Right Atrial Lines as Primary Access for Postoperative Pediatric Cardiac Patients

To characterize the use of right atrial lines (RALs) as primary access in the postoperative care of neonatal and pediatric patients after cardiothoracic surgery and to identify risk factors associated with RAL complications. Observational retrospective cohort study in pediatric cardiac patients who underwent RAL placement in a tertiary children's hospital from January 2011 through June 2018. A total of 692 children with congenital heart disease underwent 815 RAL placements during the same or subsequent cardiothoracic surgeries during the study period. Median age and weight were 22 days (IQR 7-134) and 3.6 kg (IQR 3.1-5.3), respectively. Neonates accounted for 53.5% of patients and those with single-ventricle physiology were 35.4%. Palliation surgery (shunts, cavo-pulmonary connections, hybrid procedures, and pulmonary artery bandings) accounted for 38%. Survival to hospital discharge was 95.5%. Median RAL duration was 11 days (IQR 7-19) with a median RAL removal to hospital discharge time of 0 days (IQR 0-3). Thrombosis and migration were the most prevalent complications (1.7% each), followed by malfunction (1.4%) and infection (0.7%). Adverse events associated with complications were seen in 12 (1.4%) of these RAL placements: decrease in hemoglobin (n = 1), tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis (n = 3), pleural effusion requiring chest tube (n = 2), and need for antimicrobials (n = 6). Multivariable logistic regression showed that RAL duration (OR 1.01, p = 0.006) and palliation surgery (OR 2.38, p = 0.015) were significant and independent factors for complications. The use of RALs as primary access in postoperative pediatric cardiac patients seems to be feasible and safe. Our overall incidence of complications from prolonged use of RALs remained similar or lower to that reported with short-term use of these lines. While RAL duration and palliation surgeries seemed to be associated with complications, severity of illness could be a confounding factor. A prospective assessment of RAL complications may improve outcomes in this medically complex population.

Storage duration of transfused red blood cells is not significantly associated with postoperative adverse events in pediatric cardiac surgery patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of storage duration of transfused red blood cells with the risk of postoperative serious adverse events in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. We studied 517 patients and found that 22 patients (4.3%) had at least one serious adverse event. The maximum and mean storage duration of transfused red blood cells did not differ significantly between patients with and without serious adverse events (maximum, p = 0.89; mean, p = 0.81). In our study of pediatric cardiac surgery patients, the storage duration of transfused red blood cells was not significantly associated with the risk of serious adverse events.