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Huang Y, Bu L, Zhu S, Zhou S. Integration of nontarget analysis with machine learning modeling for prioritization of odorous volatile organic compounds in surface water. J Hazard Mater 2024; 471:134367. [PMID: 38653135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the odor risk caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water has been a big challenge for water quality evaluation due to the abundance of odorants in water and the inherent difficulty in obtaining the corresponding odor sensory attributes. Here, a novel odor risk assessment approach has been established, incorporating nontarget screening for odorous VOC identification and machine learning (ML) modeling for odor threshold prediction. Twenty-nine odorous VOCs were identified using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry from four surface water sampling sites. These identified odorants primarily fell into the categories of ketones and ethers, and originated mainly from biological production. To obtain the odor threshold of these odorants, we trained an ML model for odor threshold prediction, which displayed good performance with accuracy of 79%. Further, an odor threshold-based prioritization approach was developed to rank the identified odorants. 2-Methylisoborneol and nonanal were identified as the main odorants contributing to water odor issues at the four sampling sites. This study provides an accessible method for accurate and quick determination of key odorants in source water, aiding in odor control and improved water quality management. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Water odor episodes have been persistent and significant issues worldwide, posing severe challenges to water treatment plants. Unpleasant odors in aquatic environments are predominantly caused by the occurrence of a wide range of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Given the vast number of newly-detected VOCs, experimental identification of the key odorants becomes difficult, making water odor issues complex to control. Herein, we propose a novel approach integrating nontarget analysis with machine learning models to accurate and quick determine the key odorants in waterbodies. We use the approach to analyze four samples with odor issues in Changsha, and prioritized the potential odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Efendioğlu MK, Orhan EK, Şen C, Sönmez S, Orhan KS, Baykan B. Olfactory function assessment of migraine patients by using the Sniffin' sticks test: A clinical study. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104076. [PMID: 37832332 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This as a cross-sectional controlled clinical study. We hypothesis that the olfactory functions in migraine patients may differ from the healthy controls. In this study, we evaluated the olfactory functions by using a Sniffin' Sticks test battery, which is a reliable and semi quantitative test to evaluate for olfactory dysfunction. METHODS Patients above 18 years of age who had migraine received a definitive diagnosis of migraine from experienced headache specialists based on the criteria of The International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 were included. Odor threshold, discrimination, and identification parameters were assessed using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test. RESULTS One-hundred and one migraine patients (age [mean ± SD], 36.9 ± 10.4 years; range, 18-60 years) and sixty healthy volunteers (age 34.5 ± 13.2 years, range 18-65 years) participated in our study. The median odor threshold score [percentiles 25th-75th] was 8.3 [6.5-9.8] for the migraine group during attack free period and 4.5[3.6-6.0] for the control group. It was found that the migraine group had a median odor discrimination score of 10.0 [10.0-13.0] and the control group 12.0 [11.0-13.0]. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.032 respectively). The median odor discrimination and identification scores were statistically significant higher for the participants with higher educational level group than in those of lower educational group (p < 0.0001). The median odor discrimination and identification scores of those without allodynia (12.0 [10.0-14.0] and 13.0 [10.0-13.0] respectively) were higher than that of those with allodynia (11.0 [9.0-12.0] and 11.0 [10.0-13.0] respectively) (p = 0.037 and p = 0.034 respectively). CONCLUSIONS We found that the odor thresholds, discrimination and identification scores of the migraine group demonstrate differences from those of the healthy group and in relation to allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merih Karbay Efendioğlu
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Kocasoy Orhan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cömert Şen
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Said Sönmez
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kadir Serkan Orhan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Baykan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hernández D, Zambra C, Astudillo C, Gabriel D, Díaz J. Evolution of physico-chemical parameters, microorganism diversity and volatile organic compound of apple pomace exposed to ambient conditions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19770. [PMID: 37809461 PMCID: PMC10559057 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In apple processing, waste material known as apple pomace amounts to 45% of production volumes. When this residue is stored in open-air for its stabilization and potential uses, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are produced, resulting in environmental and odor pollution, and must be managed to avoid their impact. This work aims to study the emission of VOCs utilizing TD-GC/MS and its relationship with changes in physico-chemical (moisture, pH, proteins, among others) and biological (bacteria and fungi using Illumina MiSeq) parameters under three environmental conditions: open-air (outdoors), under-roof (indoors) and oxygen-free. The 