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Xu H, Lei J, Li D, Li Y, Tao W, Zhang W, Chen M. Influence of the Injection Bias on the Capacitive Sensing of the Test Mass Motion of Satellite Gravity Gradiometers. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1188. [PMID: 38400346 PMCID: PMC10892849 DOI: 10.3390/s24041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The performance of the capacitive gap-sensing system plays a critical role in a satellite-based gravity gradiometer that is developed using an electrostatic accelerometer. The capacitive sensing gain mainly depends on the stabilized injection bias amplitude, the gain of the transformer bridge, and the trans-impedance amplifier. Previous studies have indicated that amplitude noise is the main factor influencing the noise of capacitive displacement detection. Analyzing the capacitive gap-sensing system indicates that the amplitude, frequency, phase, and broadband noises of the stabilized injection bias have varying levels of influence on the performance of the detection system. This paper establishes a model to clarify the mentioned effects. The validation of the sub-tests demonstrates that the analysis and evaluation results of various noise coefficients are highly consistent with the model's predicted outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Detian Li
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Karimov KS, Chani MTS, Kamal T, Zameer Abbas S, Azum N, Asiri AM. Fabrication and Investigation of Deformable Rubber-Carbon Nanotube-Glue Gel-Based Impedimetric and Capacitive Tactile Sensors for Pressure and Displacement Measurements. Gels 2024; 10:76. [PMID: 38275850 PMCID: PMC10815435 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube-glue composite gel-based surface-type elastic sensors with a cylindrical shape deformable (flexible) metallic body were fabricated for tactile pressure and compressive displacement sensing. The fabrication of the sensors was performed using the rubbing-in technique. The effect of the pressure and the compressive displacement on the capacitance and the impedance of the sensors were investigated at various frequencies (in the range of 1 kHz to 200 kHz). It was found that under the effect of pressure from 0 to 9 g/cm2, the capacitance increased by 1.86 and 1.78 times, while the impedance decreased by 1.84 and 1.71 times at the frequencies of 1 kHz to 200 kHz, respectively. The effect of displacement on the impedance and the capacitance of the device was also investigated at various frequencies from 1 kHz to 200 kHz. The results showed that under the effect of compressive displacement up to 25 µm, the impedance of the sensors decreased on average by 1.19 times, while the capacitance increased by 1.09 times, accordingly. The frequency response of the displacement sensor showed that it matched with the low-pass filter. The obtained results are explained based on changes in the shape and geometrical parameters of the cylindrical-shaped conductive body. These results have also been explained on the basis of the distance between the conductive plates of the capacitive sensors during compression, which takes place under the effect of applied pressure or displacement. Moreover, the design of the sensors is simple and easy to fabricate, and their use is also earthy. The fabricated sensors have great potential for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khasan S. Karimov
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Swabi 23640, Pakistan; (K.S.K.); (S.Z.A.)
- Center for Innovative Development of Science and Technologies of Academy of Sciences, Rudaki Ave., 33, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Saeed Chani
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.K.); (N.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Tahseen Kamal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.K.); (N.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Syed Zameer Abbas
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Swabi 23640, Pakistan; (K.S.K.); (S.Z.A.)
| | - Naved Azum
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.K.); (N.A.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Mohamed Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (T.K.); (N.A.); (A.M.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Ding Y, Du L, Hao H, Mier TCE, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH, Aflatouni F, Richardson AG, Allen MG. A BIOCOMPATIBLE GLASS-ENCAPSULATED TRIAXIAL FORCE SENSOR FOR IMPLANTABLE TACTILE SENSING APPLICATIONS. Proc IEEE Int Conf Micro Electro Mech Syst 2024; 2024:821-824. [PMID: 38628954 PMCID: PMC11019900 DOI: 10.1109/mems58180.2024.10439390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a microfabricated triaxial capacitive force sensor. The sensor is fully encapsulated with inert and biocompatible glass (fused silica) material. The sensor comprises two glass plates, on which four capacitors are located. The sensor is intended for subdermal implantation in fingertips and palms and providing tactile sensing capabilities for patients with paralyzed hands. Additional electronic components, such as passives and IC chips, can also be integrated with the sensor in a hermetic glass package to achieve an implantable tactile sensing system. Through attachment to a human palm, the sensor has been shown to respond appropriately to typical hand actions, such as squeezing or picking up a bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Du
- The Ohio State University, USA
- The NeuroTech Institute, USA
| | - Han Hao
- University of Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Li Q, Wang W, Liu J, Jain A, Armand M. Data-driven Shape Sensing of Continuum Dexterous Manipulators Using Embedded Capacitive Sensor. Proc IEEE Sens 2023; 2023:10.1109/sensors56945.2023.10324929. [PMID: 38577480 PMCID: PMC10994196 DOI: 10.1109/sensors56945.2023.10324929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel inexpensive embedded capacitive sensor (ECS) for sensing the shape of Continuum Dexterous Manipulators (CDMs). Our approach addresses some limitations associated with the prevalent Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, such as temperature sensitivity and high production costs. ECSs are calibrated using a vision-based system. The calibration of the ECS is performed by a recurrent neural network that uses the kinematic data collected from the vision-based system along with the uncalibrated data from ECSs. We evaluated the performance on a 3D printed prototype of a cable-driven CDM with multiple markers along its length. Using data from three ECSs along the length of the CDM, we computed the angle and position of its tip with respect to its base and compared the results to the measurements of the visual-based system. We found a 6.6% tip position error normalized to the length of the CDM. The work shows the early feasibility of using ECSs for shape sensing and feedback control of CDMs and discusses potential future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenpeng Wang
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Liu
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amit Jain
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mehran Armand
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Xue K, Yu T, Sui Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu X. Research and Implementation of a Demodulation Switch Signal Phase Alignment System in Dynamic Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9144. [PMID: 38005532 PMCID: PMC10674739 DOI: 10.3390/s23229144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the space gravitational wave detection mission, inertial sensors play the role of providing an inertial reference for the laser interferometric measurement system. Among them, the capacitance sensor serves as the core key technology of the inertial sensor, used to measure the relative position of the test mass (TM) in the electrode cage. The capacitance sensor utilizes synchronous demodulation technology to extract signals from the AC induction signal. When the phase of the demodulation switch signal is aligned, the synchronous demodulator can most effectively filter out noise, thus directly influencing the performance of the capacitance sensor. However, since the TM is in a suspended state, the information read by the capacitance sensor is dynamic, which increases the difficulty of demodulation phase alignment. In light of this, a method is proposed for achieving the phase alignment of the demodulation switch signal in a dynamic environment. This is accomplished by adjusting the phase of the demodulation switch signal, and subsequently computing the phase difference between the AC induction signal and the demodulation switch signal. At the same time, a measurement and evaluation method for phase deviation is also proposed. Ultimately, an automatic phase alignment system for the demodulation switch signal in dynamic environments is successfully implemented on an FPGA platform, and tests are conducted on a hexapod PI console platform to simulate dynamic environments. The experimental results demonstrate that the system accurately achieves phase alignment in the static environment, with a phase deviation of 0.1394 rad. In the simulated dynamic environment, the phase deviation is 0.1395 rad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xue
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Tao Yu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Yanlin Sui
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Yongkun Chen
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Longqi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Zhi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
- School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (K.X.)
