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Vo Q, Benam KH. Advancements in preclinical human-relevant modeling of pulmonary vasculature on-chip. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 195:106709. [PMID: 38246431 PMCID: PMC10939731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical human-relevant modeling of organ-specific vasculature offers a unique opportunity to recreate pathophysiological intercellular, tissue-tissue, and cell-matrix interactions for a broad range of applications. Lung vasculature is particularly important due to its involvement in genesis and progression of rare, debilitating disorders as well as common chronic pathologies. Here, we provide an overview of the latest advances in the development of pulmonary vascular (PV) models using emerging microfluidic tissue engineering technology Organs-on-Chips (so-called PV-Chips). We first review the currently reported PV-Chip systems and their key features, and then critically discuss their major limitations in reproducing in vivo-seen and disease-relevant cellularity, localization, and microstructure. We conclude by presenting latest efforts to overcome such technical and biological limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Vo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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2
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Brignoli T, Ferrara S, Bertoni G. Emerging In Vitro Models for the Study of Infection and Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing of Antibacterial Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2721:233-239. [PMID: 37819526 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3473-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Several animal models have been developed to study infection strategies and pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of these models are also used in preclinical and clinical research. However, these models are increasingly showing their limitations, including in recapitulating human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, which is strongly linked to P. aeruginosa infection. The emerging field of human organoids and organs-on-a-chip is expected to provide answers to the need for in vitro modeling of human diseases. Here, we describe the first recent efforts that will hopefully provide the basis for the development of advanced in vitro models for the study of P. aeruginosa infection and pathogenesis and the testing of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcisio Brignoli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrara
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Milano, Italy.
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3
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Kawakita S, Li S, Nguyen HT, Maity S, Haghniaz R, Bahari J, Yu N, Mandal K, Bandaru P, Mou L, Ermis M, Khalil E, Khosravi S, Peirsman A, Nasiri R, Adachi A, Nakayama A, Bell R, Zhu Y, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Rapid integration of screen-printed electrodes into thermoplastic organ-on-a-chip devices for real-time monitoring of trans-endothelial electrical resistance. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:37. [PMID: 37740819 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) is one of the most widely used indicators to quantify the barrier integrity of endothelial layers. Over the last decade, the integration of TEER sensors into organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms has gained increasing interest for its efficient and effective measurement of TEER in OOCs. To date, microfabricated electrodes or direct insertion of wires has been used to integrate TEER sensors into OOCs, with each method having advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we developed a TEER-SPE chip consisting of carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based multi-layered microfluidic device with a porous poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane in-between. As proof of concept, we demonstrated the successful cultures of hCMEC/D3 cells and the formation of confluent monolayers in the TEER-SPE chip and obtained TEER measurements for 4 days. Additionally, the TEER-SPE chip could detect changes in the barrier integrity due to shear stress or an inflammatory cytokine (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α). The novel approach enables a low-cost and facile fabrication of carbon-based SPEs on PMMA substrates and the subsequent assembly of PMMA layers for rapid prototyping. Being cost-effective and cleanroom-free, our method lowers the existing logistical and technical barriers presenting itself as another step forward to the broader adoption of OOCs with TEER measurement capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawakita
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Shaopei Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Huu Tuan Nguyen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Jamal Bahari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Lei Mou
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Enam Khalil
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Safoora Khosravi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Arne Peirsman
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Annie Adachi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Aya Nakayama
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Remy Bell
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA.
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, USA.