8-month study results showed a gradual increase in odorous VOCs and microbial diversity, a product of chemical and biological transformation processes in the samples. A 30% increase in odorant compounds responsible for the unpleasant smell was observed, especially esters, aldehydes and hydrocarbons in samples stored in oxygen-free and Open-air conditions. Increases in VOCs over time were associated with changes in physico-chemical and biological parameters, as well as fluctuations in environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation). The results of this research allow establishing a relationship between storage conditions and the production of VOCs. In addition, recommendations for waste storage time are provided for the most common uses of apple pomace based on the physico-chemical parameters observed, in order to avoid the generation of odorous compounds. Of all storage methods analyzed, under-roof is the most adequate in practice. This study's findings are pertinent for managing agribusiness waste and its potential environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Hernández
- Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, University of Talca, Box 747, Talca, Chile
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C. Zambra
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C.A. Astudillo
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - D. Gabriel
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Díaz
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Box 747, Talca, Chile
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Abstract
Though understudied relative to perturbations in the auditory and visual domains, olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of schizophrenia. Over the past two decades, the availability of standardized assessments to quantify human olfactory abilities, and enhance understanding of the neurophysiology supporting olfaction, has increased, enabling a more thorough characterization of these deficits. In contrast to other psychiatric conditions for which olfactory dysfunction has been observed (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease), the impairments observed in schizophrenia are particularly global and profound. At this level, such deficits in olfactory abilities likely impact the enjoyment of food, detection of environmental hazards, and influence social relationships. More broadly, the study of olfactory phenotypes in schizophrenia presents new avenues for detection of those at-risk for the condition, identification of therapeutic targets for treatment development, and for the characterization of novel animal models relevant to schizophrenia and psychosis. This review will consider the olfactory performance of individuals with schizophrenia in domains for which standardized assessments are available (odor sensitivity, discrimination, identification, and memory). Paradigms available for assessing these abilities in rodents will also be discussed with the aim of facilitating translation. Thus, future studies will be able to include cross-species translation of mechanisms relevant to olfactory function and cognition, what has gone awry in the disease state, and test potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taitum O Cothren
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Christopher J Evonko
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - David A MacQueen
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA.
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Liu WT, Liao WC, Griffith SM, Chang CC, Wu YC, Wang CH, Wang JL. Characterization of odorous industrial plumes by coupling fast and slow mass spectrometry techniques for volatile organic compounds. Chemosphere 2022; 304:135304. [PMID: 35697108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a technique to chemically characterize odor issues in neighborhoods of designated industrial zones with pronounced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Due to the elusive nature of odor plumes, speedy detection with sufficient sensitivity is required to capture the plumes. In this demonstration, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used as the front-line detection tool in an industrial zone to guide sampling canisters for in-laboratory analysis of 106 VOCs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The fast but less accurate PTR-MS coupled with the slow but accurate GC-MS/FID method effectively eliminates the drawbacks of each instrument and fortifies the strength of both when combined. A 10-day PTR-MS field screening period was conducted to determine suitable trigger VOC species with exceedingly high mixing ratios that were likely the culprits of foul odors. Twenty canister samples were then collected, triggered by m/z 43, 61 (ethyl acetate, fragments, EA), m/z 73 (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), or m/z 88 (morpholine) in all cases. Internal consistency was confirmed by the high correlation of critical species in the PTR-MS and trigger samples. Several long-lived halocarbons were exploited as the intrinsic internal reference for quality assurance. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) accounted for 15%-75% of the total VOC mixing ratios in the triggered samples. However, EA and MEK, the most prominent OVOC species, did not appear to have common sources with morpholine, which presented with PTR-MS peaks incoherent with the other OVOCs. Nevertheless, these distinctive OVOC plumes were consistent with the multiple types of odor reported by the local residents. In contrast with the triggered sampling, random samples in the same industrial zone and roadside samples in a major metropolitan area were collected. The pronounced OVOC content in the triggered samples highlighted the advantage over random grab sampling to address odor issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tzu Liu
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan.
| | - Yue-Chuen Wu
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Heng Wang
- Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan.
