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Sawada K, Inoue T, Mori N, Mori A, Kamijo T. DO Toxic Invasive Prey Become a Toxin Source for Native Consumers? J Chem Ecol 2023:10.1007/s10886-023-01460-z. [PMID: 37882872 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxic organisms can become food that potentially harms consumers. When these organisms become invasive species, the harm often turns to a serious threat that disrupts native ecosystems. On the other hand, there are consumers that can exploit toxic organisms for food and sequester intact toxins from them for the consumers' own chemical defense. Therefore, it can be expected that toxic invasive prey can become a toxin source for native consumers. Here, we focused on the relationship between toads, which are one of the major toxic invasive organisms and possess bufadienolides (BDs), and Rhabdophis snakes, which sequester BDs from toads. On Sado Island, Japan, R. tigrinus is native, but no toads had inhabited this island until Bufo japonicus formosus was introduced as a domestic invasive species in 1963 and 1964. At present, invasive toads are distributed only in the southwestern part of the island. We collected a total of 25 and 24 R. tigrinus from areas allopatric and sympatric with toads, respectively. Then, we investigated the possession of BDs and the BD profile of these snakes. We found that only R. tigrinus sympatric with toads possessed BDs, whereas all snakes allopatric with toads lacked BDs. Based on the characteristics of the BD profile, the toxin source was identified as B. j. formosus. Our findings show that a new case of impact caused by toxic invasive species, i.e., "toxin supply to native consumers from invasive prey", could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Sawada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Takato Inoue
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Mori
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamijo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
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Inoue T, Mori A, Yoshinaga N, Mori N. Intrinsic Factors Associated with Dietary Toxin Quantity and Concentration in the Nuchal Glands of a Natricine Snake Rhabdophis Tigrinus. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:133-141. [PMID: 36881327 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The snake Rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters cardiotonic steroids, bufadienolides (BDs), from ingested toads and stores them in the nuchal glands as defensive toxins. It has previously been shown that there are individual differences in the total quantity of BDs stored in the nuchal glands of adult R. tigrinus and that BD quantities and profiles of R. tigrinus exhibit geographic variation. However, no previous study has examined the total quantity of BDs as a percentage of body mass (relative BD quantity) and the concentration of BDs in the nuchal gland fluid (BD gland concentration). In addition, intrinsic factors that are associated with relative BD quantity and BD concentration have not been examined within a single population. We collected 158 adult snakes from an area of central Japan from May to October and analyzed their BD quantities by UV analysis. We assessed individual differences in BD quantity, relative BD quantity and BD gland concentration. We found that 1) in approximately 60% of the 158 individuals, the BD gland concentration was greater than 50%; 2) body length and body condition are positively correlated with relative BD quantity and BD gland concentration; 3) even in a single population, individual differences of BD quantity are large, and are greater in females than in males; and 4) relative BD quantity and BD gland concentration of females during the gestation season are lower than those during the non-gestation season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Inoue
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Akira Mori
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Matsuura K, Inoue Y. Venom ophthalmia (keratoconjunctivitis) caused by nuchal gland secretion of Rhabdophis tigrinus: case report. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 36205819 PMCID: PMC9547041 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-022-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdophis tigrinus (R. tigrinus) is a common colubrid snake that possesses a series of paired sac-like nuchal glands behind the head. When pressure is applied to the nuchal area, the thin skin over the nuchal glands can rupture and release secretions. In Japan, 19 cases of ophthalmia caused by the nuchal gland secretion of R. tigrinus have been reported. However, only one case has been documented in an English report. A 72-year old woman was sprayed by the nuchal gland fluid of R. tigrinus in her right eye. She presented with symptoms of eye pain and blurred vision. A slit-lamp examination revealed diffuse superficial keratitis, corneal stromal edema with Descemet membrane folds, and conjunctival injection. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of her right eye was 0.6. She was prescribed 0.5% moxifloxacin and 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops four times a day, and the symptoms resolved without sequelae within 5 days. The BCVA in the right eye improved to 1.0. In previous reports, ophthalmic examinations revealed conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal edema with Descemet membrane folds. Topical antibiotics and corticosteroid were prescribed in most cases, and eyes healed within 5-7 days without any sequelae. While corneal edema may resolve spontaneously in a few days when inhibition of the toxin has ceased, the use of topical steroids is recommended, as it can increase the activity of Na/K pumps that remained functional, thereby accelerating recovery. In fact, our patient used a topical steroid and recovered without sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Matsuura