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Nawroth JC, Roth D, van Schadewijk A, Ravi A, Maulana TI, Senger CN, van Riet S, Ninaber DK, de Waal AM, Kraft D, Hiemstra PS, Ryan AL, van der Does AM. Breathing on chip: Dynamic flow and stretch accelerate mucociliary maturation of airway epithelium in vitro. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100713. [PMID: 37455819 PMCID: PMC10339259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung function is intricately linked to blood flow and breathing cycles, but it remains unknown how these dynamic cues shape human airway epithelial biology. Here we report a state-of-the-art protocol for studying the effects of dynamic medium and airflow as well as stretch on human primary airway epithelial cell differentiation and maturation, including mucociliary clearance, using an organ-on-chip device. Perfused epithelial cell cultures displayed accelerated maturation and polarization of mucociliary clearance, and changes in specific cell-types when compared to traditional (static) culture methods. Additional application of airflow and stretch to the airway chip resulted in an increase in polarization of mucociliary clearance towards the applied flow, reduced baseline secretion of interleukin-8 and other inflammatory proteins, and reduced gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, fibronectin, and other extracellular matrix factors. These results indicate that breathing-like mechanical stimuli are important modulators of airway epithelial cell differentiation and maturation and that their fine-tuned application could generate models of specific epithelial pathologies, including mucociliary (dys)function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna C. Nawroth
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Emulate Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annemarie van Schadewijk
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Abilash Ravi
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christiana N. Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sander van Riet
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis K. Ninaber
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amy M. de Waal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Kraft
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne M. van der Does
- PulmoScience Lab, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Caianiello S, Bertolaso M, Militello G. Thinking in 3 dimensions: philosophies of the microenvironment in organoids and organs-on-chip. Hist Philos Life Sci 2023; 45:14. [PMID: 36949354 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in vitro culture systems, aimed at reconstituting miniaturized models of physiological and pathological states of human organs. Both share the tenets of the so-called "three-dimensional thinking", a Systems Physiology approach focused on recapitulating the dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. We first review the arguments underlying the "paradigm shift" toward three-dimensional thinking in the in vitro culture community. Then, through a historically informed account of the technical affordances and the epistemic commitments of these two approaches, we highlight how they embody two distinct experimental cultures. We finally argue that the current systematic effort for their integration requires not only innovative "synergistic" engineering solutions, but also conceptual integration between different perspectives on biological causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caianiello
- Institute for the History of Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age (ISPF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
- Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Naples, Italy.
| | - Marta Bertolaso
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Militello
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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6
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Clement C, Birindelli G, Pizzichemi M, Pagano F, Kruithof-De Julio M, Ziegler S, Rominger A, Auffray E, Shi K. Concept development of an on-chip PET system. EJNMMI Phys 2022; 9:38. [PMID: 35588024 PMCID: PMC9120309 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-022-00467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organs-on-Chips (OOCs), microdevices mimicking in vivo organs, find growing applications in disease modeling and drug discovery. With the increasing number of uses comes a strong demand for imaging capabilities of OOCs as monitoring physiologic processes within OOCs is vital for the continuous improvement of this technology. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) would be ideal for OOC imaging, however, current PET systems are insufficient for this task due to their inadequate spatial resolution. In this work, we propose the concept of an On-Chip PET system capable of imaging OOCs and optimize its design using a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Material and methods The proposed system consists of four detectors arranged around the OOC device. Each detector is made of two monolithic LYSO crystals and covered with Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) on multiple surfaces. We use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained with data from a MCS to predict the first gamma-ray interaction position inside the detector from the light patterns that are recorded by the SiPMs on the detector’s surfaces. Results The CNN achieves a mean average prediction error of 0.80 mm in the best configuration. The proposed system achieves a sensitivity of 34.81% for 13 mm thick crystals and does not show a prediction degradation near the boundaries of the detector. We use the trained network to reconstruct an image of a grid of 21 point sources spread across the field-of-view and obtain a mean spatial resolution of 0.55 mm. We show that 25,000 Line of Responses (LORs) are needed to reconstruct a realistic OOC phantom with adequate image quality. Conclusions We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a spatial resolution of almost 0.5 mm in a PET system made of multiple monolithic LYSO crystals by directly predicting the scintillation position from light patterns created with SiPMs. We observe that a thinner crystal performs better than a thicker one, that increasing the SiPM size from 3 mm to 6 mm only slightly decreases the prediction performance, and that certain surfaces encode significantly more information for the scintillation-point prediction than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Clement
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriele Birindelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pizzichemi
- EP Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Physics Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Pagano