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Özay H, Çetin AÇ, Ecevit MC. Determination of Retronasal Olfactory Threshold Values. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:1608-1614. [PMID: 33533495 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to generate normative data of retronasal olfactory threshold values for normosmic and hyposmic individuals and to test the validity of that data by determining the discriminative power for normosmic/hyposmic differentiation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, descriptive and methodological study. METHODS The orthonasal olfactory function of 20 normosmic and 20 hyposmic cases was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory test. Sniffin' Sticks odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification values and threshold discrimination identification (TDI) scores were recorded. A 13-item test battery previously prepared in our Rhinology Laboratory for retronasal olfactory threshold test that consisted of concentrated solutions prepared from 2:1 diluted 99% phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and water was used. Each concentration was evaluated with water control, and if not answered correctly, the same process was continued by moving to a higher concentration series. Four consecutive correct answers were determined as the patient's retronasal olfactory threshold. RESULTS A strong correlation was found between Sniffin' Sticks TDI scores and retronasal odor threshold values in the normosmic group (P < .001, r:0.67). A very strong correlation was found between Sniffin' Sticks TDI scores and retronasal olfactory threshold values in the hyposmic group (P < .001, r:0.81). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the sensitivity and the specificity of normosmic/hyposmic differentiation of retronasal olfactory threshold test was 95% and 100%, respectively. The diagnostic cutoff value was 8.5. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the retronasal olfactory test, a psychophysical odor test performed using an orally presented stimulus, can be used to differentiate normosmic and hyposmic cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1608-1614, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özay
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aslı Çakır Çetin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cenk Ecevit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Muhlbauer Avni M, Yosha-Orpaz N, Konen O, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Straussberg R. Association of pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension with olfactory performance. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 30:162-169. [PMID: 33129661 PMCID: PMC7532354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between pediatric Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and olfactory performance. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted including 17 patients under 18 years diagnosed with IIH at a tertiary hospital and 17 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects. All participants underwent the semi-objective chemosensory Sniffin' Sticks test for evaluation of odor threshold (OT), indicative of peripheral olfactory function, and odor identification (OI), reflecting higher cognitive olfactory processing. Scores were compared and referred to the updated normative values. Demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging data were collected from the medical files. The patients with IIH were reassessed for olfactory function and clinical state at the subsequent follow-up, under treatment. RESULTS Compared to controls, the IIH group had a significantly lower mean OT score (6.41 ± 3.43 vs 10.21 ± 2.79, p = 0.001) and higher rate of OT score below the 10th percentile for age and sex according to the normative values (47.1% vs 0%, p = 0.001). There was no significant between-group difference in mean OI scores (9.82 ± 1.63, vs 10.59 ± 1.84, p = 0.290). OT scores were not associated with sex, age, body mass index, neuroimaging abnormalities, or lumbar puncture opening pressure. At the follow-up assessment, the OT scores were improved (9.36 ± 4.17 vs 6.7 ± 3.32, p = 0.027) whereas the OI scores were unchanged (9.88 ± 2.5 vs 9.69 ± 1.58, p = 0.432). CONCLUSIONS As reported in adults, children and adolescents with IIH appear to have a selective reversible deficit in olfactory detection threshold, which may imply a reduction in peripheral olfactory perceptual ability. Future studies should examine the predictive value of olfactory function for IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Muhlbauer Avni
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Naama Yosha-Orpaz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.
| | - Osnat Konen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Department of Imaging, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.
| | - Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.
