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Low JT, Christie M, Ernst M, Dumoutier L, Preaudet A, Ni Y, Griffin MDW, Mielke LA, Strasser A, Putoczki TL, O'Reilly LA. Loss of NFKB1 Results in Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 to Promote Gastric Tumorigenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1444-1458.e15. [PMID: 32569771 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activity of nuclear factor κB transcription factors and signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) are frequently altered in gastric cancer cells. Mice lacking NFKB1 (Nfkb1-/- mice) develop invasive gastric cancer, and their gastric tissues have increased levels of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 6, IL22, IL11, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as increased activation of STAT1. We investigated whether these cytokines were required for STAT1 activation in gastric tissues of mice and critical for gastric tumorigenesis. METHODS We crossed Nfkb1-/- mice with Il6-/-, Il22-/-, Il11Rα-/-, and Tnf-/- mice. Stomach tissues from compound mutant mice were analyzed by histology, immunoblotting, and RNA sequencing. Lymphoid, myeloid, and epithelial cells were isolated from stomachs, and the levels of cytokines were determined by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Nfkb1-/- mice developed gastritis, oxyntic atrophy, gastric dysplasia, and invasive tumors, whereas Nfkb1-/-Stat1-/- mice did not, even when followed for as long as 2 years. The levels of Il6, Il11, Il22, and Tnf messenger RNA were increased in the body and antrum of the stomachs from Nfkb1-/- mice, from 3-6 months of age. However, Nfkb1-/-Il6-/-, Nfkb1-/-Il22-/-, and Nfkb1-/-Il11Rα-/- mice still developed gastric tumors, although the absence of IL11 receptor (IL11R) significantly reduced development of invasive gastric tumors. Stomachs from Nfkb1-/-Tnf-/- mice exhibited significantly less gastritis and oxyntic atrophy and fewer tumors than Nfkb1-/- mice. This correlated with reduced activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and fewer numbers of T cells and B cells infiltrating the gastric body. Loss of STAT1 or TNF significantly reduced expression of PD-L1 on epithelial and myeloid (CD11b+) cells in the gastric mucosa of Nfkb1-/- mice-indeed, to the levels observed on the corresponding cells from wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS In studies of gastric tumor development in knockout mice, we found that loss of NFKB1 causes increased expression of TNF in the stomach and thereby drives activation of STAT1, resulting in an inflammatory immune response and the development of gastric cancer. IL11R appears to be required for the progression of gastric tumors to the invasive stage. These findings suggest that inhibitors of TNF, and possibly also inhibitors of IL11/IL11Rα, might be useful in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun T Low
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Adele Preaudet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Visiting scientist from Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China to The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Al-Dughaishi M, Shalaby A, Al-Ribkhi K, Boudaka A, Boulassel MR, Saleh J. The Value of Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2019; 19:e277-e283. [PMID: 31897310 PMCID: PMC6930029 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an inhibitory molecule expressed by cancer cells to supress T-cell activity and escape anti-tumour immunity. The role of PD-L1 in cancer has been studied extensively as it is considered an important immune checkpoint against immune over-activation through its interaction with Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) expressed on activated lymphocytes. PD-L1 expression was found to be enhanced by chemotherapy through different proliferation pathways. However, the predictive and prognostic value for PD-L1 expression in cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is not yet established. This review focused on the potential effects of chemotherapy on PD-L1 expression and the role of PD-L1 as a prognostic and predictive marker in NAC-treated cancer patients. In addition, the potential use of this marker in clinical practice is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asem Shalaby
- Department of Pathology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khawla Al-Ribkhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ammar Boudaka
- Department of Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Jumana Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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