- EP Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Physics Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Abstract
The proper development and patterning of organs rely on concerted signaling events emanating from intracellular and extracellular molecular and biophysical cues. The ability to model and understand how these microenvironmental factors contribute to cell fate decisions and physiological processes is crucial for uncovering the biology and mechanisms of life. Recent advances in microfluidic systems have provided novel tools and strategies for studying aspects of human tissue and organ development in ways that have previously been challenging to explore ex vivo. Here, we discuss how microfluidic systems and organs-on-chips provide new ways to understand how extracellular signals affect cell differentiation, how cells interact with each other, and how different tissues and organs are formed for specialized functions. We also highlight key advancements in the field that are contributing to a broad understanding of human embryogenesis, organogenesis and physiology. We conclude by summarizing the key advantages of using dynamic microfluidic or microphysiological platforms to study intricate developmental processes that cannot be accurately modeled by using traditional tissue culture vessels. We also suggest some exciting prospects and potential future applications of these emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie G. Bonner
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hemanth Gudapati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xingrui Mou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Samira Musah
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,MEDx Investigator and Faculty Member at the Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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8
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Paloschi V, Sabater-Lleal M, Middelkamp H, Vivas A, Johansson S, van der Meer A, Tenje M, Maegdefessel L. Organ-on-a-chip technology: a novel approach to investigate cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2742-2754. [PMID: 33729461 PMCID: PMC8683705 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of organs-on-chip (OoC) has revolutionized in vitro cell-culture experiments by allowing a better mimicry of human physiology and pathophysiology that has consequently led researchers to gain more meaningful insights into disease mechanisms. Several models of hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips have been demonstrated to recapitulate fundamental aspects of the human cardiovascular system in the recent past. These 2D and 3D systems include synchronized beating cardiomyocytes in hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips with layer-based structures and the inclusion of physiological and pathological shear stress conditions. The opportunities to discover novel targets and to perform drug testing with chip-based platforms have substantially enhanced, thanks to the utilization of patient-derived cells and precise control of their microenvironment. These organ models will provide an important asset for future approaches to personalized cardiovascular medicine and improved patient care. However, certain technical and biological challenges remain, making the global utilization of OoCs to tackle unanswered questions in cardiovascular science still rather challenging. This review article aims to introduce and summarize published work on hearts- and vessels-on chips but also to provide an outlook and perspective on how these advanced in vitro systems can be used to tailor disease models with patient-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paloschi
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aisen Vivas
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Tenje
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Vascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Junaid A, Hankemeier T. OrganoPlate Micro-fluidic Microvessel Culture and Analysis. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4070. [PMID: 34327267 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells from the microvasculature are key drivers and targets of inflammatory and thrombotic processes in microvascular diseases. The study of bioactive lipids in inflammatory processes has been largely based on two-dimensional endothelial cell cultures. Three-dimensional microvessels-on-a-chip provides an opportunity to monitor the inflammatory phenotype of human microvessels in a more physiological-relevant environment. This protocol describes the culture of endothelial cells as three-dimensional microvessels in the OrganoPlate. The microvessels are treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha to induce inflammation. The collection of samples from the microvessels is optimized for measuring bioactive lipids with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, providing a more informative metabolic readout as compared with functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Junaid
- Analytical BioSciences and Metabolomics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical BioSciences and Metabolomics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Sugimura R, Ohta R, Mori C, Li A, Mano T, Sano E, Kosugi K, Nakahata T, Niwa A, Saito MK, Torisawa YS. Biomimetic aorta-gonad-Mesonephros-on-a-Chip to study human developmental hematopoiesis. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:34. [PMID: 32377802 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental limitation in the derivation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is the imprecise understanding of human developmental hematopoiesis. Herein we established a multilayer microfluidic Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM)-on-a-chip to emulate developmental hematopoiesis from pluripotent stem cells. The device consists of two layers of microchannels separated by a semipermeable membrane, which allows the co-culture of human hemogenic endothelial (HE) cells and stromal cells in a physiological relevant spatial arrangement to replicate the structure of the AGM. HE cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were cultured on a layer of mesenchymal stromal cells in the top channel while vascular endothelial cells were co-cultured on the bottom side of the membrane within the microfluidic device. We show that this AGM-on-a-chip efficiently derives endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) from hiPSCs compared with regular suspension culture. The presence of mesenchymal stroma and endothelial cells renders functional HPCs in vitro. We propose that the AGM-on-a-chip could serve as a platform to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human developmental hematopoiesis.
