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Liang Y, Zhang Z, Chen A, Yu C, Sun Y, Du J, Qiao Z, Wang Z, Guiver MD, Zhong C. Large-Area Ultrathin Metal-Organic Framework Membranes Fabricated on Flexible Polymer Supports for Gas Separations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404058. [PMID: 38528771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ultrathin continuous metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes have the potential to achieve high gas permeance and selectivity simultaneously for otherwise difficult gas separations, but with few exceptions for zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) membranes, current methods cannot conveniently realize practical large-area fabrication. Here, we propose a ligand back diffusion-assisted bipolymer-directed metal ion distribution strategy for preparing large-area ultrathin MOF membranes on flexible polymeric support layers. The bipolymer directs metal ions to form a cross-linked two-dimensional (2D) network with a uniform distribution of metal ions on support layers. Ligand back diffusion controls the feed of ligand molecules available for nuclei formation, resulting in the continuous growth of large-area ultrathin MOF membranes. We report the practical fabrication of three representative defect-free MOF membranes with areas larger than 2,400 cm2 and ultrathin selective layers (50-130 nm), including ZIFs and carboxylate-linker MOFs. Among these, the ZIF-8 membrane displays high gas permeance of 3,979 GPU for C3H6, with good mixed gas selectivity (43.88 for C3H6/C3H8). To illustrate its scale-up practicality, MOF membranes were prepared and incorporated into spiral-wound membrane modules with an active area of 4,800 cm2. The ZIF-8 membrane module presents high gas permeance (3,930 GPU for C3H6) with acceptable ideal gas selectivity (37.45 for C3H6/C3H8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Aibing Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Caijiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yuxiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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Burgmann S, Lid M, Johnsen H, Vedvik N, Haugen B, Provine J, van Helvoort A, Torgersen J. New avenues for residual stress analysis in ultrathin atomic layer deposited free-standing membranes through release of micro-cantilevers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26420. [PMID: 38434070 PMCID: PMC10906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of thinnest, yet undeformed membrane structures with nanometer resolution is a prerequisite for a variety of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). However, functionally relevant thin films are susceptible to growth-generated stress. To tune the performance and reach large aspect ratios, knowledge of the intrinsic material properties is indispensable. Here, we present a new method for stress evaluation through releasing defined micro-cantilever segments by focused ion beam (FIB) milling from a predefined free-standing membrane structure. Thereby, the cantilever segment is allowed to equilibrate to a stress-released state through measurable strain in the form of a resulting radius of curvature. This radius can be back-calculated to the residual stress state. The method was tested on a 20 nm and 50 nm thick tunnel-like ALD Image 1 membrane structure, revealing a significant amount of residual stress with 866 MPa and 6104 MPa, respectively. Complementary finite element analysis to estimate the stress distribution in the structure showed a 97% and 90% agreement in out-of-plane deflection for the 20 nm and 50 nm membranes, respectively. This work reveals the possibilities of releasing entire membrane segments from thin film membranes with a significant amount of residual stress and to use the resulting bending behavior for evaluating stress and strain by measuring their deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Burgmann
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - M.J. Lid
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - H.J.D. Johnsen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - N.P. Vedvik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - B. Haugen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | | | - A.T.J. van Helvoort
- Department of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - J. Torgersen
- Chair of Materials Science, Department of Materials Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Frei H. Controlled electron transfer by molecular wires embedded in ultrathin insulating membranes for driving redox catalysis. Photosynth Res 2023:10.1007/s11120-023-01061-7. [PMID: 38108928 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic bilayers or amorphous silica films of a few nanometer thickness featuring embedded molecular wires offer opportunities for chemically separating while at the same time electronically connecting photo- or electrocatalytic components. Such ultrathin membranes enable the integration of components for which direct coupling is not sufficiently efficient or stable. Photoelectrocatalytic systems for the generation or utilization of renewable energy are among the most prominent ones for which ultrathin separation layers open up new approaches for component integration for improving efficiency. Recent advances in the assembly and spectroscopic, microscopic, and photoelectrochemical characterization have enabled the systematic optimization of the structure, energetics, and density of embedded molecular wires for maximum charge transfer efficiency. The progress enables interfacial designs for the nanoscale integration of the incompatible oxidation and reduction catalysis environments of artificial photosystems and of microbial (or biomolecular)-abiotic systems for renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Frei
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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