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Yu H, Xie T, Xie J, Chen C, Ai L, Tian H. Aroma perceptual interactions of benzaldehyde, furfural, and vanillin and their effects on the descriptor intensities of Huangjiu. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108808. [PMID: 32036909 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are important in the aroma of Huangjiu and contribute the almond and sweet aromas to Huangjiu. The perceptual interactions of 3 important aldehyde compounds were investigated using S-curves. Three volatiles, benzaldehyde, furfural, and vanillin, reduced the "olfactory threshold" of an aromatic reconstitution (AR) from 24.2 mL/L to 11.0, 14.8 and 9.00 mL/L (AR/matrix, mL/L), respectively. Furthermore, synergistic effects were observed in a benzaldehyde and furfural mixture (71:29, m/m) wherein the overall olfactory threshold value was reduced from 17.0 mL/L to 2.60 mL/L. In addition, these compounds could increase or decrease the intensity of sensory descriptors even at subthreshold concentrations, and the profiles confirmed that they had synergistic effects with other compounds in Huangjiu. In particular, when benzaldehyde and furfural were present in the actual concentration ratio determined in Huangjiu (71:29, m/m), the enhancement of the Qu and sweet aromas became significant, which indirectly indicated synergy between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiYan Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jingru Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - LianZhong Ai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - HuaiXiang Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
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Ferdenzi C, Razafindrazaka H, Baldovini N, Poupon D, Pierron D, Bensafi M. Influence of gender and culture on the perception of acidic compounds of human body odor. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112561. [PMID: 31178171 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that human body odor is involved in interpersonal communication. However, among the wide variety of substances excreted by the human body that might act as chemosignals, much attention has been granted to androstenes to the detriment of other categories. Here, we focused on the acidic fraction of human body odor. We investigated men and women's perceptual descriptions and detection thresholds of the sexually dimorphic (male) compound 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) in two contrasted cultures, France and Madagascar. Perceptual responses to HMHA in both countries were very similar. HMHA proved to be more typical of body odor than another chemically-related major compound of human body odor 3MHA (3-methylhex-2-enoic acid also known as 3M2H). A significant portion of the samples studied (between 8 and 19%) was likely to be anosmic to HMHA (and to 3MHA: 25%). Although differences would be expected between men and women's perceptual responses to HMHA, based on the assumption that this compound would have a function in human partner choice, no sex differences were found for any of the perceptual variables. However, in Malagasy women, perceived intensity of HMHA was higher in participants who were in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Whether HMHA is relevant in the perception of a potential partner thus requires further explorations, with more implicit approaches for example and/or by investigating the repercussions of HMHA specific anosmia on interpersonal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Harilanto Razafindrazaka
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Toulouse 3, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France; Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 21 allée de Brienne, 31015 Cedex 6, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Daphnée Poupon
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Denis Pierron
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Toulouse 3, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
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Quintana J, Hernández A, Ventura F, Devesa R, Boleda MR. Identification of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol as the malodorous compound in a pollution incident in the water supply in Catalonia (N.E. Spain). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:16076-16084. [PMID: 30968295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study of organic compounds that caused a serious taste and odor episode of water supply in two residential areas in Catalonia (N.E. Spain) was carried out. Sweet and paint/solvent odor were the main descriptors used by consumers. Some cases of sickness and nausea were also associated with drinking water consumption by the consumers. Closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) combined with sensory gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry detection were used to study the problem. As a result, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (CAS number 98-17-9) was for the first time identified as a responsible of an odor incident in drinking water. Concentration levels of this compound were up to 17,000 ng/L in groundwater and up to 600 ng/L in distributed water. Odor threshold in water for 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol was determined as 13 ng/L (45 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Quintana
