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Ntasiou P, Samaras A, Papadakis EN, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Karaoglanidis GS. Aggressiveness and Patulin Production in Penicillium expansum Multidrug Resistant Strains with Different Expression Levels of MFS and ABC Transporters, in the Presence or Absence of Fludioxonil. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1398. [PMID: 36987088 PMCID: PMC10056477 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most common postharvest pathogen of apple fruit, causing blue mold disease. Due to the extensive use of fungicides, strains resistant to multiple chemical classes have been selected. A previous study by our group proposed that the overexpression of MFS (major facilitator superfamily) and ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters constitute an alternative resistance mechanism in Multi Drug resistant (MDR) strains of this pathogen. This study was initiated to determine two main biological fitness parameters of MDR strains: aggressiveness against apple fruit and patulin production. In addition, the expression pattern of efflux transporters and hydroxylase-encoding genes that belong to the patulin biosynthesis pathway, in the presence or absence of fludioxonil and under in vitro and in vivo conditions were investigated. Results showed that the MDR strains produced higher concentrations of patulin but showed a lower pathogenicity compared to the wild-type isolates. Moreover, expression analysis of patC, patM and patH genes indicated that the higher expression levels do not correlate with the detected patulin concentration. The selection of MDR strains in P. expansum populations and the fact that they produce more patulin, constitutes a serious concern not only for successful disease control but also for human health. The above-mentioned data represent the first report of MDR in P. expansum associated with its patulin-production ability and the expression level of patulin biosynthesis pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ntasiou
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Emmanouil-Nikolaos Papadakis
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.-N.P.); (U.M.-S.)
| | - Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.-N.P.); (U.M.-S.)
| | - George S. Karaoglanidis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.N.); (A.S.)
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Al Riachy R, Strub C, Durand N, Guibert B, Guichard H, Constancias F, Chochois V, Lopez-Lauri F, Fontana A, Schorr-Galindo S. Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Contamination. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040244. [PMID: 33805022 PMCID: PMC8063962 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the fungus Penicillium expansum, responsible for the blue mold disease on apples. It is found in apple products including apple cider when apple juice is added after fermentation. In the present study, two hundred and twenty-five cider-apples of the variety “Bedan”, cultivated in Brittany in France, were sampled from the orchard during harvesting until the storage step, right before processing. The patulin analysis on these samples reported a low contamination at the orchard and a significantly higher-level of contamination in the cider-apples starting from the transporting bin. The percentage of positive samples increased from 6% to 47% after 12 h in the harvesting bin before transporting and reached 95% after 24 h of transporting, decreasing then to 69% at the end of the storage. Penicillium expansum was quantified on the surface of apples using real-time PCR and was observed to be mostly consistent between the harvest and post-harvest steps. It was detected on average, on the surface of 85% of all sampled apples with a mean value around 2.35 × 106Penicillium expansum DNA/g of apple. Moreover, the changes in the fungal and bacterial epiphytic microbiota in the different steps were studied using a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed the presence of unique and more diverse bacterial and fungal communities on the surface of apples picked from the orchard compared to the rest of the sampling steps. Potential indigenous biological control agents were identified on the surface of sampled apples. Future perspective includes developing actions of prevention and control of the contamination by Penicillium expansum during the harvest and along the various critical post-harvest stages before transformation in a sustainable development concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Al Riachy
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Caroline Strub
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Noël Durand
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Guibert
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Guichard
- French Institute for Cider Production (IFPC), Domaine de la Motte, F-35653 Le Rheu, France;
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Chochois
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Félicie Lopez-Lauri
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Angélique Fontana
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.G.); (F.C.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
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Kanashiro AM, Akiyama DY, Kupper KC, Fill TP. Penicillium italicum: An Underexplored Postharvest Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606852. [PMID: 33343551 PMCID: PMC7746842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the agricultural sector, citrus is one of the most important fruit genus in the world. In this scenario, Brazil is the largest producer of oranges; 34% of the global production, and exporter of concentrated orange juice; 76% of the juice consumed in the planet, summing up US$ 6.5 billion to Brazilian GDP. However, the orange production has been considerable decreasing due to unfavorable weather conditions in recent years and the increasing number of pathogen infections. One of the main citrus post-harvest phytopathogen is Penicillium italicum, responsible for the blue mold disease, which is currently controlled by pesticides, such as Imazalil, Pyrimethanil, Fludioxonil, and Tiabendazole, which are toxic chemicals harmful to the environment and also to human health. In addition, P. italicum has developed considerable resistance to these chemicals as a result of widespread applications. To address this growing problem, the search for new control methods of citrus post-harvest phytopathogens is being extensively explored, resulting in promising new approaches such as biocontrol methods as “killer” yeasts, application of essential oils, and antimicrobial volatile substances. The alternative methodologies to control P. italicum are reviewed here, as well as the fungal virulence factors and infection strategies. Therefore, this review will focus on a general overview of recent research carried out regarding the phytopathological interaction of P. italicum and its citrus host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Cristina Kupper
- Advanced Citrus Research Center, Sylvio Moreira/Campinas Agronomic Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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