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Yoo WS, Kwon LH, Eom Y, Thng ZX, Or C, Nguyen QD, Kim SJ. Cytomegalovirus Corneal Endotheliitis: A Comprehensive Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38417101 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2320704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis and corneal endotheliitis are the most common ocular diseases caused by CMV infections in immunocompetent patients. The incidence of CMV corneal endotheliitis is relatively high in middle-aged men. CMV corneal endotheliitis presents with mild anterior chamber inflammation, corneal edema, keratic precipitates, and elevated intraocular pressure. It resembles Posner-Schlossman syndrome and Fuchs uveitis because of the elevated intraocular pressure. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, it may progress to bullous keratopathy or glaucoma, necessitating keratoplasty or glaucoma surgery. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are important for a good prognosis. Aqueous humor analysis can facilitate the diagnosis of CMV corneal endotheliitis, and early antiviral treatment can decrease the risk of corneal compensation or glaucomatous optic atrophy. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CMV corneal endotheliitis along with the evidence for early clinical diagnosis and active antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lee-Ha Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Xian Thng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Or
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Kuo YW, Chang EC, Lee CY, Lee SH, Liang IC, Chen YC, Hou YC. Effectiveness of Topical Ganciclovir 2% Monotherapy Versus Combined Steroid Therapy in Cytomegalovirus Endotheliitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195811. [PMID: 36233679 PMCID: PMC9572523 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to report the clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) corneal endotheliitis and the results of long-term treatment with topical ganciclovir 2% with and without steroids. This retrospective, interventional study included 15 eyes of 13 patients diagnosed with CMV corneal endotheliitis by positive CMV DNA and treated with long-term topical ganciclovir 2% eye drops at a tertiary referral center and the median follow-up period was 17 months. Ocular manifestations included keratic precipitates (KPs) (100%), elevated IOP (93.3%), iritis (60%), corneal edema (60%), and moth-eaten iris atrophy (60%). After long-term treatment, corneal edema, iritis, and KPs significantly decreased (effect size: 72%, 76% and 70%, respectively; p = 0.024, p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, respectively). Both the logMAR acuity and IOP significantly improved (median logMAR was 0.52 before treatment and 0.22 after treatment; median IOP was 42 mmHg before treatment and 12 mmHg after treatment; p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The ECD was maintained (effect size: 80%), and the percentage of hexagonal cell ratio of endothelial cells significantly improved after treatment (effect size: 82%; p = 0.035). Fewer anti-glaucoma medications were used in the non-steroid group (effect size: 79%; p = 0.034). Long-term maintenance treatment with topical ganciclovir 2% monotherapy not only provides effective therapy and reduces recurrence, but also decreases the high IOP related to the combination of steroids used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - En-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung 412224, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
| | - I-Chia Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2708-2121 (ext. 8131)
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Oka N, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Kobayashi T, Ohashi Y. Polymorphisms in cytomegalovirus genotype in immunocompetent patients with corneal endotheliitis or iridocyclitis. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1441-5. [PMID: 25963863 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) that caused corneal endotheliitis and iridocyclitis in immunocompetent patients was genotyped. The gB type1 was detected in seven endotheliitis samples (77.8%) and five iridocyclitis samples (100%), and the gB type 3 was detected in two endotheliitis samples (22.2%). The UL144 type 1 was found in five endotheliitis samples (45.5%) and five iridocyclitis samples (83.3%). The UL144 type 2 was found in two endotheliitis samples (18.2%) and one iridocyclitis sample (16.7%). The gB type 1 was predominant in endotheliitis and iridocyclitis, and the CMV genotypes in eyes with endotheliitis and iridocyclitis were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Oka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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