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Puissegur A, Salesse N, Delabaere A, Chauveau B, Ouchchane L, Debost-Legrand A, Lemery D. Impact of ultrasound speed choice on the quality of the second-trimester fetal ultrasound examination in obese women. Diagn Interv Imaging 2020; 102:109-113. [PMID: 32819887 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the free choice of ultrasound propagation velocity on ultrasound image construction to improve the completion rate and anatomical quality of fetal second-trimester ultrasound examination in obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This repeated cross-sectional single-center study retrospectively collected second-trimester ultrasound images of 88 obese women. During the first period, ultrasound examinations were performed in 44 women (mean age, 31.4±5.9 [SD] years; range: 21.1 - 45.3 years) applying only the standard 1540m/s tissue ultrasound velocity (group 1). During the second period, ultrasound examinations were performed in other 44 women (mean age, 31.4±5.1 [SD] years; range: 20.6 - 41.6 years) with the operator free to choose among three available velocity settings (1420m/s, 1480m/s or 1540m/s) for the scanning planes for the morphological images (group 2). All women underwent mid-trimester ultrasound examination at 20 to 24 gestational weeks. Two observers assessed the examinations in both groups for completeness, quality, and duration of fetal ultrasound examinations. RESULTS No differences in age (P>0.99), body mass index (P=0.67), prevalence of previous cesarean delivery (P=0.30) or gestational age at the second-trimester scan (P=0.20) were found between the two groups. The mean cumulative duration of these ultrasound examinations was longer in group 1 than in group 2 (for both the complete (P=0.04) and incomplete (P=0.03) examinations). The quality of the anatomic images according to Salomon's criteria was less often acceptable in group 1 (5/44, 11.4%) than in group 2 (15/44, 34.1%) (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Free choice of ultrasound velocity improves the overall performance of fetal second-trimester ultrasound examinations in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Puissegur
- Obstetric Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 1, place Lucie Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - N Salesse
- Obstetric Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 1, place Lucie Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Delabaere
- Obstetric Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 1, place Lucie Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS-UMR 6602, Pascal Institut, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - B Chauveau
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Gabriel Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L Ouchchane
- Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS-UMR 6602, Pascal Institut, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Public Health Department, University Hospital Gabriel Montpied, 58, rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Debost-Legrand
- Obstetric Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 1, place Lucie Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS-UMR 6602, Pascal Institut, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Lemery
- Obstetric Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 1, place Lucie Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS-UMR 6602, Pascal Institut, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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He F, Yin WC, Chen BJ, Gong JJ, Chen DJ. [Clinical investigation in the methods for complete placenta previa labor induction in the second trimester]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2020; 55:317-321. [PMID: 32464719 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20191124-00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the appropriate method of labor induction in the second trimester for complete placenta previa patients. Methods: The labor induction outcomes of 85 cases with complete placenta previa in the second trimester were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty patients in group A were treated with cesarean section, 30 patients in group B were treated with ethacridine and mifepristone combined with uterine artery embolization (UAE), and 35 patients in group C were induced by using ethacridine and mifepristone. The clinical features and induction outcomes of three groups were compared. Results: The total duration of labor in group B [(28.7±30.1) hours] was significantly longer than that of group C [(24.3±21.9) hours; P<0.05]. The total amount of blood loss during induction and labor in group B [(302±271) ml] was significantly lower than those of group C [(393±523) ml] and group A [(626±487) ml; P<0.05]. The incidence of fever in group B (13%, 4/30) was significantly higher than those of group C (11%, 4/35) and group A (10%, 2/20; P<0.05). In group C, 13 patients (37%, 13/35) underwent emergency UAE, and 2 patients (6%, 2/35) underwent emergency cesarean section. As to average hemoglobin level and blood transfusion rate, there were no difference among the three groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Prophylactic UAE combined with drug induction in patients with complete placenta previa in the second trimester could significantly reduce the amount of bleeding during induction and reduce the risk of emergency procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Critical Care Center of Pregnant Women, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - W C Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Critical Care Center of Pregnant Women, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - B J Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Critical Care Center of Pregnant Women, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - J J Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Critical Care Center of Pregnant Women, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - D J Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Critical Care Center of Pregnant Women, Guangzhou 510150, China
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Hwang DW, Choi HW, Choi YY, Kim HS, Kim YA, Chun KC. Ovarian pregnancy rupture in second trimester manifesting mental change in pregnancy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2020; 63:209-12. [PMID: 32206662 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2020.63.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian pregnancies comprise approximately 3% of ectopic pregnancies. Moreover, ovarian pregnancies in the second trimester are extremely rare. We herein present a case of ruptured ovarian pregnancy in the second trimester. A 26-year-old Asian woman presented to our hospital complaining of an abrupt mental change. She was pregnant; however, she had not been receiving antenatal care. Her initial vital signs were unstable, and pelvic ultrasound revealed pelvic fluid collection. We analyzed the hemoperitoneum and performed exploratory laparotomy. When her abdomen was opened, we observed that her right ovary was ruptured. Placental cord insertion originated from the ovary, and a fetus was found in the pelvic cavity. The ovarian pregnancy was detected in a delayed state. Pregnant women require appropriate antenatal care, and pelvic ultrasound should be performed in the second trimester to ensure that the fetus is in the intrauterine cavity.
