Ex Vivo Generation of Donor Antigen-Specific Immunomodulatory Cells: A Comparison Study of Anti-CD80/86 mAbs and CTLA4-lg Costimulatory Blockade

Adoptive transfer of alloantigen-specific immunomodulatory cells generated ex vivo with anti-CD80/CD86 mAbs (2D10.4/IT2.2) holds promise for operational tolerance after transplantation. However, good manufacturing practice is required to allow widespread clinical application. Belatacept, a clinically approved cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin that also binds CD80/CD86, could be an alternative agent for 2D10.4/IT2.2. With the goal of generating an optimal cell treatment with clinically approved reagents, we evaluated the donor-specific immunomodulatory effects of belatacept- and 2D10.4/IT2.2-generated immunomodulatory cells. Immunomodulatory cells were generated by coculturing responder human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (50 × 10⁶ cells) with irradiated donor PBMCs (20 × 10⁶ cells) from eight human leukocyte antigen-mismatched responder–donor pairs in the presence of either 2D10.4/IT2.2 (3 μg/10⁶ cells) or belatacept (40 μg/10⁶ cells). After 14 days of coculture, the frequencies of CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, and natural killer cells as well as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in the 2D10.4/IT2.2- and belatacept-treated groups were lower than those in the control group. The percentage of CD19⁺ B cells was higher in the 2D10.4/IT2.2- and belatacept-treated groups than in the control group. The frequency of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^lowFOXP3⁺ T cells increased from 4.1±1.0% (preculture) to 7.1±2.6% and 7.3±2.6% (day 14) in the 2D10.4/IT2.2- and belatacept-treated groups, respectively (p<0.05). Concurrently, delta-2 FOXP3 mRNA expression increased significantly. Compared with cells derived from the no-antibody treated control group, cells generated from both the 2D10.4/IT2.2- and belatacept-treated groups produced lower IFN-γ and higher interleukin-10 levels in response to donor-antigens, as detected by enzyme-linked immunospot. Most importantly, 2D10.4/IT2.2- and belatacept-generated cells effectively impeded the proliferative responses of freshly isolated responder PBMCs against donor-antigens. Our results indicate that belatacept-generated donor-specific immunomodulatory cells possess comparable phenotypes and immunomodulatory efficacies to those generated with 2D10.4/IT2.2. We suggest that belatacept could be used for ex vivo generation of clinical grade alloantigen-specific immunomodulatory cells for tolerance induction after transplantation.