- Nojima Hospital, 2714-1, Sesaki-machi, Kurayoshi-city, Tottori, 682-0863, Japan. .,Tottori University, 36-1, Nishi-cho, Yonago-city, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Yoshitsugu Inoue
- Tottori University, 36-1, Nishi-cho, Yonago-city, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
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Inoue T, Nakata R, Savitzky AH, Yoshinaga N, Mori A, Mori N. New Insights Into Dietary Toxin Metabolism: Diversity in the Ability of the Natricine Snake Rhabdophis tigrinus to Convert Toad-Derived Bufadienolides. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:915-925. [PMID: 34258693 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese natricine snake Rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters cardiotonic steroids, bufadienolides (BDs), from ingested toads in the nuchal glands as defensive toxins. A previous study showed that R. tigrinus in captivity converts dietary BDs when it sequesters them. However, it is unknown whether the dietary BDs are actually converted and the modified products accumulated under natural conditions. It is also unknown to what extent the BD profile of ingested toads is reflected in that of the snake. We collected 123 snakes from throughout Japan, analyzed their BD profiles by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified 15 BDs from R. tigrinus by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. We also compared their BD profiles using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). HCA exhibited two main clusters associated with their collection locations: eastern and western regions of the Japanese main islands. These results, coupled with previous findings on the BDs of Japanese toads, suggest that 1) R. tigrinus converts toad-derived BDs into other compounds under natural conditions; 2) there are both universal and regionally-specific conversions of dietary BDs by R. tigrinus; and 3) geographic variation in toad BD profiles is partially reflected in the variation of snake BD profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Inoue
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryu Nakata
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo Otani, Sogabe, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan
| | - Alan H Savitzky
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Mori
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Komori Y, Hifumi T, Yamamoto A, Sakai A, Ato M, Sawabe K, Nikai T. Comparative Study of Biological Activities of Venom from Colubrid Snakes Rhabdophis tigrinus (Yamakagashi) and Rhabdophis lateralis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E373. [PMID: 29149042 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdophis lateralis, a colubrid snake distributed throughout the continent of Asia, has recently undergone taxonomic revisions. Previously, Rhabdophis lateralis was classified as a subspecies of R. tigrinus (Yamakagashi) until 2012, when several genetic differences were discovered which classified this snake as its own species. To elucidate the toxicity of venom from this poorly studied colubrid, various biological activities were compared between the venom from the two snake species. The components of their venom were compared by the elution profiles of reversed-phase HPLC and SDS-PAGE, and gel filtrated fractions were tested for effects on blood coagulation. Proteolytic activities of these fractions were also assayed by using synthetic substrates, fibrinogen, and matrix proteins. Similar to the R. tigrinus venom, the higher molecular weight fraction of R. lateralis venom contained a prothrombin activator. Both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of human plasma were shortened by the addition of R. lateralis and R. tigrinus venom. The thrombin formation was estimated by the uses of SDS-PAGE and chromogenic substrates. These venom fractions also possessed very specific proteinase activity on human fibrinogen, but the substrates for matrix metalloproteinase, such as collagen and laminin, were not hydrolyzed. However, there were some notable differences in reactivity to synthetic substrates for matrix metalloproteinase, and R. tigrinus venom possessed relatively higher activity. Our chemical investigation indicates that the components included in both venoms resemble each other closely. However, the ratio of components and proteolytic activity of some ingredients are slightly different, indicating differences between two closely-related snakes.