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11
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Felgueiras J, Ribeiro R, Brevini TAL, Costa PF. State-of-the-art in reproductive bench science: Hurdles and new technological solutions. Theriogenology 2020; 150:34-40. [PMID: 32088039 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a growing issue in modern society, being the fifth highest serious global disability according to the World Health Organization. To study infertility and other reproductive system complications, bench science still relies on 2D and animal studies, which regularly have been criticized due to their inability to mimic the human body. Particular challenges in 2D studies include the inability to mimic fluid dynamics, gametes modulation and their crosstalk, hormonal patterns as well as the low quality and viability of gametes and embryos. Animal models also present other drawbacks, namely the absence of menstruation, making it difficult to establish a reliable predictive model for the human system. Additionally, reproductive studies should not be limited to the fallopian tube as the sole responsible for most infertility cases, but instead the research spectrum should be widened to the whole reproductive system given the tight interconnectivity between each and every organ. In the last few decades, new in vitro technologies have been developed and applied to the study of reproductive system complications. These systems allow to create complex three-dimensional structures, which are therefore able to more closely resemble specific microenvironments and provide more realistic physical and biochemical cues. 3D (bio)printing, organoids and organs-on-chips are some of the dynamic technologies which are replacing conventionally employed static 2D culture. Herein, we provide an overview of the challenges found in conventional 2D and animal models of the reproductive system and present potential technological solutions for those same challenges.
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12
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Fabre KM, Delsing L, Hicks R, Colclough N, Crowther DC, Ewart L. Utilizing microphysiological systems and induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling: a case study for blood brain barrier research in a pharmaceutical setting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:129-135. [PMID: 30253201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) may be able to provide the pharmaceutical industry models that can reflect human physiological responses to improve drug discovery and translational outcomes. With lack of efficacy being the primary cause for drug attrition, developing MPS disease models would help researchers identify novel targets, study mechanisms in more physiologically-relevant depth, screen for novel biomarkers and test/optimize various therapeutics (small molecules, nanoparticles and biologics). Furthermore, with advances in inducible pluripotent stem cell technology (iPSC), pharmaceutical companies can access cells from patients to help recreate specific disease phenotypes in MPS platforms. Combining iPSC and MPS technologies will contribute to our understanding of the complexities of neurodegenerative diseases and of the blood brain barrier (BBB) leading to development of enhanced therapeutics.
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Cochrane A, Albers HJ, Passier R, Mummery CL, van den Berg A, Orlova VV, van der Meer AD. Advanced in vitro models of vascular biology: Human induced pluripotent stem cells and organ-on-chip technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:68-77. [PMID: 29944904 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system is one of the first to develop during embryogenesis and is essential for all organs and tissues in our body to develop and function. It has many essential roles including controlling the absorption, distribution and excretion of compounds and therefore determines the pharmacokinetics of drugs and therapeutics. Vascular homeostasis is under tight physiological control which is essential for maintaining tissues in a healthy state. Consequently, disruption of vascular homeostasis plays an integral role in many disease processes, making cells of the vessel wall attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Experimental models of blood vessels can therefore contribute significantly to drug development and aid in predicting the biological effects of new drug entities. The increasing availability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived from healthy individuals and patients have accelerated advances in developing experimental in vitro models of the vasculature: human endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), can now be generated with high efficiency from hiPSC and used in 'microfluidic chips' (also known as 'organ-on-chip' technology) as a basis for in vitro models of blood vessels. These near physiological scaffolds allow the controlled integration of fluid flow and three-dimensional (3D) co-cultures with perivascular cells to mimic tissue- or organ-level physiology and dysfunction in vitro. Here, we review recent multidisciplinary developments in these advanced experimental models of blood vessels that combine hiPSC with microfluidic organ-on-chip technology. We provide examples of their utility in various research areas and discuss steps necessary for further integration in biomedical applications so that they can be contribute effectively to the evaluation and development of new drugs and other therapeutics as well as personalized (patient-specific) treatments.