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6
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Real A, Morais P, Oliveira B, Torres HR, Vilaça JL. Remote Monitoring System of Dynamic Compression Bracing to Correct Pectus Carinatum. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23094427. [PMID: 37177630 PMCID: PMC10181752 DOI: 10.3390/s23094427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectus carinatum (PC) is a chest deformity caused by disproportionate growth of the costal cartilages compared with the bony thoracic skeleton, pulling the sternum forwards and leading to its protrusion. Currently, the most common non-invasive treatment is external compressive bracing, by means of an orthosis. While this treatment is widely adopted, the correct magnitude of applied compressive forces remains unknown, leading to suboptimal results. Moreover, the current orthoses are not suitable to monitor the treatment. The purpose of this study is to design a force measuring system that could be directly embedded into an existing PC orthosis without relevant modifications in its construction. For that, inspired by the currently commercially available products where a solid silicone pad is used, three concepts for silicone-based sensors, two capacitive and one magnetic type, are presented and compared. Additionally, a concept of a full pipeline to capture and store the sensor data was researched. Compression tests were conducted on a calibration machine, with forces ranging from 0 N to 300 N. Local evaluation of sensors' response in different regions was also performed. The three sensors were tested and then compared with the results of a solid silicon pad. One of the capacitive sensors presented an identical response to the solid silicon while the other two either presented poor repeatability or were too stiff, raising concerns for patient comfort. Overall, the proposed system demonstrated its potential to measure and monitor orthosis's applied forces, corroborating its potential for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Real
- 2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morais
- 2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Bruno Oliveira
- 2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Helena R Torres
- 2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - João L Vilaça
- 2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
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Noble F, Xu M, Alam F. Static Hand Gesture Recognition Using Capacitive Sensing and Machine Learning. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3419. [PMID: 37050481 PMCID: PMC10099234 DOI: 10.3390/s23073419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Automated hand gesture recognition is a key enabler of Human-to-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) and smart living. This paper reports the development and testing of a static hand gesture recognition system using capacitive sensing. Our system consists of a 6×18 array of capacitive sensors that captured five gestures-Palm, Fist, Middle, OK, and Index-of five participants to create a dataset of gesture images. The dataset was used to train Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifiers. Each classifier was trained five times; each time, the classifier was trained using four different participants' gestures and tested with one different participant's gestures. The MLP classifier performed the best, achieving an average accuracy of 96.87% and an average F1 score of 92.16%. This demonstrates that the proposed system can accurately recognize hand gestures and that capacitive sensing is a viable method for implementing a non-contact, static hand gesture recognition system.
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8
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Anandan N, Arronde Pérez D, Mitterer T, Zangl H. Design and Evaluation of Capacitive Smart Transducer for a Forestry Crane Gripper. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2747. [PMID: 36904949 PMCID: PMC10007621 DOI: 10.3390/s23052747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stable grasps are essential for robots handling objects. This is especially true for "robotized" large industrial machines as heavy and bulky objects that are unintentionally dropped by the machine can lead to substantial damages and pose a significant safety risk. Consequently, adding a proximity and tactile sensing to such large industrial machinery can help to mitigate this problem. In this paper, we present a sensing system for proximity/tactile sensing in gripper claws of a forestry crane. In order to avoid difficulties with respect to the installation of cables (in particular in retrofitting of existing machinery), the sensors are truly wireless and can be powered using energy harvesting, leading to autarkic, i.e., self-contained, sensors. The sensing elements are connected to a measurement system which transmits the measurement data to the crane automation computer via Bluetooth low energy (BLE) compliant to IEEE 1451.0 (TEDs) specification for eased logical system integration. We demonstrate that the sensor system can be fully integrated in the grasper and that it can withstand the challenging environmental conditions. We present experimental evaluation of detection in various grasping scenarios such as grasping at an angle, corner grasping, improper closure of the gripper and proper grasp for logs of three different sizes. Results indicate the ability to detect and differentiate between good and poor grasping configurations.
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9
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Conceição C, Completo A, Soares dos Santos MP. Ultrasensitive capacitive sensing system for smart medical devices with ability to monitor fracture healing stages. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220818. [PMCID: PMC9943881 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are a global public health problem. A sustained increase in the number of incident cases has been observed in the last few decades, as well as the number of prevalent cases and the number of years lived with disability. Current monitoring techniques are based on imaging techniques, which are highly subjective, radioactive, expensive and unable to provide daily monitoring of fracture healing stages. The development of reliable, non-invasive and non-subjective technologies is mandatory to minimize non-union risks. Delayed healing and non-union conditions require timely medical intervention, such that preventive procedures and shortened treatment periods can be carried out. This work proposes the development of an ultrasensitive capacitive sensing system for smart implantable fixation implants with ability to effectively monitor the evolution of bone fractures. Both in vitro experimental tests and numerical simulations highlight that networks of co-surface capacitive systems are able: (i) to detect four different bone healing phases, capacitance decrease patterns occurring as the healing process progresses and (ii) to monitor the callus evolution in multiple target regions. These are very promising results that highlight the potential of capacitive technologies to minimize the individual and social burdens related to fracture management, mainly when delayed healing or non-union conditions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Conceição
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Completo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Marco P. Soares dos Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal
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10