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Zhao D, Liu H, Zhao WG, Liu P. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Rhabdophis tigrinus (Reptilia: Squamata). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2016; 1:216-217. [PMID: 33490392 PMCID: PMC7800361 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1155092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of Rhabdophis tigrinus (Reptilia: Squamata) is presented for the first time in this study. It is a circular molecule of 17 415 bp in length (GenBank accession no. KU641019), consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (12S and 16S rRNA) and two control regions (D-loop), with the typical gene order and direction of transcription in Serpentes. The overall base composition is 33.65% A, 26.70% C, 13.16% G and 26.49% T. Mitochondrial genomes analyses based on NJ method yield phylogenetic trees, including 14 reported snakes belonging to four families (Colubridae, Elapidae, Viperidae and Typhlopidae). These molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for systematic analyses of genus Rhabdophis and family Colubridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ge Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Kojima Y, Mori A. Active foraging for toxic prey during gestation in a snake with maternal provisioning of sequestered chemical defences. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142137. [PMID: 25392472 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals sequester dietary defensive compounds and incorporate them into the offspring, which protects the young against predation. One possible but poorly investigated question is whether females of such species actively prey upon toxic diets. The snake Rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters defensive steroids from toads consumed as prey; it also feeds on other amphibians. Females produce chemically armed offspring in direct proportion to their own level of toad-derived toxins by provisioning the toxins to their eggs. Our field observations of movements and stomach contents of radio-tracked R. tigrinus showed that gravid snakes preyed upon toads by actively foraging in the habitat of toads, even though toads were a scarce resource and toad-searching may incur potential costs. Our Y-maze experiments demonstrated that gravid females were more likely to trail the chemical cues of toads than were males or non-gravid females. These results showed behavioural switching in females and active foraging for scarce, toxic prey during gestation. Because exploitation of toads by gravid females results in their offspring being more richly endowed with prey-derived toxins, active foraging for toxic prey is expected to be an adaptive antipredator trait, which may enhance chemical defence in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kojima
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Mori
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Hifumi T, Sakai A, Yamamoto A, Murakawa M, Ato M, Shibayama K, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Abe Y, Kawakita K, Hagiike M, Ginnaga A, Kuroda Y. Effect of antivenom therapy of Rhabdophis tigrinus (Yamakagashi snake) bites. J Intensive Care 2014; 2:44. [PMID: 25520846 PMCID: PMC4267595 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-014-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdophis tigrinus (Yamakagashi snake) is a rear-fanged colubrid snake present throughout Russia and Asia. Its venom induces life-threatening hemorrhagic symptoms and severe disseminated intravascular coagulation with a fibrinolytic phenotype. R. tigrinus antivenom manufactured by the immunization of horses to neutralize the venom has the risk of adverse events such as anaphylaxis and serum sickness disease. It should be used when benefit is greater than the risk of adverse effects; however, its efficacy has not been well evaluated. Although our previous survey of nine cases demonstrated that seven of all cases treated with antivenom survived, the clinical characteristics and prognosis without antivenom administration remained unclear. We assumed that R. tigrinus antivenom administration overlaps self-recovery with supportive care. We aimed to determine the association between antivenom administration and outcome with further analyzed cases. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of the Japan Snake Institute between January 1, 1973 and December 31, 2013. Antivenom and without antivenom groups were compared with regard to baseline demographic features, treatment-related factors, and outcomes. RESULTS In total, 34 patients were analyzed (97% male, median age 37.5 years). Twenty-five patients were further examined from our previous study. On admission, the median levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products were 35 mg/dL and 200 μg/mL, respectively, and platelet counts were 107,000/mm(3). The median disseminated intravascular coagulation score (defined by the Japanese Association of Acute Medicine) was 5. Antivenom was administered to 19 patients, with a median interval of 32 h between bite and antivenom administration. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12%. In univariate analysis, baseline characteristics and laboratory data were not significantly different between the antivenom and without antivenom groups. Hospital mortality in the antivenom group was significantly better than that in the without antivenom group (0% vs. 26.7%, P = 0.03). Moreover, the number of patients developing renal failure requiring hemodialysis was significantly lower in the antivenom group (5.3% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In our small retrospective study, antivenom administration was likely to be effective in the management of R. tigrinus bites. Apparently, further research is required to confirm its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hifumi
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki Kita, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- The Japan Snake Institute, Yabutsuka 3318, Ota Gumma, 379-2301 Japan
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaizuka Hospital, Hakosaki 7-7-27, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0053 Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-0014 Japan
| | - Yuichi Koido
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-0014 Japan
| | - Junichi Inoue
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimicho, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8506 Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki Kita, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Kenya Kawakita