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet, 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Hernández
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet, 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Devesa
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet, 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de Gestió del Cicle Integral de l'Aigua, S.A., General Batet, 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Yu J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, An W, Guo Q, Zhao Y, Yang M. Functional recognition of structure-diverse odor molecules in drinking water based on QSOR study. Chemosphere 2018; 211:371-378. [PMID: 30077933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Taste and odor problems in drinking water have long been plaguing many water utilities and the public. Even though many odorants have been reported, up to now, identification of the odor-causing compounds is still a challenge for the water industry. In this study, 22 typical reported odor compounds with similar odor characteristics were selected as the training set to build the linear quantitative structure odor relationship (QSOR) model by the partial least squares (PLS) method. The logarithm of the odor threshold (OT) value divided by the molecular weight of the responsible compound (pOT) was selected as the response descriptor to express odor characteristics. The resulting good statistical results, with R2 (correlation coefficient) = 0.8988, RMSE (root mean square error) = 0.4374, XR2 (cross-validated correlation coefficient) = 0.8133, and XRMSE (cross-validated root mean square error) = 0.5993, indicate that the odor thresholds of potential odorants with similar or distinguishable odors could be predicted using the model with corresponding descriptor data of known-structure odorants. Moreover, external validation was also conducted using the nonlinear binary QSOR method, where the overall binary QSOR accuracy remained stable (around 90%) regardless of the chosen threshold values. By using the validated QSOR model, the pOT of the set of 8 test compounds was successfully predicted with good correlation to their experimental pOT values. This study could provide a novel and convenient way to screen the potential odorants from innumerable candidate chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100019, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, 224051, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Beijing Waterworks (Group) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100031, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100019, China
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Stöckel S, Cordes J, Stoffels B, Wildanger D. Scents in the stack: olfactometric proficiency testing with an emission simulation apparatus. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:24787-24797. [PMID: 29926329 PMCID: PMC6133125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactometry is globally acknowledged as a technique to determine odor concentrations, which are used to characterize odors for regulatory purposes, e.g., to protect the general public against harmful effects of air pollution. Although the determination procedure for odor concentrations is standardized in some countries, continued research is required to understand uncertainties of odor monitoring and prediction. In this respect, the present paper strives to provide answers of paramount importance in olfactometry. To do so, a wealth of measurement data originating from six large-scale olfactometric stack emission proficiency tests conducted from 2015 to 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The tests were hosted at a unique emission simulation apparatus-a replica of an industry chimney with 23 m in height-so that for the first time, conventional proficiency testing (no sampling) with real measurements (no reference concentrations) was combined. Surprisingly, highly variable recovery rates of the odorants were observed-no matter, which of the very different odorants was analyzed. Extended measurement uncertainties with roughly 30-300% up to 20-520% around a single olfactometric measurement value were calculated, which are way beyond the 95% confidence interval given by the widely used standard EN 13725 (45-220%) for assessment and control of odor emissions. Also, no evidence has been found that mixtures of odorants could be determined more precisely than single-component odorants. This is an important argument in the intensely discussed topic, whether n-butanol as current reference substance in olfactometry should be replaced by multi-component odorants. However, based on our data, resorting to an alternative reference substance will not solve the inherent problem of high uncertainty levels in dynamic olfactometry. Finally, robust statistics allowed to calculate reliable odor thresholds, which are an important prerequisite to convert mass concentrations to odor concentrations and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stöckel
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jens Cordes
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Benno Stoffels
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany
| | - Dominik Wildanger
- Department I3 (Air Pollution Control, Emission), Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Kassel, Germany.