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Ju W, Lee S. Capacitive NO 2 Detection Using CVD Graphene-Based Device. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:243. [PMID: 36677996 PMCID: PMC9863439 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A graphene-based capacitive NO2 sensing device was developed by utilizing the quantum capacitance effect. We have used a graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) device whose geometrical capacitance is enhanced by incorporating an aluminum back-gate electrode with a naturally oxidized aluminum surface as an insulating layer. When the graphene, the top-side of the device, is exposed to NO2, the quantum capacitance of graphene and, thus, the measured capacitance of the device, changed in accordance with NO2 concentrations ranging from 1-100 parts per million (ppm). The operational principle of the proposed system is also explained with the changes in gate voltage-dependent capacitance of the G-FET exposed to various concentrations of NO2. Further analyses regarding carrier density changes and potential variances under various concentrations of NO2 are also presented to strengthen the argument. The results demonstrate the feasibility of capacitive NO2 sensing using graphene and the operational principle of capacitive NO2 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbin Ju
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbae Lee
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology, KENTECH College, Naju 58330, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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11
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Sui Y, Yu T, Wang L, Wang Z, Xue K, Chen Y, Liu X, Chen Y. Analysis of a Capacitive Sensing Circuit and Sensitive Structure Based on a Low-Temperature-Drift Planar Transformer. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9284. [PMID: 36501985 PMCID: PMC9739005 DOI: 10.3390/s22239284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In space gravitational-wave-detection missions, inertial sensors are used as the core loads, and their acceleration noise needs to reach 3×10−15 ms−2/Hz at a frequency of 0.1 mHz, which corresponds to the capacitive sensing system; the capacitive sensing noise on the sensitive axis needs to reach 1 aF/Hz. Unlike traditional circuit noise evaluation, the noise in the mHz frequency band is dominated by the thermal noise and the 1/f noise of the device, which is a challenging technical goal. In this paper, a low-frequency, high-precision resonant capacitor bridge method based on a planar transformer is used. Compared with the traditional winding transformer, the developed planar transformer has the advantages of low temperature drift and low 1/f noise. For closed-loop measurements of capacitive sensing circuits and sensitive structures, the minimum capacitive resolution in the time domain is about 3 aF, which is far lower than the scientific measurement resolution requirement of 5.8 fF for gravitational wave detection. The capacitive sensing noise is converted to 1.095 aF/Hz in the frequency band of 10 mHz−1 Hz. Although there is a gap between the closed-loop measurement results and the final index, the measurement environment is an experimental condition without temperature control on the ground; additionally, in China, the measurement integrity and actual measurement results of the capacitive sensing function have reached a domestic leading level. This is the realization of China’s future space gravitational wave exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Sui
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Longqi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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12
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von Wilmsdorff J, Kuijper A. Optimizations for Passive Electric Field Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6228. [PMID: 36015989 PMCID: PMC9415647 DOI: 10.3390/s22166228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive electric field sensing can be utilized in a wide variety of application areas, although it has certain limitations. In order to better understand what these limitations are and how countervailing measures to these limitations could be implemented, this paper contributes an in-depth discussion of problems with passive electric field sensing and how to bypass or solve them. The focus lies on the explanation of how commonly known signal processing techniques and hardware build-up schemes can be used to improve passive electric field sensors and the corresponding data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjan Kuijper
- Fraunhofer IGD Darmstadt, Fraunhoferstraße 5, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Peres I, Rolo P, Ferreira JAF, Pinto SC, Marques PAAP, Ramos A, Soares Dos Santos MP. Multiscale Sensing of Bone-Implant Loosening for Multifunctional Smart Bone Implants: Using Capacitive Technologies for Precision Controllability. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2531. [PMID: 35408143 DOI: 10.3390/s22072531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The world population growth and average life expectancy rise have increased the number of people suffering from non-communicable diseases, namely osteoarthritis, a disorder that causes a significant increase in the years lived with disability. Many people who suffer from osteoarthritis undergo replacement surgery. Despite the relatively high success rate, around 10% of patients require revision surgeries, mostly because existing implant technologies lack sensing devices capable of monitoring the bone–implant interface. Among the several monitoring methodologies already proposed as substitutes for traditional imaging methods, cosurface capacitive sensing systems hold the potential to monitor the bone–implant fixation states, a mandatory capability for long-term implant survival. A multifaceted study is offered here, which covers research on the following points: (1) the ability of a cosurface capacitor network to effectively monitor bone loosening in extended peri-implant regions and according to different stimulation frequencies; (2) the ability of these capacitive architectures to provide effective sensing in interfaces with hydroxyapatite-based layers; (3) the ability to control the operation of cosurface capacitive networks using extracorporeal informatic systems. In vitro tests were performed using a web-based network sensor composed of striped and interdigitated capacitive sensors. Hydroxyapatite-based layers have a minor effect on determining the fixation states; the effective operation of a sensor network-based solution communicating through a web server hosted on Raspberry Pi was shown. Previous studies highlight the inability of current bone–implant fixation monitoring methods to significantly reduce the number of revision surgeries, as well as promising results of capacitive sensing systems to monitor micro-scale and macro-scale bone–interface states. In this study, we found that extracorporeal informatic systems enable continuous patient monitoring using cosurface capacitive networks with or without hydroxyapatite-based layers. Findings presented here represent significant advancements toward the design of future multifunctional smart implants.
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14
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Gong J, Liu B, Zhang P, Zhang H, Gui L. Copper-Electroplating-Modified Liquid Metal Microfluidic Electrodes. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1820. [PMID: 35270966 DOI: 10.3390/s22051820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel technology for the fabrication of copper-electroplating-modified liquid metal microelectrodes. This technology overcomes the complexity of the traditional fabrication of sidewall solid metal electrodes and successfully fabricates a pair of tiny stable solid-contact microelectrodes on both sidewalls of a microchannel. Meanwhile, this technology also addresses the instability of liquid metal electrodes when directly contacted with sample solutions. The fabrication of this microelectrode depends on controllable microelectroplating of copper onto the gallium electrode by designing a microelectrolyte cell in a microfluidic chip. Using this technology, we successfully fabricate various microelectrodes with different microspacings (from 10 μm to 40 μm), which were effectively used for capacitive sensing, including droplet detection and oil particle counting.