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14
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Rivera KR, Pozdin VA, Young AT, Erb PD, Wisniewski NA, Magness ST, Daniele M. Integrated phosphorescence-based photonic biosensor (iPOB) for monitoring oxygen levels in 3D cell culture systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:131-140. [PMID: 30060990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, digestion, and many pathologies alter oxygen concentration in the blood and tissue. When designing culture systems to recapitulate the in vivo oxygen environment, it is important to integrate systems for monitoring and controlling oxygen concentration. Herein, we report the design and engineering of a system to remotely monitor and control oxygen concentration inside a device for 3D cell culture. We integrate a photonic oxygen biosensor into the 3D tissue scaffold and regulate oxygen concentration via the control of purging gas flow. The integrated phosphorescence-based oxygen biosensor employs the quenching of palladium-benzoporphyrin by molecular oxygen to transduce the local oxygen concentration in the 3D tissue scaffold. The system is validated by testing the effects of normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions on healthy and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, MCF-10A cells and BT474 cells, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited upregulation of downstream target genes for the hypoxia marker gene, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A). Lastly, by monitoring the real-time fluctuation of oxygen concentration, we illustrated the formation of hypoxic culture conditions due to limited diffusion of oxygen through 3D tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vladimir A Pozdin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ashlyn T Young
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick D Erb
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has multiple roles in sustaining human development and homeostasis. Its pulsatile secretion stimulates growth and contributes to an equilibrium in a process tightly regulated and coordinated by many organs. GH deficiency is a medical condition affecting all ages, with not only significant consequences in the health of the patient but also impact on the quality of life. This review gathers the different strategies used today with a glance at future technologies to treat GH deficiency. We present key aspects for consideration when developing new methods to deliver GH, mimicking or replacing its pulsatile activity. Today and in the future, the fusion of biochemistry, biology and nanotechnology will provide hybrid devices using microfluidic systems. But, until new technologies for GH delivery will become available, current methods must be reinforced in conjunction with the development of better communication strategies between the health system and patients. Treating GH deficiency represents a multidisciplinary effort for which this review provides a glance at potential future directions for this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Ron Rosenfeld
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Watson DE, Hunziker R, Wikswo JP. Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1559-1572. [PMID: 29065799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children's health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic - a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie Hunziker
- 2 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 3 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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17
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Choi JH, Lee J, Shin W, Choi JW, Kim HJ. Priming nanoparticle-guided diagnostics and therapeutics towards human organs-on-chips microphysiological system. Nano Converg 2016; 3:24. [PMID: 28191434 PMCID: PMC5271165 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology and bioengineering have converged over the past decades, by which the application of multi-functional nanoparticles (NPs) has been emerged in clinical and biomedical fields. The NPs primed to detect disease-specific biomarkers or to deliver biopharmaceutical compounds have beena validated in conventional in vitro culture models including two dimensional (2D) cell cultures or 3D organoid models. However, a lack of experimental models that have strong human physiological relevance has hampered accurate validation of the safety and functionality of NPs. Alternatively, biomimetic human "Organs-on-Chips" microphysiological systems have recapitulated the mechanically dynamic 3D tissue interface of human organ microenvironment, in which the transport, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and therapeutic efficacy of NPs and their conjugates may be more accurately validated. Finally, integration of NP-guided diagnostic detection and targeted nanotherapeutics in conjunction with human organs-on-chips can provide a novel avenue to accelerate the NP-based drug development process as well as the rapid detection of cellular secretomes associated with pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ha Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
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18
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van der Helm MW, Odijk M, Frimat JP, van der Meer AD, Eijkel JCT, van den Berg A, Segerink LI. Direct quantification of transendothelial electrical resistance in organs-on-chips. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:924-929. [PMID: 27315517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Measuring transendothelial or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a widely used method to monitor cellular barrier tightness in organs-on-chips. Unfortunately, integrated electrodes close to the cellular barrier hamper visual inspection of the cells or require specialized cleanroom processes to fabricate see-through electrodes. Out-of-view electrodes inserted into the chip's outlets are influenced by the fluid-filled microchannels with relatively high resistance. In this case, small changes in temperature or medium composition strongly affect the apparent TEER. To solve this, we propose a simple and universally applicable method to directly determine the TEER in microfluidic organs-on-chips without the need for integrated electrodes close to the cellular barrier. Using four electrodes inserted into two channels - two on each side of the porous membrane - and six different measurement configurations we can directly derive the isolated TEER independent of channel properties. We show that this method removes large variation of non-biological origin in chips filled with culture medium. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of our method by quantifying the TEER of a monolayer of human hCMEC/D3 cerebral endothelial cells, mimicking the blood-brain barrier inside our microfluidic organ-on-chip device. We found stable TEER values of 22 Ω cm(2)±1.3 Ω cm(2) (average ± standard error of the mean of 4 chips), comparable to other TEER values reported for hCMEC/D3 cells in well-established Transwell systems. In conclusion, we demonstrate a simple and robust way to directly determine TEER that is applicable to any organ-on-chip device with two channels separated by a membrane. This enables stable and easily applicable TEER measurements without the need for specialized cleanroom processes and with visibility on the measured cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinke W van der Helm