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Aparicio-Ruiz R, García-González DL, Morales MT, Lobo-Prieto A, Romero I. Comparison of two analytical methods validated for the determination of volatile compounds in virgin olive oil: GC-FID vs GC-MS. Talanta 2018; 187:133-141. [PMID: 29853026 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The utility of volatile compounds to explain virgin olive oil aroma descriptors is fully accepted and demanded by the olive oil sector. However, the methodology, and particularly the kind of detector to be used, is a matter of discussion because the high number of volatiles and their different nature. The SPME-GC-MS method has recently been validated for the most relevant volatiles but SPME-GC-FID method still needs to be validated to evaluate its performance in this application. A comparison between these two GC methods in determining 26 volatiles has been carried out in terms of analytical quality parameters (repeatability, intermediate precision, calibration curves, limits of detection and quantification, linear working ranges, selectivity and sensitivity). Good selectivity, linearity and higher upper values of the working range are the main advantages of SPME-GC-FID versus low bottom values of working ranges, better sensitivity and lower limits of detection and quantification of SPME-GC-MS. The limit of blank associated to each individual volatile was also determined and it allowed perfecting the empirical limit of detection. This procedure was carried out for SPME-GC-FID, which resulted in 21 volatiles with empirical limits of detections lower than their odor thresholds, and hence they can be used as markers of virgin olive oil sensory descriptors. Finally, with all the analytical quality parameters checked, a practical example of the ability of the volatiles quantified by SPME-GC-FID to discriminate the different categories (extra-virgin, virgin and lampante) and their main aroma descriptors is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aparicio-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Prof. García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - D L García-González
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M T Morales
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Prof. García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Lobo-Prieto
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - I Romero
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Schubert CR, Fischer ME, Pinto AA, Klein BEK, Klein R, Cruickshanks KJ. Odor detection thresholds in a population of older adults. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:1257-1262. [PMID: 28000220 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To measure odor detection thresholds and associated nasal and behavioral factors in an older adult population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS Odor detection thresholds were obtained using an automated olfactometer on 832 participants, aged 68 to 99 (mean age = 77) years in the 21-year (2013-2016) follow-up visit of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. RESULTS The mean odor detection threshold (ODT) score was 8.2 (range = 1-13; standard deviation = 2.54), corresponding to an n-butanol concentration of slightly less than 0.03%. Older participants were significantly more likely to have lower (worse) ODT scores than younger participants (P < .001). There were no significant differences in mean ODT scores between men and women. Older age was significantly associated with worse performance in multivariable regression models, and exercising at least once per week was associated with reduced odds of having a low (≤5) ODT score. Cognitive impairment was also associated with poor performance, whereas a history of allergies or a deviated septum was associated with better performance. CONCLUSIONS Odor detection threshold scores were worse in older age groups but similar between men and women in this large population of older adults. Regular exercise was associated with better odor detection thresholds, adding to the evidence that decline in olfactory function with age may be partly preventable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b. Laryngoscope, 127:1257-1262, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Schubert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Mary E Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - A Alex Pinto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Karen J Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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15
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Toropov AA, Toropova AP, Cappellini L, Benfenati E, Davoli E. Odor threshold prediction by means of the Monte Carlo method. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 133:390-394. [PMID: 27500544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large set of organic compounds (n=906) has been used as a basis to build up a model for the odor threshold (mg/m(3)). The statistical characteristics of the best model are the following: n=523, r(2)=0.647, RMSE=1.18 (training set); n=191, r(2)=0.610, RMSE=1.03, (calibration set); and n=192, r(2)=0.686, RMSE=1.06 (validation set). A mechanistic interpretation of the model is presented as the lists of statistical promoters of the increase and decrease in the odor threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Toropov
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alla P Toropova
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Cappellini
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Milan, Italy