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15
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Thalhofer T, Keck M, Kibler S, Hayden O. Capacitive Sensor and Alternating Drive Mixing for Microfluidic Applications Using Micro Diaphragm Pumps. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22031273. [PMID: 35162018 PMCID: PMC8839760 DOI: 10.3390/s22031273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are of paramount importance in various fields such as medicine, biology, and pharmacy. Despite the plethora of methods, accurate dosing and mixing of small doses of liquid reagents remain challenges for microfluidics. In this paper, we present a microfluidic device that uses two micro pumps and an alternating drive pattern to fill a microchannel. With a capacitive sensor system, we monitored the fluid process and controlled the micro pumps. In a first experiment, the system was set up to generate a 1:1 mixture between two fluids while using a range of fluid packet sizes from 0.25 to 2 µL and pumping frequencies from 50 to 100 Hz. In this parameter range, a dosing accuracy of 50.3 ± 0.9% was reached, validated by a gravimetric measurement. Other biased mixing ratios were tested as well and showed a deviation of 0.3 ± 0.3% from the targeted mixing ratio. In a second experiment, Trypan blue was used to study the mixing behavior of the system. Within one to two dosed packet sets, the two reagents were reliably mixed. The results are encouraging for future use of micro pumps and capacitive sensing in demanding microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thalhofer
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Keck
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Kibler
- Fraunhofer EMFT Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Munich, Einsteinstrasse 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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16
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Abstract
Monitoring of nanoparticles (NPs) in air and aquatic environments is an unmet challenge accentuated by the rising exposure to anthropogenic or engineered NPs. The inherent heterogeneity in size, shape, and the stabilizing shell of NPs makes their selective recognition a daunting task. Thus far, only a few technologies have shown promise in detecting NPs; however, they are cumbersome, costly, and insensitive to the NPs morphology or composition. Herein, we apply an approach termed nanoparticle-imprinted matrices (NAIM), which is based on creating voids in a thin layer by imprinting NPs followed by their removal. The NAIM was formed on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) and used for the size-selective detection of silica NPs. Three- and 5-fold increases in capacitance were observed for the reuptake of NPs with similar diameter, compared to smaller or larger NPs, in air and liquid phase, respectively. En masse, the proposed approach lays the foundation for the emergence of field-effective, inexpensive, real-life applicable sensors that will allow online monitoring of NPs in air and liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linoy Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nitzan Shauloff
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yury Turkulets
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ilan Shalish
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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17
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Suppan T, Neumayer M, Bretterklieber T, Puttinger S, Wegleiter H. A Model-Based Analysis of Capacitive Flow Metering for Pneumatic Conveying Systems: A Comparison between Calibration-Based and Tomographic Approaches. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22030856. [PMID: 35161601 PMCID: PMC8840157 DOI: 10.3390/s22030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumatic conveying is a standard transportation technique for bulk materials in various industrial fields. Flow metering is crucial for the efficient and reliable operation of such systems and for process control. Capacitive measurement systems are often proposed for this application. In this method, electrodes are placed on the conveyor systems transport line and capacitive signals are sensed. The design of the sensor with regard to the arrangement and the number of electrodes as well as the evaluation of the capacitive sensor signals can be divided into two categories. Calibration-based flow meters use regression methods for signal processing, which are parametrized from calibration measurements on test rigs. Their performance is limited by the extend of the calibration measurements. Electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters use model-based signal processing techniques to obtain estimates about the spatial material distribution within the sensor. In contrast to their calibration-based counterparts, this approach requires more effort with respect to modeling and instrumentation, as typically a larger number of measurement signals has to be acquired. In this work we present a comparative analysis of the two approaches, which is based on measurement experiments and a holistic system model for flow metering. For the model-based analysis Monte Carlo simulations are conducted, where randomly generated pneumatic conveying flow patterns are simulated to analyze the sensor and algorithm behavior. The results demonstrate the potential benefit of electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters over a calibration-based instrument design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suppan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Measurement Systems for Harsh Operating Conditions, Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.N.); (T.B.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Markus Neumayer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Measurement Systems for Harsh Operating Conditions, Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.N.); (T.B.); (H.W.)
| | - Thomas Bretterklieber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Measurement Systems for Harsh Operating Conditions, Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.N.); (T.B.); (H.W.)
| | - Stefan Puttinger
- Department of Particulate Flow Modeling, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Hannes Wegleiter
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Measurement Systems for Harsh Operating Conditions, Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.N.); (T.B.); (H.W.)
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18
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Pan J, Li Y, Luo Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Wong DLT, Heng CH, Tham CK, Thean AVY. Hybrid-Flexible Bimodal Sensing Wearable Glove System for Complex Hand Gesture Recognition. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4156-4166. [PMID: 34726380 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As 5G communication technology allows for speedier access to extended information and knowledge, a more sophisticated human-machine interface beyond touchscreens and keyboards is necessary to improve the communication bandwidth and overcome the interfacing barrier. However, the full extent of human interaction beyond operation dexterity, spatial awareness, sensory feedback, and collaborative capability to be replicated completely remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid-flexible wearable system, consisting of simple bimodal capacitive sensors and a customized low power interface circuit integrated with machine learning algorithms, to accurately recognize complex gestures. The 16 channel sensor array extracts spatial and temporal information of the finger movement (deformation) and hand location (proximity) simultaneously. Using machine learning, over 99 and 91% accuracy are achieved for user-independent static and dynamic gesture recognition, respectively. Our approach proves that an extremely simple bimodal sensing platform that identifies local interactions and perceives spatial context concurrently, is crucial in the field of sign communication, remote robotics, and smart manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Yida Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - David Liang Tai Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Chun-Huat Heng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Chen-Khong Tham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
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19
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Ono K, Cho H, Vallen H, M’Closkey RT. Transmission Sensitivities of Contact Ultrasonic Transducers and Their Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4396. [PMID: 34199010 PMCID: PMC8271785 DOI: 10.3390/s21134396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In all ultrasonic material evaluation methods, transducers and sensors play a key role of mechanoelectrical conversion. Their transduction characteristics must be known quantitatively in designing and implementing successful structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Yet, their calibration and verification have lagged behind most other aspects of SHM system development. This study aims to extend recent advances in quantifying the transmission and receiving sensitivities to normally incident longitudinal waves of ultrasonic transducers and acoustic emission sensors. This paper covers extending the range of detection to lower frequencies, expanding to areal and multiple sensing methods and examining transducer loading effects. Using the refined transmission characteristics, the receiving sensitivities of transducers and sensors were reexamined under the conditions representing their actual usage. Results confirm that the interfacial wave transmission is governed by wave propagation theory and that the receiving sensitivity of resonant acoustic emission sensors peaks at antiresonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Ono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hideo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan;
| | | | - Robert T. M’Closkey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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20
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Wan N, Jiang Y, Huang J, Oueslati R, Eda S, Wu J, Lin X. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of miRNA Based on AC Electrokinetic Capacitive Sensing for Point-of-Care Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3985. [PMID: 34207808 DOI: 10.3390/s21123985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and efficient method for microRNAs (miRNAs) detection is strongly desired by clinicians and, in recent years, the search for such a method has drawn much attention. There has been significant interest in using miRNA as biomarkers for multiple diseases and conditions in clinical diagnostics. Presently, most miRNA detection methods suffer from drawbacks, e.g., low sensitivity, long assay time, expensive equipment, trained personnel, or unsuitability for point-of-care. New methodologies are needed to overcome these limitations to allow rapid, sensitive, low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable methods for miRNA detection at the point of care. In this work, to overcome these shortcomings, we integrated capacitive sensing and alternating current electrokinetic effects to detect specific miRNA-16b molecules, as a model, with the limit of detection reaching 1.0 femto molar (fM) levels. The specificity of the sensor was verified by testing miRNA-25, which has the same length as miRNA-16b. The sensor we developed demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity, response time and cost over other miRNA detection methods, and has application potential at point-of-care.
