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Cho CL, Lee YZ, Tseng CN, Cho J, Cheng YB, Wang KW, Chen HJ, Chiou SJ, Chou CH, Hong YR. Hexane fraction of Pluchea indica root extract inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy in human glioblastoma cells. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:416-422. [PMID: 29181154 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. is a perennial plant known for its versatile uses in traditional medicine. Previous findings have shown that the extracts of Pluchea indica possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and anti-tuberculosis activity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anticancer activity of the hexane fraction of P. indica root extract (H-PIRE) in human glioblastoma cells using flow cytometric and western blot analysis. The results shoewd that, H-PIRE suppressed the growth of glioblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. H-PIRE treatment markedly decreased the population of cells in S and G2/M phases. The significant upregulation of acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) was detected during H-PIRE treatment. The expression levels of microtubule-associated light chain 3-II (LC3-II) protein, phosphorylated JNK and phosphorylated p38 were significantly increased, confirming the occurrence of autophagy during the process. Finally, the combination treatment of H-PIRE and LY294002, a pan PI3K inhibitor, further decreased cell viability, suggesting an additive anticancer effect. Taken together, our results suggest that H-PIRE suppresses the proliferation of glioblastoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Zhe Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Neng Tseng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Joshua Cho
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Jung Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hua Chou
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Liu AJ, Wang SH, Chen KC, Kuei HP, Shih YL, Hou SY, Chiu WT, Hsiao SH, Shih CM. Evodiamine, a plant alkaloid, induces calcium/JNK-mediated autophagy and calcium/mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2013;205:20-28. [PMID: 23774672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas, the most common primary gliomas, are characterized by increased invasion and difficult therapy. Major clinical medicines for treating gliomas merely extend the survival time for a number of months. Therefore, development of new agents against gliomas is important. Autophagy, a process for degrading damaged organelles and proteins, is an adaptive response to environmental stress. However, the role of autophagy in glioblastoma development still needs to be further investigated. Evodiamine, a major alkaloid isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham, has various pharmacological activities, such as inhibiting tumor growth and metastatic properties. However, the effects of evodiamine on glioblastomas and their detailed molecular mechanisms and autophagy formation are not well understood. In this study, we observed that evodiamine induced dose- and time-dependent apoptosis in glioma cells. Blockade of calcium channels in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) significantly reduced evodiamine-induced cytosolic calcium elevation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization, which suggests that evodiamine induces a calcium-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Interestingly, autophagy was also enhanced by evodiamine, and had reached a plateau by 24h. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy resulted in increased apoptosis and reduced cell viability. Inhibition of ER calcium channel activation also significantly reduced evodiamine-induced autophagy. Inactivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) suppressed evodiamine-mediated autophagy accompanied by increased apoptosis. Furthermore, evodiamine-mediated JNK activation was abolished by BAPTA-AM, an intracellular calcium scavenger, suggesting that evodiamine mediates autophagy via a calcium-JNK signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that evodiamine induces intracellular calcium/JNK signaling-mediated autophagy and calcium/mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells.
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