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki Kita, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Masanobu Hagiike
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki Kita, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Akihiko Ginnaga
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto 860-8568 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki Kita, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
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Hifumi T, Sakai A, Yamamoto A, Murakawa M, Ato M, Shibayama K, Ginnaga A, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Abe Y, Kawakita K, Hagiike M, Kuroda Y. Clinical characteristics of yamakagashi ( Rhabdophis tigrinus) bites: a national survey in Japan, 2000-2013. J Intensive Care 2014; 2:19. [PMID: 25908983 PMCID: PMC4407547 DOI: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) is a species of pit viper present throughout Russia and Eastern Asia. Although R. tigrinus venom is known to induce life-threatening hemorrhagic symptoms, the clinical characteristics and effective treatment of R. tigrinus bites remain unknown. The present study aimed to clarify these issues. Methods Records in the Japan Snake Institute between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively investigated. The following were determined: patient characteristics, coagulation and fibrinolytic system abnormalities, effect of antivenom treatment, and outcomes. Results Nine patients (all males; median age, 38 years) with R. tigrinus bites were identified. On admission, the median levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products, and platelet counts were 50 mg/dL, 295 μg/mL, and 107,000/mm3, respectively. The median (minimum–maximum) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score defined by the Japanese Association of Acute Medicine was 8 (1–8). Antivenom was administered to seven patients, with a median interval of 35 h between bite and antivenom administration. All patients treated with antivenom survived, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 11%. Conclusions Patients with R. tigrinus bites presented with DIC of a fibrinolytic phenotype, which can result in life-threatening injury unless appropriate antivenom and DIC treatment are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hifumi
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Toru Hifumi, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Japan Snake Institute, 3318 Yabutsuka, Ota, Gunma, 379-2301 Japan
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011 Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaizuka Hospital, Hakosaki 7-7-27, Higashi-kuFukuoka, 812-0053 Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011 Japan
| | - Akihiko Ginnaga
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8568 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-0014 Japan
| | - Yuichi Koido
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-0014 Japan
| | - Junichi Inoue
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8506 Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Toru Hifumi, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Kenya Kawakita
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Toru Hifumi, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Masanobu Hagiike
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Toru Hifumi, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Toru Hifumi, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793 Japan
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Chen YC, Yen DHT, Chen YW, Huang MS, Huang CI, Chen MH. Toxin ophthalmia caused by nuchal gland secretion of the Taiwan tiger keelback ( Rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus). J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 113:750-3. [PMID: 25240304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdophis tigrinus is a common colubrid snake that can be found in an extensive geographical region in East Asia. It consists of two subspecies: R.t. tigrinus (yamakagashi) and R.t. formosanus (Taiwan tiger keelback). R. tigrinus possesses two different sets of poisonous glands: the Duvernoy's glands in the maxilla, and the nuchal glands in the dorsal skin of the neck. We report the first case in current English literature of toxin ophthalmia caused by the nuchal gland secretion of R.t. formosanus. The patient was a 40-year-old man whose right eye was sprayed by the nuchal gland fluid of R.t. formosanus. He presented with symptoms of foreign body sensation, progressive burning pain, and blurred vision. Ophthalmologic examination revealed diffuse superficial punctate keratitis, corneal stromal edema with Descemet folds, and conjunctival congestion. The patient responded well to topical treatment with a corticosteroid, antihistamine, and antibiotic, and had a favorable clinical course and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chia Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - David Hung-Tsang Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Shung Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hui Chen
- Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei City, Taiwan; West Garden Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Choi CJ, Lee HJ, Go JH, Park YK, Chai JY, Seo M. Extraintestinal migration of Centrorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) in experimentally infected rats. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48:139-43. [PMID: 20585530 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles were known to serve as paratenic hosts for Centrorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) in Korea, but the infection course in experimental animals was not elucidated yet. In this study, the tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus) were collected and digested with artificial pepsin solution, and the larvae of Centrorhynchus were recovered from them. Then, the collected larvae were orally infected to rats for developmental observations. In rats, all the larvae were observed outside the intestine on day 3 post-infection (PI), including the mesentery and abdominal muscles. As for the development in rats, the ovary of Centrorhynchus sp. was observed at day 15 PI, and the cement glands were 3 in number. Based on the morphological characteristics, including the arrangement of proboscis hooks, these larvae proved to be a species of Centrorhynchus, and more studies were needed for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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