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Oka Y, Takahashi K, Ohta T. The effects of vanilloid analogues structurally related to capsaicin on the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101243. [PMID: 35280525 PMCID: PMC8914335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is known as a receptor of capsaicin, a spicy ingredient of chili peppers. It is also sensitive to a variety of pungent compounds and is involved in nociception. Here, we focused on the structural characteristics of capsaicin, and investigated whether vanillylmanderic acid (VMA), vanillic acid (VAcid), vanillyl alcohol (VAlc), vanillyl butyl ether (VBE), and vanillin, containing a vanillyl skeleton similar to capsaicin, affected the TRPV1 activities. For detection of TRPV1 activity, intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in HEK 293 cells heterologously expressing mouse TRPV1 (mTRPV1-HEK) and in mouse sensory neurons. Except for vanillin, four vanilloid analogues dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in mTRPV1-HEK. The solutions that dissolved VMA, VAcid and vanillin at high concentrations were acidic, whereas those of VAlc and VBE were neutral. Neutralized VAcid evoked [Ca2+]i increases but neutralized VMA did not. Mutation of capsaicin-sensing sites diminished [Ca2+]i responses to VAcid, VAlc and VBE. VAcid, VMA, and vanillin suppressed the activation of TRPV1 induced by capsaicin. VAcid and VMA also inhibited the acid-induced TRPV1 activation. In sensory neurons, VMA diminished TRPV1 activation by capsaicin or acids. The present data indicate that these structural characteristics of chemical compounds on TRPV1 may provide strategies for the development of novel analgesic drugs targeting nociceptive TRPV1.
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Key Words
- Catecholamine metabolites
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DRG, Dorsal root ganglion
- HEK, Human embryonic kidney
- Heterologous expression
- Intracellular Ca2+ concentration
- Mutagenesis
- Sensory neurons
- TRPV, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
- VAcid, Vanillic acid
- VBE, Vanillyl butyl ether
- VMA, Vanillylmandelic acid
- Valc, Vanillyl alcohol
- Vanillyl structure
- [Ca2+], Intracellular Ca2+ concentration
- mTRPV1, Mouse TRPV1
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oka
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - T Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Wassenberg T, Geurtz BPH, Monnens L, Wevers RA, Willemsen MA, Verbeek MM. Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in TH and AADC deficiency and the effect of treatment. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100762. [PMID: 33996491 PMCID: PMC8093927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) deficiency are rare inherited disorders of monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis which are typically diagnosed using cerebrospinal fluid examination of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites. Until now, it has not been systematically studied whether analysis of monamine neurotransmitter metabolites in blood or urine has diagnostic value as compared to cerebrospinal fluid examination, or whether monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in these peripheral body fluids is useful to monitor treatment efficacy. Methods Assessment, both by literature review and retrospective analysis of our local university hospital database, of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and serum prolactin levels, before and during treatment in patients with AADC and TH deficiency. Results In AADC deficiency, 3-O-methyldopa in serum or dried blood spots was reported in 34 patients and found to be (strongly) increased in all, serotonin in serum was decreased in 7/7 patients. Serum prolactin was increased in 34/37 and normal in 3 untreated patients. In urine, dopamine was normal or increased in 21/24 patients, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was decreased in 9/10 patients, and vanillactic acid was increased in 19/20 patients. No significant changes were seen in monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites after medical treatment, except for an increase of homovanillic acid in urine and cerebrospinal fluid after levodopa therapy, sometimes even in absence of a clinical response. After gene therapy, cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid increased in most patients (8/12), but 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid remained unchanged in 9/12 patients. In TH deficiency, serum prolactin was increased in 12/14 and normal in the remaining untreated patients. Urinary dopamine was decreased in 2/8 patients and normal in 6. Homovanillic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid increased upon levodopa treatment, even in the absence of a clear treatment response. Conclusions This study confirms that cerebrospinal fluid is the most informative body fluid to measure monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites when AADC or TH deficiency is suspected, and that routine follow-up of cerebrospinal fluid measurements to estimate treatment response is not needed. 3-O-methyldopa in dried blood spots and vanillactic acid in urine are promising peripheral biomarkers for diagnosis of AADC deficiency. However, in many patients with TH or AADC deficiency dopamine in urine is normal or increased thereby not reflecting the metabolic block. The value of serum prolactin for follow-up of AADC and TH deficiency should be further studied.
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Key Words
- 3-OMD, 3-O-methyldopa
- 5-HIAA, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
- 5-HTP, 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- AADC deficiency
- AADC, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
- Biomarkers
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- HVA, Homovanillic acid
- MHPG, 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylglycol
- Monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency
- TH deficiency
- TH, Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TML, Translational Metabolic Laboratory
- Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency
- VLA, Vanillactic acid
- VMA, Vanillylmandelic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wassenberg
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology (943), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben P H Geurtz
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory (830), PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Monnens
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology (392), PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory (830), PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Radboud university medical center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Neurology (801), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology (943), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud university medical center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory (830), PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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