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Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Chapo AK, Duffy VB. Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Reported Olfactory Function in a Home-Based Study of Independent-Living, Healthy Older Women. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2014; 7:108-116. [PMID: 25866597 PMCID: PMC4392851 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-014-9170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2011-14 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey chemosensory protocol asks adults to self-rate their orthonasal (via nostrils) and retronasal (via mouth) smell abilities for subsequent odor identification testing. From data collected with a similar protocol, we aimed to identify a self-reported olfactory index that showed the best sensitivity (correctly identifying dysfunction) and specificity (correctly indentifying normosmia) with measured olfaction. METHODS In home-based testing, 121 independent-living older women (age 73±7 years) reported their olfactory function by interviewer-administered survey. Olfactory function was measured orthonasally via composite (odor threshold, identification task) or identification task alone. RESULTS Only 16 % of women self-rated "below average" smell function. More women perceived loss of smell (38 %) or flavor (30 %) with aging. The rate of measured dysfunction was 30 % by composite (threshold and identification) and 21.5 % by identification task, the latter misclassifying some mild dysfunction as normosmia. An index of self-rated smell function and perceived loss yielded the most favorable sensitivity (65 %) and specificity (77 %) to measured function. Self-rated olfaction showed better agreement with severe measured dysfunction; mild dysfunction was less noticed. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported indices that query about current and perceived changes in smell and flavor with aging showed better sensitivity estimates than those previously reported. Specificity was somewhat lower-some older adults may correctly perceive loss unidentified in a single assessment, or have a retronasal impairment that was undetected by an orthonasal measure. IMPLICATIONS Our findings should inform self-rated measures that screen for severe olfactory dysfunction in clinical/community settings where testing is not routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Rawal
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut-UCONN, 358 Mansfield Road, Box U1101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology & Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Suite 8300, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9670, USA
| | - Audrey K. Chapo
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut-UCONN, 358 Mansfield Road, Box U1101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
| | - Valerie B. Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut-UCONN, 358 Mansfield Road, Box U1101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
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Kirsch F, Buettner A. Odor qualities and thresholds of physiological metabolites of 1,8-cineole as an example for structure-activity relationships considering chirality aspects. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:1683-95. [PMID: 24078601 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at analyzing the odor properties of a group of physiological human metabolites of the odorant 1,8-cineole: 2,3-dehydro-, α2,3-epoxy-, α/β2-hydroxy-, α3-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-, 7-hydroxy-, 9-hydroxy-, 2-oxo-, and 3-oxo-1,8-cineole. These metabolites constitute a group of structurally closely related molecules, which differ mainly in nature and position of O-containing functional groups. They thus offer the possibility to correlate odor properties with molecular structure, i.e., to establish structure-odor relationships of compounds that are biologically generated from a potent odorant as parent substance. Generally, the metabolites preserved the eucalyptus-like odor quality of 1,8-cineole but showed additional odor notes such as sweet, citrus-like, plastic-like, earthy, musty, and faecal, which made them distinguishable. The individual enantiomers of chiral molecules also exhibited different odors. With the exception of 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole, all metabolites showed a highly decreased odor threshold in comparison to 1,8-cineole. The determination of odor qualities and odor thresholds was accomplished by gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O) on achiral and chiral GC capillaries. The results were correlated with common theories on structure-odor relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9, D-91052 Erlangen, (phone: +49-9131-8522739)
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Veyseller B, Ozucer B, Karaaltin AB, Yildirim Y, Degirmenci N, Aksoy F, Ozturan O. Connecticut (CCCRC) Olfactory Test: Normative Values in 426 Healthy Volunteers. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 66:31-4. [PMID: 24605298 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-013-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) olfactory test to healthy Turkish volunteers, obtain normative data set and analyse the role of age, sex and smoking on olfactory scores. The present study was conducted at Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Total of 426 healthy volunteers were subjected to CCCRC olfactory test which consists of n-butanol smell threshold test and smell identification test. Olfactory function score was assessed (0: worst score; 7: best score) and mean scores were calculated. Mean age was (36.7 ± 11.1; range, 17-68). 46.2 % of the subjects were male and 53.8 % were female; 37.1 % were smokers and 62.9 % were non-smokers. Mean n-butanol threshold score was 6.36 out of 7, mean identification score was 6.34 and mean total score was 6.35. According to CCCRC score: there were no anosmic individuals, 0.5 % were severely hyposmic, 2.6 % were moderately hyposmic,15.3 % were mildly hyposmic and 81.6 % were normosmic. CCCRC olfactory test is cost-effective, simple and practical. It can be easily applied in clinical settings. The CCCRC olfactory test is appropriate for assessment of olfactory function: Turkish population is familiar in terms of the odors used in CCCRC test. The power of this study is that it provides a normative data set against which many factors can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Veyseller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berke Ozucer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yalcin Yildirim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazan Degirmenci
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fadlullah Aksoy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ozturan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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