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Zhang XY, You YQ, Zhou HH, Wang SJ, Xie XX, Zhang ML, Wang LX, Lu YP. [Study of genetic etiology in fetuses with severely short limbs in the first and second trimester using whole exome sequencing]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2019; 54:221-225. [PMID: 31006186 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-567x.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate pathogenic genes related to the phenotype of fetus with severely short limbs in the first and second trimester by whole exome sequencing (WES). Methods: Thirteen fetuses with severely short limbs detected by ultrasonography in the first and second trimester admitted in Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 2016 to June 2018 were collected. All cases were performed induced abortion, 6 of which were carried out karyotype analysis of amniotic fluid at the same time. WES and copy number variations (CNV) were performed on specimens from fetal tissues after labor induction. The suspected pathogenic mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing reactions. Results: No abnormal karyotypes or pathological CNV were found. In 10 fetuses, pathogenic or possibly pathogenic mutations were detected in the following genes: COL2A1, FGFR3, COL1A1, COL1A2, DYNC2LI1 and TRIP11, all of which were essential to skeletal development. The diagnostic yield of WES in the fetuses with severe short limbs was 10/13. Conclusions: In the first and second trimester, most of the fetuses with extremely short limbs suffer from monogenic diseases. WES is likely to be a valuable diagnostic testing option for the fetuses with severe short limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Y Q You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - H H Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - S J Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - X X Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - M L Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - L X Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Y P Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Bao YH, Wu C, Zhao RP, Zhou FM, Yang LQ, Wang Y, Liu D, Lan X, Zhang YQ, Zeng G. [Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activities and Gestational Weight Gains during the Second and Last Trimesters of Pregnancy]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018; 49:938-943. [PMID: 32677409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (MVPA) and its relationship with gestational weight gains (GWG) in the second and the last trimesters of pregnancy. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in Chengdu on 362 healthy pregnant women at the 24-28 gestation weeks who delivered a singleton. Demographic data and pre-pregnancy body mass were collected using a questionnaire. Weight gains at the gestation weeks of 24-28 and 32-36 were measured for the first two trimesters and the last trimester of pregnancy. The Denmark self-reported physical activity scale was used for measuring the duration and intensity of physical activities. Multiple linear regression models were established to determine the relationship between MVPA and GWG. RESULTS The last trimester had lower average daily MVPA 〔(0.76±0.93) h〕 compared with the second trimester 〔(1.61±1.61) h, t=9.056, P<0.001〕. About 74.6% of the participants met the PA recommendations for the second trimester, compared with 60.5% for the last trimester (χ2=16.387, P<0.001). The participants experienced an average GWG of (7.36±3.78) kg during the first two trimesters, and (5.80±2.57) kg during the last trimester, corresponding to a growth rate of (0.30±0.15) kg/week for the first two trimesters and (0.51±0.22) kg/week for the last trimester. Compared with the most inactive group, the participants with medium PA experienced less GWG 〔(5.34±2.91) kg vs.(6.26±2.54) kg, P<0.05〕 and a lower GWG rate 〔(0.48±0.26) kg/week vs.(0.56±0.20) kg/week, P<0.05〕 during the last trimester. Age, gestational week, ethnicity, pre-pregnant BMI, GDM, pre-pregnant smoking and employment were associated with GWG and the GWG rates during the first two trimesters and the third trimester (P<0.05). Compared with the most inactive group, low 〔-0.358(-0.691--0.026)〕 and medium 〔-0.762(-1.486- -0.037)〕 PA were associated with lower GWG during the last trimester. Moderate PA was associated with a lower GWG rate 〔-0.071(-0.133--0.008)〕 after adjustment for gestational age, energy intake, pre-pregnancy BMI and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient physical activities are a serious problem in the pregnant women of Chengdu over the last two trimesters. Appropriate MVPA in the last trimester of pregnancy may reduce GWG and GWG rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Bao