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21
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Li Z, Yoshimoto S, Yamamoto A. Tomographic Proximity Imaging Using Conductive Sheet for Object Tracking. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2736. [PMID: 33924493 DOI: 10.3390/s21082736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a proximity imaging sensor based on a tomographic approach with a low-cost conductive sheet. Particularly, by defining capacitance density, physical proximity information is transformed into electric potential. A novel theoretical model is developed to solve the capacitance density problem using the tomographic approach. Additionally, a prototype is built and tested based on the model, and the system solves an inverse problem for imaging the capacitance density change that indicates the object’s proximity change. In the evaluation test, the prototype reaches an error rate of 10.0–15.8% in horizontal localization at different heights. Finally, a hand-tracking demonstration is carried out, where a position difference of 33.8–46.7 mm between the proposed sensor and depth camera is achieved at 30 fps.
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22
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Bednar T, Babusiak B, Labuda M, Smetana M, Borik S. Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Capacitive Sensing of Biosignal Using Capacitive Grounding and DRL Electrode. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2568. [PMID: 33917589 DOI: 10.3390/s21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A capacitive measurement of the biosignals is a very comfortable and unobtrusive way suitable for long-term and wearable monitoring of health conditions. This type of sensing is very susceptible to noise from the surroundings. One of the main noise sources is power-line noise, which acts as a common-mode voltage at the input terminals of the acquisition unit. The origin and methods of noise reduction are described on electric models. Two methods of noise removal are modeled and experimentally verified in the paper. The first method uses a passive capacitive grounding electrode, and the second uses an active capacitive Driven Right Leg (DRL) electrode. The effect of grounding electrode size on noise suppression is experimentally investigated. The increasing electrode area reduces power-line noise: the power of power-line frequency within the measured signal is 70.96 dB, 59.13 dB, and 43.44 dB for a grounding electrode area of 1650 cm2, 3300 cm2, and 4950 cm2, respectively. The capacitive DRL electrode shows better efficiency in common-mode noise rejection than the grounding electrode. When using an electrode area of 1650 cm2, the DRL achieved 46.3 dB better attenuation than the grounding electrode at power-line frequency. In contrast to the grounding electrode, the DRL electrode reduces a capacitive measurement system’s financial costs due to the smaller electrode area made of the costly conductive textile.
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23
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Wilhelm M, Krakowczyk D, Albayrak S. PeriSense: Ring-Based Multi-Finger Gesture Interaction Utilizing Capacitive Proximity Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20143990. [PMID: 32709083 PMCID: PMC7411889 DOI: 10.3390/s20143990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rings are widely accepted wearables for gesture interaction. However, most rings can sense only the motion of one finger or the whole hand. We present PeriSense, a ring-shaped interaction device enabling multi-finger gesture interaction. Gestures of the finger wearing ring and its adjacent fingers are sensed by measuring capacitive proximity between electrodes and human skin. Our main contribution is the determination of PeriSense's interaction space involving the evaluation of capabilities and limitations. We introduce a prototype named PeriSense, analyze the sensor resolution at different distances, and evaluate finger gestures and unistroke gestures based on gesture sets allowing the determination of the strengths and limitations. We show that PeriSense is able to sense the change of conductive objects reliably up to 2.5 cm. Furthermore, we show that this capability enables different interaction techniques such as multi-finger gesture recognition or two-handed unistroke input.
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24
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Wissman JP, Sampath K, Freeman SE, Rohde CA. Capacitive Bio-Inspired Flow Sensing Cupula. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19112639. [PMID: 31212636 PMCID: PMC6603685 DOI: 10.3390/s19112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Submersible robotics have improved in efficiency and versatility by incorporating features found in aquatic life, ranging from thunniform kinematics to shark skin textures. To fully realize these benefits, sensor systems must be incorporated to aid in object detection and navigation through complex flows. Again, inspiration can be taken from biology, drawing on the lateral line sensor systems and neuromast structures found on fish. To maintain a truly soft-bodied robot, a man-made flow sensor must be developed that is entirely complaint, introducing no rigidity to the artificial “skin.” We present a capacitive cupula inspired by superficial neuromasts. Fabricated via lost wax methods and vacuum injection, our 5 mm tall device exhibits a sensitivity of 0.5 pF/mm (capacitance versus tip deflection) and consists of room temperature liquid metal plates embedded in a soft silicone body. In contrast to existing capacitive examples, our sensor incorporates the transducers into the cupula itself rather than at its base. We present a kinematic theory and energy-based approach to approximate capacitance versus flow, resulting in equations that are verified with a combination of experiments and COMSOL simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Wissman
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7165, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Kaushik Sampath
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7165, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | | | - Charles A Rohde
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7165, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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25
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Xie Y, Fan J, Zhao C, Yan S, Hu C, Tu L. Modeling and Analysis of the Noise Performance of the Capacitive Sensing Circuit with a Differential Transformer. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10050325. [PMID: 31096645 PMCID: PMC6562533 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capacitive sensing is a key technique to measure the test mass movement with a high resolution for space-borne gravitational wave detectors, such as Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and TianQin. The capacitance resolution requirement of TianQin is higher than that of LISA, as the arm length of TianQin is about 15 times shorter. In this paper, the transfer function and capacitance measurement noise of the circuit are modeled and analyzed. Figure-of-merits, including the product of the inductance L and the quality factor Q of the transformer, are proposed to optimize the transformer and the capacitance measurement resolution of the circuit. The LQ product improvement and the resonant frequency augmentation are the key factors to enhance the capacitance measurement resolution. We fabricated a transformer with a high LQ product over a wide frequency band. The evaluation showed that the transformer can generate a capacitance resolution of 0.11 aF/Hz1/2 at a resonant frequency of 200 kHz, and the amplitude of the injection wave would be 0.6 V. This result supports the potential application of the proposed transformer in space-borne gravitational wave detection and demonstrates that it could relieve the stringent requirements for other parameters in the TianQin mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ji Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Institute of Geophysics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chun Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Shitao Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chenyuan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Liangcheng Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Institute of Geophysics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics and School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China.
