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Khorramdelazad H, Bagherzadeh K, Rahimi A, Safari E, Hassanshahi G, Khoshmirsafa M, Karimi M, Mohammadi M, Darehkordi A, Falak R. Antitumor activities of a novel fluorinated small molecule (A1) in CT26 colorectal cancer cells: molecular docking and in vitro studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37705281 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2256406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been satisfactory until now; therefore, the discovery of more efficient medications is of great significance. Based on available knowledge, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a significant role in tumorigenesis, and inhibition of CXCR4 chemokine receptor with AMD3100 is one of the most known therapeutic modalities in cancer therapy. Herein, N, N''-thiocarbonylbis(N'-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidamide) (A1) was synthesized as a potent CXCR4 inhibitor. A1 inhibitory activity was first evaluated employing Molecular Docking simulations in comparison with the most potent CXCR4 inhibitors. Then, the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of A1 on CT26 mouse CRC cells was investigated by MTT assay technique and compared with those of the control molecule, AMD3100. The impact of the target compounds IC50 on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and CXCR4 expression was determined by flow cytometry technique. Our finding demonstrated that A1 induces a cytotoxic effect on CT26 cells at 60 μg/mL concentration within 72 h and provokes cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in comparison with the untreated cells, while AMD3100 did not show a cytotoxic effect up to 800 μg/mL dose. The obtained results show that A1 (at a concentration of 40 μg/mL) significantly reduced the proliferation of CT26 cells treated with 100 ng/mL of CXCL12 in 72 h. Moreover, treatment with 60 μg/mL of A1 and 100 ng/mL of CXCL12 for 72 h significantly decreased the number of cells expressing the CXCR4 receptor compared to the control group treated with CXCL12. Eventually, the obtained results indicate that A1, as a dual-function fluorinated small molecule, may benefit CRC treatment through inhibition of CXCR4 and exert a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bagherzadeh
- Eye Research Center, the Five Senses Health Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Safari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Darehkordi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Paul AG, Chandran B, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2-eicosanoid receptor inflammatory axis: a key player in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated malignancies. Transl Res 2013; 162:77-92. [PMID: 23567332 PMCID: PMC7185490 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), its lipid metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Eicosanoid (EP) receptors (EP; 1-4) underlying the proinflammatory mechanistic aspects of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an active area of investigation. The tumorigenic potential of COX-2 and PGE2 through EP receptors forms the mechanistic context underlying the chemotherapeutic potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although role of the COX-2 is described in several viral associated malignancies, the biological significance of the COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor inflammatory axis is extensively studied only in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV-8) associated malignancies such as KS, a multifocal endothelial cell tumor and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a B cell-proliferative disorder. The purpose of this review is to summarize the salient findings delineating the molecular mechanisms downstream of COX-2 involving PGE2 secretion and its autocrine and paracrine interactions with EP receptors (EP1-4), COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor signaling regulating KSHV pathogenesis and latency. KSHV infection induces COX-2, PGE2 secretion, and EP receptor activation. The resulting signal cascades modulate the expression of KSHV latency genes (latency associated nuclear antigen-1 [LANA-1] and viral-Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain like interferon converting enzyme-like- inhibitory protein [vFLIP]). vFLIP was also shown to be crucial for the maintenance of COX-2 activation. The mutually interdependent interactions between viral proteins (LANA-1/vFLIP) and COX-2/PGE2/EP receptors was shown to play key roles in the biological mechanisms involved in KS and PEL pathogenesis such as blockage of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion, and immune-suppression. Understanding the COX-2/PGE2/EP axis is very important to develop new safer and specific therapeutic modalities for KS and PEL. In addition to COX-2 being a therapeutic target, EP receptors represent ideal targets for pharmacologic agents as PGE2 analogues and their blockers/antagonists possess antineoplastic activity, without the reported gastrointestinal and cardiovascular toxicity observed with few a NSAIDs.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun George Paul
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Bala Chandran
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
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