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Neeland MR, Bannister S, Clifford V, Nguyen J, Dohle K, Overmars I, Toh ZQ, Anderson J, Donato CM, Sarkar S, Do LAH, McCafferty C, Licciardi PV, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Bines JE, Mulholland K, Curtis N, McNab S, Steer AC, Burgner DP, Saffery R, Tosif S, Crawford NW. Children and Adults in a Household Cohort Study Have Robust Longitudinal Immune Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Exposure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741639. [PMID: 34721408 PMCID: PMC8548628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children have reduced severity of COVID-19 compared to adults and typically have mild or asymptomatic disease. The immunological mechanisms underlying these age-related differences in clinical outcomes remain unexplained. Here, we quantify 23 immune cell populations in 141 samples from children and adults with mild COVID-19 and their PCR-negative close household contacts at acute and convalescent time points. Children with COVID-19 displayed marked reductions in myeloid cells during infection, most prominent in children under the age of five. Recovery from infection in both children and adults was characterised by the generation of CD8 TCM and CD4 TCM up to 9 weeks post infection. SARS-CoV-2-exposed close contacts also had immunological changes over time despite no evidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection on PCR testing. This included an increase in low-density neutrophils during convalescence in both exposed children and adults, as well as increases in CD8 TCM and CD4 TCM in exposed adults. In comparison to children with other common respiratory viral infections, those with COVID-19 had a greater change in innate and T cell-mediated immune responses over time. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the immune response during and after recovery from COVID-19 in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Neeland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha Bannister
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa Clifford
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Laboratory Services, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dohle
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabella Overmars
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zheng Quan Toh
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celeste M Donato
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor McCafferty
- Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie E Bines
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Mulholland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah McNab
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Burgner
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shidan Tosif
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel W Crawford
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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