1
|
Caffrey DF, Gorai T, Rawson B, Martínez‐Calvo M, Kitchen JA, Murray NS, Kotova O, Comby S, Peacock RD, Stachelek P, Pal R, Gunnlaugsson T. Ligand Chirality Transfer from Solution State to the Crystalline Self-Assemblies in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Active Lanthanide Systems. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2307448. [PMID: 38447160 PMCID: PMC11095229 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of chiral and enantiomerically pure pyridyl-diamide (pda) ligands that upon complexation with europium [Eu(CF3SO3)3] result in chiral complexes with metal centered luminescence is reported; the sets of enantiomers giving rise to both circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signatures. The solid-state structures of these chiral metallosupramolecular systems are determined using X-ray diffraction showing that the ligand chirality is transferred from solution to the solid state. This optically favorable helical packing arrangement is confirmed by recording the CPL spectra from the crystalline assembly by using steady state and enantioselective differential chiral contrast (EDCC) CPL Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (CPL-LSCM) where the two enantiomers can be clearly distinguished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Caffrey
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Tumpa Gorai
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Present address:
Department of Polymers and Functional MaterialsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India
| | - Bláithín Rawson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de QuímicaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| | - Niamh S. Murray
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | | | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Umesh, Bera S, Bhattacharya S. Dual Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) and Piezoelectric Responses in Self-Assembled Chiral Nanostructures Derived from a Dipeptide Based Piezorganogel. Small 2023:e2308104. [PMID: 37955918 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation medical and consumer electrical devices require soft, flexible materials. Piezoelectric materials, capable of converting mechanical stress into electrical energy, are of interest across various fields. Chiral nanostructures, with inherent chirality, have emerged as potential piezoelectric materials. Peptide-based materials, known for self-assembly and stimuli responsiveness, hold promise for the utilization of chiral nanostructures. When combined with luminescent chromophores, peptides can generate aggregation-induced chiroptical effects like Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) and Circular Dichroism (CD). In this study, a chiral organogel, L,L-1 is synthesized, and its self-assembly, mechanical properties, and chiroptical features are examined. The organogel exhibits thermo-reversible and thixotropic behavior, forming fibrillar networks and 2D-sheets upon cooling. CD spectroscopy reveals aggregation-induced chirality on pyrene chromophore, resulting in CPL with glum values of 3.0 (± 0.2) × 10-3 and 3.1 (± 0.2) × 10-3 for L,L-1 and D,D-1, respectively. Notably, the 2D-sheets exhibit an enhanced piezoelectric response (d33 ≈76.0 pm V-1 ) compared to the fibrillar network (d33 ≈64.1 pm V-1 ). Introducing an electron-deficient molecule into the solution forms a Charge-transfer (CT) complex, modulating the piezoelectric response to d33 ≈52.44 pm V-1 . This study offers a promising approach to optoelectronics design, presenting a chiral system with both CPL and piezoelectric responses, opening new possibilities for innovative applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sayan Bera
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, 517619, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song L, Yang K, Zhao B, Wu Y, Deng J. Chiroptical Elastomer Film Constructed by Chiral Helical Substituted Polyacetylene and Polydimethylsiloxane: Multiple Stimuli Responsivity and Chiral Amplification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:4601-4611. [PMID: 36642869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chiral and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials with multiple stimuli responses have become a focus of attention. Meanwhile, elastomers have found substantial applications in a wide variety of fields. However, how to design and construct chiral elastomers, in particular CPL-active elastomers, still remains an academic challenge. In the present study, chiral helical substituted polyacetylene is chemically bonded with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by hydrosilylation to form a chiroptically active elastomer. A CPL-active film was further fabricated by adding achiral fluorophores. Compared with the corresponding chiral helical polymer, the chiral films show much enhanced thermal stability in terms of chiroptical properties. The films also demonstrate reversible tunability in optical activity and CPL property when being subjected to a stretching-restoring process and exposed to a solvent like toluene. Further, noticeable chiral amplification is observed when the chiral PDMS film is superimposed with a pure PDMS film. This interesting finding is proposed to be due to the photoreflectivity of PDMS. This study provides an alternative strategy to exploit novel CPL-active elastomer materials with multiple stimuli responsivity and tunability, which may open up new opportunities for developing novel chiroptical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Youping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao PF, Jiang YY, Liu H, Zhou MS, Li T, Fu HR, Ma LF, Li DS. Pillar-Layer Chiral MOFs as a Crystalline Platform for Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Single-Phase White-Light Emission. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:16435-16444. [PMID: 35357115 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials with high porosity and high rigidity is still challenging. Herein, we propose a chiral reticular chemistry strategy to prepare the homochiral porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as CPL-active materials. Two pairs of enantiomeric MOFs are synthesized through the self-assembly of chiral D/L-cam (DL-camphorates) and achiral fluorescent ligand TPB (1,2,4,5-tetra(pyridin-4-yl)benzene). The glum values of Cd-CMOF-D and Cd-CMOF-L were up to 0.010 and 0.009; the high glum values could be compared to those of the partially pure multicomponent self-assembly systems obtained by the complicated process. We further trace the generation and transfer of the hierarchical chirality from chiral molecule to 3D framework, demonstrating that the CPL was dominated by the original molecular chirality rather than the global chirality of the hierarchical structure. Moreover, the single-phase white-light materials with nearly ideal CIE coordinates (0.33, 0.33) were constructed through the introduction of dye emitters into Zn-CMOF (Zn-based chiral MOF). This work provided not only an insightful view of the chirality transfer and disappearance mechanism but also an efficient method for the preparation of the highly porous CPL materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Yu-Ying Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Meng-Shu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Hong-Ru Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lu-Fang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang JC, Ye GM, Yu M, Huang R, Zhao Z, Qin A, Wu ST, Xie Z. Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Achiral Metal-Organic Colloids and Guest Molecules in a Vortex Field. Chemistry 2021; 27:6760-6766. [PMID: 33543548 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, scientists have reported a range of chiral fluorescence materials or chiral composites that can emit circularly polarized luminescence. Herein, two achiral metal-organic colloidal solutions were studied, showing active circularly polarized luminescence, which is observed in vortex stirring. The absolute values for glum are 0.05 and 0.03 and the plus or minus sign of glum depends on the colloidal structure and stirring direction, which make the property easy to manipulate. Further, the host-guest interaction study suggests both electrostatic interactions and coordination bonding may influence the chiroptical property from the colloidal solution to the guest molecule. Rhodamine 6G and its carboxylic acid derivative exhibit good quantum yields and acceptable glum values in the colloidal solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cai Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for, Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ming Ye
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for, Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Maoxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from, Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ruishan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from, Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from, Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from, Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ting Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for, Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zenghong Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu H, He X, Yang B, Li CC, Zhao L. Assembly-Induced Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Spirocyclic Chiral Silver(I) Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1535-1539. [PMID: 32959488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirocyclic Ag9 clusters, as a new form of intrinsically chiral metal clusters, were constructed through vertex-sharing of two in-situ-generated heteroaryl diide-centered metal rings. Such core-peripheral type clusters exhibit versatile photoluminescent and chiroptical behavior under different aggregation conditions. In contrast to a ligand-based fluorescence emission in a diluted solution of the clusters, a solvent polarity-caused assembly gives rise to new cluster-based phosphorous luminescence owing to radiative mode switching and aggregation-induced emission. Assembly of cluster enantiomers leads to micrometer-long helical nanofibers, whose handedness is determined by absolute configuration of individual spirocyclic clusters. Benefiting from exciton couplings of helical arrangements of chelating ligands at molecular and microscopic levels, the assembled film of cluster enantiomers exhibits circularly polarized luminescence with a high anisotropy factor (0.16).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cui-Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zinna F, Albano G, Taddeucci A, Colli T, Aronica LA, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Emergent Nonreciprocal Circularly Polarized Emission from an Organic Thin Film. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002575. [PMID: 32734682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling circularly polarized (CP) emission is key for both fundamental understanding and applications in the field of chiral photonics and electronics. Here, a completely new way to achieve this goal is presented. A luminescent thin film, made from a chiral conjugated phenylene bis-thiophenylpropynone able to self-assemble into ordered structures, emits highly circularly polarized light with opposite handedness from its two opposite faces. Such emergent nonreciprocal behavior in CP emission, so far unprecedented, represents a fundamental advance, opening new opportunities in design, preparation, and applications of CP emitting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Tony Colli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Laura Antonella Aronica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Indistriale, Università Di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doistau B, Jiménez JR, Piguet C. Beyond Chiral Organic (p-Block) Chromophores for Circularly Polarized Luminescence: The Success of d-Block and f-Block Chiral Complexes. Front Chem 2020; 8:555. [PMID: 32850617 PMCID: PMC7399180 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules are essential for the development of advanced technological applications in spintronic and photonic. The best systems should produce large circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) as estimated by their dissymmetry factor (g lum), which can reach the maximum values of -2 ≤ g lum ≤ 2 when either pure right- or left-handed polarized light is emitted after standard excitation. For matching this requirement, theoretical considerations indicate that optical transitions with large magnetic and weak electric transition dipole moments represent the holy grail of CPL. Because of their detrimental strong and allowed electric dipole transitions, popular chiral emissive organic molecules display generally moderate dissymmetry factors (10-5 ≤ g lum ≤ 10-3). However, recent efforts in this field show that g lum can be significantly enhanced when the chiral organic activators are part of chiral supramolecular assemblies or of liquid crystalline materials. At the other extreme, chiral EuIII- and SmIII-based complexes, which possess intra-shell parity-forbidden electric but allowed magnetic dipole transitions, have yielded the largest dissymmetry factor reported so far with g lum ~ 1.38. Consequently, 4f-based metal complexes with strong CPL are currently the best candidates for potential technological applications. They however suffer from the need for highly pure samples and from considerable production costs. In this context, chiral earth-abundant and cheap d-block metal complexes benefit from a renewed interest according that their CPL signal can be optimized despite the larger covalency displayed by d-block cations compared with 4f-block analogs. This essay thus aims at providing a minimum overview of the theoretical aspects rationalizing circularly polarized luminescence and their exploitation for the design of chiral emissive metal complexes with strong CPL. Beyond the corroboration that f-f transitions are ideal candidates for generating large dissymmetry factors, a special attention is focused on the recent attempts to use chiral CrIII-based complexes that reach values of g lum up to 0.2. This could pave the way for replacing high-cost rare earths with cheap transition metals for CPL applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doistau
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan-Ramón Jiménez
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|