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26
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Roland T, Wimberger K, Amsuess S, Russold MF, Baumgartner W. An Insulated Flexible Sensor for Stable Electromyography Detection: Applicationto Prosthesis Control. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19040961. [PMID: 30813504 PMCID: PMC6412514 DOI: 10.3390/s19040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG), the measurement of electrical muscle activity, is used in a variety of applications, including myoelectric upper-limb prostheses, which help amputees to regain independence and a higher quality of life. The state-of-the-art sensors in prostheses have a conductive connection to the skin and are therefore sensitive to sweat and require preparation of the skin. They are applied with some pressure to ensure a conductive connection, which may result in pressure marks and can be problematic for patients with circulatory disorders, who constitute a major group of amputees. Due to their insulating layer between skin and sensor area, capacitive sensors are insensitive to the skin condition, they require neither conductive connection to the skin nor electrolytic paste or skin preparation. Here, we describe a highly stable, low-power capacitive EMG measurement set-up that is suitable for real-world application. Various flexible multi-layer sensor set-ups made of copper and insulating foils, flex print and textiles were compared. These flexible sensor set-ups adapt to the anatomy of the human forearm, therefore they provide high wearing comfort and ensure stability against motion artifacts. The influence of the materials used in the sensor set-up on the magnitude of the coupled signal was demonstrated based on both theoretical analysis and measurement.The amplifier circuit was optimized for high signal quality, low power consumption and mobile application. Different shielding and guarding concepts were compared, leading to high SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Roland
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Kerstin Wimberger
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Amsuess
- Research and Development, Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, 1110 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Werner Baumgartner
- Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Saqib M, Mubasher Saleem M, Mazhar N, Awan SU, Shahbaz Khan U. Design and Analysis of a High-Gain and Robust Multi-DOF Electro-thermally Actuated MEMS Gyroscope. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E577. [PMID: 30400677 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and analysis of a multi degree of freedom (DOF) electro-thermally actuated non-resonant MEMS gyroscope with a 3-DOF drive mode and 1-DOF sense mode system. The 3-DOF drive mode system consists of three masses coupled together using suspension beams. The 1-DOF system consists of a single mass whose motion is decoupled from the drive mode using a decoupling frame. The gyroscope is designed to be operated in the flat region between the first two resonant peaks in drive mode, thus minimizing the effect of environmental and fabrication process variations on device performance. The high gain in the flat operational region is achieved by tuning the suspension beams stiffness. A detailed analytical model, considering the dynamics of both the electro-thermal actuator and multi-mass system, is developed. A parametric optimization is carried out, considering the microfabrication process constraints of the Metal Multi-User MEMS Processes (MetalMUMPs), to achieve high gain. The stiffness of suspension beams is optimized such that the sense mode resonant frequency lies in the flat region between the first two resonant peaks in the drive mode. The results acquired through the developed analytical model are verified with the help of 3D finite element method (FEM)-based simulations. The first three resonant frequencies in the drive mode are designed to be 2.51 kHz, 3.68 kHz, and 5.77 kHz, respectively. The sense mode resonant frequency is designed to be 3.13 kHz. At an actuation voltage of 0.2 V, the dynamically amplified drive mode gain in the sense mass is obtained to be 18.6 µm. With this gain, a capacitive change of 28.11 f F and 862.13 f F is achieved corresponding to the sense mode amplitude of 0.15 μ m and 4.5 μ m at atmospheric air pressure and in a vacuum, respectively.
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Kilpijärvi J, Halonen N, Sobocinski M, Hassinen A, Senevirathna B, Uvdal K, Abshire P, Smela E, Kellokumpu S, Juuti J, Lloyd Spetz A. LTCC Packaged Ring Oscillator Based Sensor for Evaluation of Cell Proliferation. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E3346. [PMID: 30301258 DOI: 10.3390/s18103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip biosensor was developed for cell viability monitoring based on an array of capacitance sensors utilizing a ring oscillator. The chip was packaged in a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) module with a flip chip bonding technique. A microcontroller operates the chip, while the whole measurement system was controlled by PC. The developed biosensor was applied for measurement of the proliferation stage of adherent cells where the sensor response depends on the ratio between healthy, viable and multiplying cells, which adhere onto the chip surface, and necrotic or apoptotic cells, which detach from the chip surface. This change in cellular adhesion caused a change in the effective permittivity in the vicinity of the sensor element, which was sensed as a change in oscillation frequency of the ring oscillator. The sensor was tested with human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) during cell addition, proliferation and migration, and finally detachment induced by trypsin protease treatment. The difference in sensor response with and without cells was measured as a frequency shift in the scale of 1.1 MHz from the base frequency of 57.2 MHz. Moreover, the number of cells in the sensor vicinity was directly proportional to the frequency shift.
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Naranjo-Hernández D, Talaminos-Barroso A, Reina-Tosina J, Roa LM, Barbarov-Rostan G, Cejudo-Ramos P, Márquez-Martín E, Ortega-Ruiz F. Smart Vest for Respiratory Rate Monitoring of COPD Patients Based on Non-Contact Capacitive Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E2144. [PMID: 29970861 DOI: 10.3390/s18072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a first approach to the design of a portable device for non-contact monitoring of respiratory rate by capacitive sensing is presented. The sensing system is integrated into a smart vest for an untethered, low-cost and comfortable breathing monitoring of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients during the rest period between respiratory rehabilitation exercises at home. To provide an extensible solution to the remote monitoring using this sensor and other devices, the design and preliminary development of an e-Health platform based on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) paradigm is also presented. In order to validate the proposed solution, two quasi-experimental studies have been developed, comparing the estimations with respect to the golden standard. In a first study with healthy subjects, the mean value of the respiratory rate error, the standard deviation of the error and the correlation coefficient were 0.01 breaths per minute (bpm), 0.97 bpm and 0.995 (p < 0.00001), respectively. In a second study with COPD patients, the values were −0.14 bpm, 0.28 bpm and 0.9988 (p < 0.0000001), respectively. The results for the rest period show the technical and functional feasibility of the prototype and serve as a preliminary validation of the device for respiratory rate monitoring of patients with COPD.
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Salim A, Lim S. Review of Recent Inkjet-Printed Capacitive Tactile Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2593. [PMID: 29125584 DOI: 10.3390/s17112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inkjet printing is an advanced printing technology that has been used to develop conducting layers, interconnects and other features on a variety of substrates. It is an additive manufacturing process that offers cost-effective, lightweight designs and simplifies the fabrication process with little effort. There is hardly sufficient research on tactile sensors and inkjet printing. Advancements in materials science and inkjet printing greatly facilitate the realization of sophisticated tactile sensors. Starting from the concept of capacitive sensing, a brief comparison of printing techniques, the essential requirements of inkjet-printing and the attractive features of state-of-the art inkjet-printed tactile sensors developed on diverse substrates (paper, polymer, glass and textile) are presented in this comprehensive review. Recent trends in inkjet-printed wearable/flexible and foldable tactile sensors are evaluated, paving the way for future research.