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong-Ping Zhao
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng-Ming Zhou
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Sichuan Jinxin Women & Children Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Angel Women's & Children's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo Zeng
- Department of Nutrition Food Hygiene and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wang HL, Yang Z, Shen Y, Wang QL. [Clinical outcome of therapeutic cervical cerclage in short cervix syndrome]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2018; 53:43-46. [PMID: 29374885 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-567x.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of therapeutic cervical cerclage on short cervix syndrome for anti-premature birth in the second trimester. Methods: Totally 44 singleton pregnant patients were diagnosed as short cervix syndrome, which was cervical length ≤2.5 cm without cervical dilatation, and received treatment from January 2008 and July 2015 in Peking University Third Hospital were collected. Among them, 30 patients who received therapeutic cervical cerclage were defined as cerclage group and another 14 cases who received conservative treatment were defined as un-cerclage group. The days of conservative treatment, delivery rate of different gestational weeks, birth weight of newborns, neonatal survival rate within 7 days of birth were analyzed between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in days of pregnancy conservative treatment [103 (84-141) vs 105 (85-114) days], delivery weeks [38.0 (35.5-39.4) vs 38.5 (37.3-39.5) weeks], birth weight of newborns [3 120 (2 750-3 400) vs 3 130 (2 760-3 545) g], and survival rate of newborns [100% (30/30) vs 13/14]. The fetuses of both groups were all delivered after 28 weeks. There was no significant difference in accumulated delivery rate between the two groups after 32 weeks, 34 weeks, and 37 weeks, respectively (all P>0.05) . Conclusions: The treatment of cervical cerclage is not superior to conservative means in single pregnancy of cervical length ≤2.5 cm without cervical dilatation. For such patients with short cervix syndrome, the treatment of cervical cerclage may not be necessary, but dynamic monitoring and search for the causing factors and prompt treatment are more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Peixoto AB, da Cunha Caldas TMR, Tahan LA, Petrini CG, Martins WP, Costa FDS, Araujo Júnior E. Second trimester cervical length measurement for prediction spontaneous preterm birth in an unselected risk population. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2017; 60:329-35. [PMID: 28791263 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the predictive capacity of cervical length (CL) measurement underwent during the second trimester ultrasound for prediction preterm birth <32, 34, and 37 weeks of gestation in an unselected risk population. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed with 751 singleton pregnancies between 20 and 24+6 weeks of gestation. The CL measurement (mm) using the transvaginal route was obtained in a sagittal view and the calipers positioned to measure the linear distance between the triangular area of echodensity at the external os and the internal os. To compare the preterm (<37 weeks) and term births (≥37 weeks), we used unpaired t test. We assessed whether the CL measurement was dependent of gestational age by performing a linear regression and assessing the coefficient of determination (R2). We additionally assessed the accuracy of CL measurement to predict preterm birth by assessing the area under receiver operating characteristics curves with its respective confidence intervals (CIs) 95%. Results Preterm birth <37 weeks was found in 13.6% (102/751) of pregnant women. Short cervix (≤25 mm) was found in 2.7% (20/751) of pregnancies. Only 30% (6/20) of pregnant women with short cervix have used progesterone to prevent preterm birth. There was a weak correlation between CL measurement and gestational age at delivery (R2=0.01, P=0.002). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis of the ability of CL measurement to predict preterm birth <32, 34, and 37 weeks, showed an area under the curve of 0.693 (95% CI, 0.512 to 0.874), 0.472 (95% CI, 0.353 to 0.591), 0.490 (95% CI, 0.426 to 0.555), respectively. Conclusion There was a weak correlation between CL measurement and gestational age at delivery. In an unselected population, CL measurement screening at 20 to 24+6 weeks of gestation does not seem to be a good predictor of preterm birth.