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Frimat
- Microsystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine & MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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19
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Livingston CA, Fabre KM, Tagle DA. Facilitating the commercialization and use of organ platforms generated by the microphysiological systems (Tissue Chip) program through public-private partnerships. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:207-210. [PMID: 27904714 PMCID: PMC5122750 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (organs-on-chips, tissue chips) are devices designed to recapitulate human physiology that could be used to better understand drug responses not easily addressed using other in vivo systems or in vitro animal models. Although still in development, initial results seem promising as tissue chips exhibit in vivo systems-like functional responses. The National Center for Advancing Translation Science (NCATS) identifies this technology as a potential tool that could improve the process of getting safer, more effective treatments to patients, and has led to the Tissue Chip Program, which aims to develop, integrate and validate major organ systems for testing. In addition to organ chip development, NCATS emphasizes disseminating the technology to researchers. Commercialization has become an important issue, reflecting the difficulty of translation from discovery to adoption and wide availability. Therefore, NCATS issued a Request for Information (RFI) targeted to existing partnerships for commercializing tissue chips. The goal was to identify successes, failures and the best practices that could provide useful guidance for future partnerships aiming to make tissue chip technology widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Livingston
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kristin M Fabre
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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20
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Abstract
Pharmacological approaches to our understanding and treatment of pain have had a long history and have traditionally relied on very few drugs that either have significant side effects and abuse liability, such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or the opioids, respectively, or those that have been developed for other conditions such as the tricyclic antidepressants. The pathophysiology of pain is undoubtedly complex, complicated in part by the fact that it is not a singular condition, and has a variety of etiologies and a number of associated comorbidities that make treatment interventions challenging. Moreover, there are changes in the central nervous system during the course of the development of chronic pain that, in a manner parallel to neurodegenerative disorders, likely require different pharmacological approaches in the early stages of acute pain compared to those that would be effective when pain has become chronic. This chapter reviews the current status of the field of pain research focusing on some relatively underdeveloped areas, such as pain and its associated comorbidities, and the use of transgenic animals and drug self-administration procedures in the context of analgesic assessment. This chapter also incorporates more recent developments and emerging trends in the area of epigenetics, biomarkers, and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for pharmacological evaluation, target identification, and validation. Recent progress in the study of "organs-on-a-chip" will also be included in this overview, setting expectations for future progress that integrates these advances for deeper insights into mechanisms, novel treatments, and facilitated efforts in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Derick A Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Yum K, Hong SG, Healy KE, Lee LP. Physiologically relevant organs on chips. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:16-27. [PMID: 24357624 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have generated promising microengineered physiological models for experimental medicine and pharmaceutical research. Here we review the recent development of microengineered physiological systems, or also known as "ogans-on-chips", that reconstitute the physiologically critical features of specific human tissues and organs and their interactions. This technology uses microengineering approaches to construct organ-specific microenvironments, reconstituting tissue structures, tissue-tissue interactions and interfaces, and dynamic mechanical and biochemical stimuli found in specific organs, to direct cells to assemble into functional tissues. We first discuss microengineering approaches to reproduce the key elements of physiologically important, dynamic mechanical microenvironments, biochemical microenvironments, and microarchitectures of specific tissues and organs in microfluidic cell culture systems. This is followed by examples of microengineered individual organ models that incorporate the key elements of physiological microenvironments into single microfluidic cell culture systems to reproduce organ-level functions. Finally, microengineered multiple organ systems that simulate multiple organ interactions to better represent human physiology, including human responses to drugs, is covered in this review. This emerging organs-on-chips technology has the potential to become an alternative to 2D and 3D cell culture and animal models for experimental medicine, human disease modeling, drug development, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsuk Yum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
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