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Li R, Si Y, Zhu Z, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Pan N, Sun G, Pan T. Supercapacitive Iontronic Nanofabric Sensing. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700253. [PMID: 28758264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of wearable devices has become a popular research topic recently, where high-sensitivity, noise proof sensing mechanisms with long-term wearability play critical roles in a real-world implementation, while the existing mechanical sensing technologies (i.e., resistive, capacitive, or piezoelectric) have yet offered a satisfactory solution to address them all. Here, we successfully introduced a flexible supercapacitive sensing modality to all-fabric materials for wearable pressure and force sensing using an elastic ionic-electronic interface. Notably, an electrospun ionic fabric utilizing nanofibrous structures offers an extraordinarily high pressure-to-capacitance sensitivity (114 nF kPa-1 ), which is at least 1000 times higher than any existing capacitive sensors and one order of magnitude higher than the previously reported ionic devices, with a pressure resolution of 2.4 Pa, achieving high levels of noise immunity and signal stability for wearable applications. In addition, its fabrication process is fully compatible with existing industrial manufacturing and can lead to cost-effective production for its utility in emerging wearable uses in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Li
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yang Si
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yaojun Guo
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ning Pan
- Division of Textiles, Biological & Agricultural Engineering, The University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gang Sun
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Li R, Si Y, Zhu Z, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Pan N, Sun G, Pan T. Supercapacitive Iontronic Nanofabric Sensing. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28758264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The study of wearable devices has become a popular research topic recently, where high-sensitivity, noise proof sensing mechanisms with long-term wearability play critical roles in a real-world implementation, while the existing mechanical sensing technologies (i.e., resistive, capacitive, or piezoelectric) have yet offered a satisfactory solution to address them all. Here, we successfully introduced a flexible supercapacitive sensing modality to all-fabric materials for wearable pressure and force sensing using an elastic ionic-electronic interface. Notably, an electrospun ionic fabric utilizing nanofibrous structures offers an extraordinarily high pressure-to-capacitance sensitivity (114 nF kPa-1 ), which is at least 1000 times higher than any existing capacitive sensors and one order of magnitude higher than the previously reported ionic devices, with a pressure resolution of 2.4 Pa, achieving high levels of noise immunity and signal stability for wearable applications. In addition, its fabrication process is fully compatible with existing industrial manufacturing and can lead to cost-effective production for its utility in emerging wearable uses in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Li
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yang Si
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yaojun Guo
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ning Pan
- Division of Textiles, Biological & Agricultural Engineering, The University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gang Sun
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Chen C, Xue M, Wen Y, Yao G, Cui Y, Liao F, Yan Z, Huang L, Khan SA, Gao M, Pan T, Zhang H, Jing W, Guo D, Zhang S, Yao H, Zhou X, Li Q, Xia Y, Lin Y. A Ferroelectric Ceramic/Polymer Composite-Based Capacitive Electrode Array for In Vivo Recordings. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28493386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new implantable capacitive electrode array for electrocorticography signal recording is developed with ferroelectric ceramic/polymer composite. This ultrathin and electrically safe capacitive electrode array is capable of attaching to the biological tissue conformably. The barium titanate/polyimide (BaTiO3 /PI) nanocomposite with high dielectric constant is successfully synthesized and employed as the ultrathin dielectric layer of the capacitive BaTiO3 /PI electrode array. The performance of the capacitive BaTiO3 /PI electrode array is evaluated by electrical characterization and 3D finite-element modeling. In vivo, neural experiments on the visual cortex of rats show the reliability of the capacitive BaTiO3 /PI electrode array. This work shows the potentials of capacitive BaTiO3 /PI electrode array in the field of brain/computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Xue
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Yige Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Guang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Feiyi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Zhuocheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Saeed Ahmed Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
- Center for Information in BioMedicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Taisong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jing
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Daqing Guo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
- Center for Information in BioMedicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Sanfeng Zhang
- Integrated Systems Laboratory; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Yao
- Integrated Systems Laboratory; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- Integrated Systems Laboratory; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrated Systems Laboratory; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
- Center for Information in BioMedicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
- Center for Information in BioMedicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC); Chengdu Sichuan 610054 P. R. China
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Sachdeva S, Venkatesh MR, Mansouri BE, Wei J, Bossche A, Kapteijn F, Zhang GQ, Gascon J, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. Sensitive and Reversible Detection of Methanol and Water Vapor by In Situ Electrochemically Grown CuBTC MOFs on Interdigitated Electrodes. Small 2017; 13:1604150. [PMID: 28593743 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ electrochemical growth of Cu benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal-organic frameworks, as an affinity layer, directly on custom-fabricated Cu interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) is described, acting as a transducer. Crystalline 5-7 µm thick CuBTC layers are grown on IDEs consisting of 100 electrodes with a width and a gap of both 50 µm and a height of 6-8 µm. These capacitive sensors are exposed to methanol and water vapor at 30 °C. The affinities show to be completely reversible with higher affinity toward water compared to methanol. For exposure to 1000 ppm methanol, a fast response is observed with a capacitance change of 5.57 pF at equilibrium. The capacitance increases in time followed diffusion-controlled kinetics (k = 2.9 mmol s-0.5 g-1CuBTC ). The observed capacitance change with methanol concentration follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a value for the equilibrium affinity Ke = 174.8 bar-1 . A volume fraction fMeOH = 0.038 is occupied upon exposure to 1000 ppm of methanol. The thin CuBTC affinity layer on the Cu-IDEs shows fast, reversible, and sensitive responses to methanol and water vapor, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 100-8000 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Manjunath R Venkatesh
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim El Mansouri
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bossche
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guo Qi Zhang
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Royo G, Sánchez-Azqueta C, Gimeno C, Aldea C, Celma S. Programmable Low-Power Low-Noise Capacitance to Voltage Converter for MEMS Accelerometers. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 17:E67. [PMID: 28042830 DOI: 10.3390/s17010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a capacitance-to-voltage converter (CVC) for capacitive accelerometers based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Based on a fully-differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA), it features a 34-dB transimpedance gain control and over one decade programmable bandwidth, from 75 kHz to 1.2 MHz. The TIA is aimed for low-cost low-power capacitive sensor applications. It has been designed in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology and its power consumption is only 54 μW. At the maximum transimpedance configuration, the TIA shows an equivalent input noise of 42 fA/Hz at 50 kHz, which corresponds to 100 μg/Hz.
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Ramezani Akhmareh A, Lazarescu MT, Bin Tariq O, Lavagno L. A Tagless Indoor Localization System Based on Capacitive Sensing Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1448. [PMID: 27618049 DOI: 10.3390/s16091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate indoor person localization is essential for several services, such as assisted living. We introduce a tagless indoor person localization system based on capacitive sensing and localization algorithms that can determine the location with less than 0.2 m average error in a 3 m × 3 m room and has recall and precision better than 70%. We also discuss the effects of various noise types on the measurements and ways to reduce them using filters suitable for on-sensor implementation to lower communication energy consumption. We also compare the performance of several standard localization algorithms in terms of localization error, recall, precision, and accuracy of detection of the movement trajectory.