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Sneider K, Christiansen OB, Sundtoft IB, Langhoff-Roos J. Recurrence rates after abdominal and vaginal cerclages in women with cervical insufficiency: a validated cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:859-866. [PMID: 28233116 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the incidence of cervical insufficiency and compare recurrence rates of second trimester miscarriage/delivery in second and third pregnancies after prophylactic vaginal cerclage, abdominal cerclage, or no cerclage. METHODS Retrospective chart review of a representative register-based sample of 621 women with a spontaneous second trimester miscarriage/delivery in the first pregnancy in Denmark (1997-2012). We used strict criteria for the diagnosis of cervical insufficiency. The outcome of subsequent pregnancies was described by treatment with prophylactic vaginal cerclage, abdominal cerclage, or no prophylactic cerclage. Women were followed until June 2015. RESULTS Of 621 women, 149 (24%) fulfilled the strict criteria of cervical insufficiency. Prophylactic treatment with abdominal cerclage (n = 20), vaginal cerclage (n = 59), and no prophylactic cerclage (n = 61) resulted in a second pregnancy ending before 28 weeks in 5, 30, and 72% (p < 0.001) and before 34 weeks in 10, 46, and 84% (p < 0.001), respectively. Take-home baby rate was 95% after abdominal cerclage, 73% after vaginal cerclage, and 33% after no cerclage. In a third pregnancy, abdominal cerclage (n = 47), vaginal cerclage (n = 38), and no cerclage (n = 8) resulted in pregnancy ending before 34 weeks of gestation in 2, 21, and 25%, respectively (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Cervical insufficiency was diagnosed in 24% of women with an initial second trimester spontaneous miscarriage/delivery. In second and third pregnancies, recurrence rates were significantly lower after prophylactic vaginal or abdominal cerclage compared with no cerclage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Sneider
- Department of Clinical Research, North Region Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.
| | - Ole Bjarne Christiansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,The Fertility Clinic, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Blaabjerg Sundtoft
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Langhoff-Roos
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Park HS, Seong WJ, Hong JS, Seol HJ, Hwang HS, Kim K, Ko HS, Kwak DW, Oh SY, Kim MY, Kim SJ; Korean Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Group. The practice patterns of second trimester fetal ultrasonography: A questionnaire survey and an analysis of checklists. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2015; 58:446-52. [PMID: 26623407 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2015.58.6.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze practice patterns and checklists of second trimester ultrasonography, and to investigate management plans when soft markers are detected among Korean Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (KSUOG) members. Methods An internet-based self-administered questionnaire survey was designed. KSUOG members were invited to the survey. Checklists of the second trimester ultrasonography were also requested. In the questionnaire survey, general practice patterns of the second trimester ultrasonography and management schemes of soft markers were asked. In the checklists analysis, the number of items were counted and also compared with those recommended by other medical societies. Results A total of 101 members responded. Eighty-seven percent routinely recommended second trimester fetal anatomic surveillance. Most (91.1%) performed it between 20+0 and 23+6 weeks of gestation. Written informed consents were given by 15.8% of respondents. Nearly 60% recommended genetic counseling when multiple soft markers and/or advanced maternal age were found. Similar tendencies were found in the managements of individual soft markers. However, practice patterns were very diverse and sometimes conflicting. Forty-eight checklists were analyzed in context with the number and content of the items. The median item number was 46.5 (range, 17 to 109). Of 49 items of checklists recommended by International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology and/or American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 14 items (28.6%) were found in less than 50% of the checklists analyzed in this study. Conclusion Although general practice patterns were similar among KSUOG members, some of which were conflicting, and there is a need for standardization of the practice patterns and checklists of second trimester ultrasonography, which also have very wide range of spectrum.
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