenic diet; KG) include (i) ketones are alternate energy substrates that can restore energy balance when glucose metabolism is deficient and (ii) ketones modulate cell-signalling pathways that are cytoprotective. We investigated the effects of diet-induced ketosis following transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. The correlation between levels of ketosis and hypoxic inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), AKT (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were determined. Mice were fed with KG diet or standard lab-chow (STD) diet for 4 weeks. For the MCAO group, mice underwent 60 min of MCAO and total brain infarct volumes were evaluated 48 h after reperfusion. In a separate group of mice, brain tissue metabolites, levels of HIF-1α, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and AMPK were measured. After feeding a KG diet, levels of blood ketone bodies (beta-hydroxyburyrate, BHB) were increased. There was a proportional decrease in infarct volumes with increased blood BHB levels (KG vs STD; 4.2 ± 0.6 vs 7.8 ± 2.2 mm3, mean ± SEM). A positive correlation was also observed with HIF-1α and pAKT relative to blood BHB levels. Our results showed that chronic ketosis can be induced in mice by KG diet and was neuroprotective against focal cerebral ischemia in a concentration dependent manner. Potential mechanisms include upregulation of cytoprotective pathways such as those associated with HIF-1α, pAKT and AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lena Ye
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katyayini Sharma
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yongming Jin
- Neurosugery and Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew M Harrison
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tylor Caldwell
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Berthiaume
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Neurosugery and Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph C LaManna
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Vetrovoy O, Tulkova E, Sarieva K, Kotryahova E, Zenko M, Rybnikova E. Neuroprotective effect of hypobaric hypoxic postconditioning is accompanied by dna protection and lipid peroxidation changes in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 639:49-52. [PMID: 28025115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the effect of severe hypobaric hypoxia (180Torr, 3h) and severe hypoxia followed by hypoxic postconditioning (360Torr, 2h, 3 episodes) on DNA fragmentation and dynamics of lipid peroxidation products in rat hippocampus. The severe hypoxia induced intense DNA fragmentation in the hippocampus. A persistent decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the hippocampus was also detected in response to severe hypoxia while the levels of Schiff bases did not significantly change. The postconditioning prevented severe hypoxia-induced DNA fragmentation, returned the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to the baseline and decreased the levels of Schiff bases. These findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of hypoxic postconditioning on hippocampal neurons detected as suppression of hypoxia-induced DNA fragmentation is accompanied by the changes in lipid peroxidation processes.
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Xue Q, Liu Y, He R, Yang S, Tong J, Li X, Chen Y, Xu X. Lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin Protects Neurovascular Unit from Stroke. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:367-80. [PMID: 27019622 PMCID: PMC4807157 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for an effective medicine for brain stroke has been a medical task in neuroscience for decades. The present research showed that the lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin (C-P) in all the tested doses (65.4 mg/kg, 32.7 mg/kg, 16.4 mg/kg) significantly reduced the neurological deficiency, infarct volume and apoptotic cells in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) rats. It also promoted astrocyte processes and prolonged neuron axons in infarct area. Further, it decreased MDA, NO, NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and enhanced the EPOR and GAF-43. 65.4 mg/kg and 32.7 mg/kg C-P could up-regulated EPO and VEGF significantly. In vitro, 49 μg/mL and 24.5 μg/mL C-P decreased the leakage of sodium fluorescein and increased the activity of γ-GTP. Additionally, it increased SOD and decreased MDA, NO, and LDH and decreased NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and unregulated EPO, EPOR, VEGF, and GAP-43. Only the dose of 49 μg/mL increased TEER and Claudin-5 and turned the typically damaged morphologies of neurons, astrocytes and endothelium into a favorable trend. These data imply that C-P improved the recovery of neurological deficiency in motor, sense, balance and reflex, and protected the whole NVU by anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and up-regulating some protective factors. This research provides a candidate medicine for brain stroke and, at the same time, a pattern for drug study targeting NVU in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xue
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ran He
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Tong
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Li
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Chen
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;; 2. Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China;; 3. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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