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Cheng C, Wang S, Wu J, Yu Y, Li R, Eda S, Chen J, Feng G, Lawrie B, Hu A. Bisphenol A Sensors on Polyimide Fabricated by Laser Direct Writing for Onsite River Water Monitoring at Attomolar Concentration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:17784-92. [PMID: 27351908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an aptamer-based, highly sensitive and specific sensor for atto- to femtomolar level detection of bisphenol A (BPA). Because of its widespread use in numerous products, BPA enters surface water from effluent discharges during its manufacture, use, and from waste landfill sites throughout the world. On-site measurement of BPA concentrations in water is important for evaluating compliance with water quality standards or environmental risk levels of the harmful compound in the environment. The sensor in this work is porous, conducting, interdigitated electrodes that are formed by laser-induced carbonization of flexible polyimide sheets. BPA-specific aptamer is immobilized on the electrodes as the probe, and its binding with BPA at the electrode surface is detected by capacitive sensing. The binding process is aided by ac electroosmotic effect that accelerates the transport of BPA molecules to the nanoporous graphene-like structured electrodes. The sensor achieved a limit of detection of 58.28 aM with a response time of 20 s. The sensor is further applied for recovery analysis of BPA spiked in surface water. This work provides an affordable platform for highly sensitive, real time, and field-deployable BPA surveillance critical to the evaluation of the ecological impact of BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee , 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Shutong Wang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee , 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, PRC
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee , 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Yongchao Yu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee , 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ruozhou Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee , 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee , 1914 Andy Holt Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Guoying Feng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, PRC
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Computing Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anming Hu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee , 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, PRC
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Feng J, Kang X, Zuo Q, Yuan C, Wang W, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Lu H, Chen J. Fabrication and Evaluation of a Graphene Oxide-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:314. [PMID: 26938538 DOI: 10.3390/s16030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a CMOS compatible capacitive humidity sensor structure was designed and fabricated on a 200 mm CMOS BEOL Line. A top Al interconnect layer was used as an electrode with a comb/serpent structure, and graphene oxide (GO) was used as sensing material. XRD analysis was done which shows that GO sensing material has a strong and sharp (002) peak at about 10.278°, whereas graphite has (002) peak at about 26°. Device level CV and IV curves were measured in mini-environments at different relative humidity (RH) level, and saturated salt solutions were used to build these mini-environments. To evaluate the potential value of GO material in humidity sensor applications, a prototype humidity sensor was designed and fabricated by integrating the sensor with a dedicated readout ASIC and display/calibration module. Measurements in different mini-environments show that the GO-based humidity sensor has higher sensitivity, faster recovery time and good linearity performance. Compared with a standard humidity sensor, the measured RH data of our prototype humidity sensor can match well that of the standard product.
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Nie B, Li R, Cao J, Brandt JD, Pan T. Flexible transparent iontronic film for interfacial capacitive pressure sensing. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6055-62. [PMID: 26333011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A flexible, transparent iontronic film is introduced as a thin-film capacitive sensing material for emerging wearable and health-monitoring applications. Utilizing the capacitive interface at the ionic-electronic contact, the iontronic film sensor offers a large unit-area capacitance (of 5.4 μF cm(-2) ) and an ultrahigh sensitivity (of 3.1 nF kPa(-1) ), which is a thousand times greater than that of traditional solid-state counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Nie
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Ruya Li
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Cao
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - James D Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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Abstract
This paper presents a method of integrating two contrasting sensor systems for studying human interaction with a mechanical system, using piano performance as the case study. Piano technique requires both precise small-scale motion of fingers on the key surfaces and planned large-scale movement of the hands and arms. Where studies of performance often focus on one of these scales in isolation, this paper investigates the relationship between them. Two sensor systems were installed on an acoustic grand piano: a monocular high-speed camera tracking the position of painted markers on the hands, and capacitive touch sensors attach to the key surfaces which measure the location of finger-key contacts. This paper highlights a method of fusing the data from these systems, including temporal and spatial alignment, segmentation into notes and automatic fingering annotation. Three case studies demonstrate the utility of the multi-sensor data: analysis of finger flexion or extension based on touch and camera marker location, timing analysis of finger-key contact preceding and following key presses, and characterization of individual finger movements in the transitions between successive key presses. Piano performance is the focus of this paper, but the sensor method could equally apply to other fine motor control scenarios, with applications to human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer MacRitchie
- The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Conservatorio della Svizzera Italiana, Scuola Universitaria di Musica, The University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P McPherson
- Centre for Digital Music, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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Jeong J, Kim MK, Cheng H, Yeo W, Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Capacitive epidermal electronics for electrically safe, long-term electrophysiological measurements. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:642-8. [PMID: 24132942 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Integration of capacitive sensing capabilities to epidermal electronic systems (EES) can enhance the robustness in operation for electrophysiological signal measurement. Capacitive EES designs are reusable, electrically safe, and minimally sensitive to motion artifacts. Experiments on human subjects illustrate levels of fidelity in ECG, EMG, and EOG recordings comparable to those of standard gel electrodes and of direct contact EES electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Woong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Center for Engineering and Health Skin Disease Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Center for Mechanics and Materials Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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Cheng MY, Lin CL, Lai YT, Yang YJ. A polymer-based capacitive sensing array for normal and shear force measurement. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:10211-25. [PMID: 22163466 PMCID: PMC3230994 DOI: 10.3390/s101110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the development of a polymer-based capacitive sensing array. The proposed device is capable of measuring normal and shear forces, and can be easily realized by using micromachining techniques and flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) technologies. The sensing array consists of a polydimethlysiloxane (PDMS) structure and a FPCB. Each shear sensing element comprises four capacitive sensing cells arranged in a 2 × 2 array, and each capacitive sensing cell has two sensing electrodes and a common floating electrode. The sensing electrodes as well as the metal interconnect for signal scanning are implemented on the FPCB, while the floating electrodes are patterned on the PDMS structure. This design can effectively reduce the complexity of the capacitive structures, and thus makes the device highly manufacturable. The characteristics of the devices with different dimensions were measured and discussed. A scanning circuit was also designed and implemented. The measured maximum sensitivity is 1.67%/mN. The minimum resolvable force is 26 mN measured by the scanning circuit. The capacitance distributions induced by normal and shear forces were also successfully captured by the sensing array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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