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Lin J, Chi L, Yuan Q, Li B, Feng M. Photodegradation of typical pharmaceuticals changes toxicity to algae in estuarine water: A metabolomic insight. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168338. [PMID: 37931817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous existence of various pharmaceuticals in the marine environment has received global attention for their risk assessment. However, rather little is known thus far regarding the natural attenuation (e.g., photolysis)-induced product/mixture toxicity of these pharmaceuticals on marine organisms. In this study, the photodegradation behavior, product formation, and risks of two representative pharmaceuticals (i.e., ciprofloxacin, CIP; diclofenac, DCF) were explored in the simulated estuary water. It was noted that both pharmaceuticals can be completely photolyzed within 1 h, and five products of CIP and three products of DCF were identified by a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. Accordingly, their photodecomposition pathways were tentatively proposed. The in silico prediction suggested that the formed transformation products maintained the persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and multi-endpoint toxic effects such as genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and acute/chronic toxicity on different aquatic species. Particularly, the non-targeted metabolomics first elucidated that DCF and its photolytic mixtures can significantly affect the antioxidant status of marine algae (Heterosigma akashiwo), triggering oxidative stress and damage to cellular components. It is very alarming that the complete photolyzed DCF sample induced more serious oxidative stress than DCF itself, which called for more concern about the photolysis-driven ecological risks. Overall, this investigation first uncovered the overlooked but serious toxicity of the transformation products of prevalent pharmaceuticals during natural attenuation on marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lin
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Lianbao Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- China United Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Busu Li
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
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Khalaf DM, Cruzeiro C, Siani R, Kublik S, Schröder P. Resilience of barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants upon exposure to tramadol: Implication for the root-associated bacterial community and the antioxidative plant defence system. Sci Total Environ 2023:164260. [PMID: 37209727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Insufficiently treated reclaimed water can act as a source of contamination by introducing recalcitrant contaminants (e.g., pharmaceutical compounds) to various water bodies and/or agricultural soils after irrigation. Tramadol (TRD) is one of these pharmaceuticals that can be detected in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants, at discharge points as well as in surface waters in Europe. While the uptake of TRD by plants through irrigation water has been shown, plant responses towards this compound are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of TRD on selected plant enzymes as well as on the root bacterial community structure. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to test the effects of TRD (100 μg L-1 TRD) on barley plants, at two harvesting time points after treatment. Accumulation of TRD in root tissues over time was observed reaching concentrations of 27.94 and 34.60 μg g-1 FW root after 12 and 24 days of exposure, respectively. Furthermore, noticeable inductions in guaiacol peroxidase (5.47-fold), catalase (1.83-fold) and glutathione S-transferase (3.23- and 2.09-fold) were recorded in roots of TRD-treated plants compared to controls after 24 days. A significant alteration in the beta diversity of root-associated bacteria due to TRD treatment was observed. Three amplicon sequence variants assigned to Hydrogenophaga, U. Xanthobacteraceae and Pseudacidovorax were differentially abundant in TRD-treated compared to control plants at both harvesting time points. This study reveals the resilience of plants through the induction of the antioxidative system and changes in the root-associated bacterial community to cope with the TRD metabolization/detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mamdouh Khalaf
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Roberto Siani
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kublik
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Sousa B, Lopes J, Leal A, Martins M, Soares C, Azenha M, Fidalgo F, Teixeira J. Specific glutathione-S-transferases ensure an efficient detoxification of diclofenac in Solanum lycopersicum L. plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 168:263-271. [PMID: 34666279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a very common pharmaceutical that, due to its high use and low removal rate, is considered a prominent contaminant in surface and groundwater worldwide. In this study, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom (tomato) was used to disclose the role of glutathione (GSH)-related enzymes, as GSH conjugation with DCF is a well reported detoxification mechanism in mammals and some plant species. To achieve this, S. lycopersicum plants were exposed to 0.5 and 5 mg L-1 of DCF for 5 weeks under a semi-hydroponic experiment. The results here obtained point towards an efficient DCF detoxification mechanism that prevents DCF bioaccumulation in fruits, minimizing any concerns for human health. Although a systemic response seems to be present in response to DCF, the current data also shows that its detoxification is mostly a root-specific process. Furthermore, it appears that GSH-mediated DCF detoxification is the main mechanism activated, as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was greatly enhanced in roots of tomato plants treated with 5 mg L-1 DCF, accompanied by increased glutathione reductase activity, responsible for GSH regeneration. By applying a targeted gene expression analysis, we provide evidence, for the first time, that SlGSTF4 and SlGSTF5 genes, coding for GSTs from phi class, were the main players driving the conjugation of this contaminant. In this sense, and even though tomato plants appear to be somewhat tolerant to DCF exposure, research on GST activity can prove to be instrumental in remediating DCF-contaminated environments and improving plant growth under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Lopes
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Leal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- CIQ-UP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Teixeira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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Sousa B, Lopes J, Leal A, Martins M, Soares C, Valente IM, Rodrigues JA, Fidalgo F, Teixeira J. Response of Solanum lycopersicum L. to diclofenac - Impacts on the plant's antioxidant mechanisms. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113762. [PMID: 31864077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One emerging problem that recently has become a vastly acknowledged topic of concern is the environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most common pharmaceuticals found, due to its high utilization and low removal rate in wastewater treatment processes. In this work, Solanum lycopersicum L. was used as a model to unravel how DCF contamination can affect crops, focusing on the internal mechanisms triggered by this exposure. For this purpose, plants were exposed to two different DCF concentrations (0.5 mg L-1 and 5 mg L-1). Results obtained here point towards a loss of shoot performance when plants were exposed to very high concentrations of DCF, but no delay or loss of yield in the flowering and fruit stages were ascribed to DCF contamination. Our data shows that a state of oxidative stress due to high reactive oxygen species accumulation was associated with this contamination, with very high DCF levels leading to a rise of lipid peroxidation, possibly accentuated by the inhibition of ROS-scavenging enzymes and unable to be counteracted by the visible upregulation of proline and the thiol-based redox network. Overall, these results allow to infer that in the current environmental context, no noticeable negative effects should be associated with the presence of DCF in soils where this crop is cultivated. However, the oxidative stress and lower biomass associated with the highest concentration are alarming, since DCF levels in the environment are continuously increasing and further measures are necessary to assess this problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Lopes
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Leal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês M Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Teixeira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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