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Das M, Jana A, Mishra R, Maity S, Maiti P, Panda SK, Mitra R, Arora A, Owuor PS, Tiwary CS. 3D Printing of a Biocompatible Nanoink Derived from Waste Animal Bones. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:1566-1576. [PMID: 36947679 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) additive manufacturing is a versatile 3D printing technique for a broad range of materials. DIW can print a variety of materials provided that the ink is well-engineered with appropriate rheological properties. DIW could be an ideal technique in tissue engineering to repair and regenerate deformed or missing organs or tissues, for example, bone and tooth fracture that is a common problem that needs surgeon attention. A critical criterion in tissue engineering is that inserts must be compatible with their surrounding environment. Chemically produced calcium-rich materials are dominant in this application, especially for bone-related applications. These materials may be toxic leading to a rejection by the body that may need secondary surgery to repair. On the other hand, there is an abundance of biowaste building blocks that can be used for grafting with little adverse effect on the body. In this work, we report a bioderived ink made entirely of calcium derived from waste animal bones using a benign process. Calcium nanoparticles are extracted from the bones and the ink prepared by mixing with different biocompatible binders. The ink is used to print scaffolds with controlled porosity that allows better growth of cells. DIW printed parts show better mechanical properties and biocompatibility that are important for the grafting application. Degradation tests and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay study were done to examine the biocompatibility of the extracted materials. In addition, discrete element modeling and computational fluid dynamics numerical methods are used in Rocky and Ansys software programs. This work shows that biowaste materials if well-engineered can be a never-ending source of raw materials for advanced application in orthopedic grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Das
- Department of Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Arijit Jana
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rajat Mishra
- Advanced Materials Processing Research Group, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Swapan Maity
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Panda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Mitra
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Amit Arora
- Advanced Materials Processing Research Group, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Peter Samora Owuor
- Carbon Science Centre of Excellence, Morgan Advanced Materials, State College, Pennsylvania 16803, United States
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Finger C, Saydak L, Vu G, Timothy JJ, Meschke G, Saenger EH. Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry to Material Damage-Observations from a Virtual Concrete Lab. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4033. [PMID: 34300952 PMCID: PMC8307069 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic measurements are used in civil engineering for structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructures. The late portion of the ultrasonic wavefield, the coda, is sensitive to small changes in the elastic moduli of the material. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) correlates these small changes in the coda with the wavefield recorded in intact, or unperturbed, concrete specimen to reveal the amount of velocity change that occurred. CWI has the potential to detect localized damages and global velocity reductions alike. In this study, the sensitivity of CWI to different types of concrete mesostructures and their damage levels is investigated numerically. Realistic numerical concrete models of concrete specimen are generated, and damage evolution is simulated using the discrete element method. In the virtual concrete lab, the simulated ultrasonic wavefield is propagated from one transducer using a realistic source signal and recorded at a second transducer. Different damage scenarios reveal a different slope in the decorrelation of waveforms with the observed reduction in velocities in the material. Finally, the impact and possible generalizations of the findings are discussed, and recommendations are given for a potential application of CWI in concrete at structural scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Finger
- Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Leslie Saydak
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Reservoir Engineering and Rock Physics, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Giao Vu
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Jithender J. Timothy
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Günther Meschke
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Erik H. Saenger
- Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Reservoir Engineering and Rock Physics, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Chen Y, Khosravi A, Martinez A, DeJong J. Modeling the self-penetration process of a bio-inspired probe in granular soils. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 16:046012. [PMID: 33794505 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abf46e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil penetration is an energy-intensive process that is common in both nature and civil infrastructure applications. Many human construction activities involve soil penetration that is typically accomplished through impact-driving, pushing against a reaction mass, excavating, or vibrating using large equipment. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the self-penetration process of a probe that uses an 'anchor-tip' burrowing strategy with the goal of extending the mechanics-based understanding of burrower-soil interactions at the physical dimensions and stress levels relevant for civil infrastructure applications. Self-penetration is defined here as the ability of a probe to generate enough anchorage forces to overcome the soil penetration resistance and advance the probe tip to greater depths. 3D Discrete element modeling simulations are employed to understand the self-penetration process of an idealized probe in noncohesive soil along with the interactions between the probe's anchor and tip. The results indicate that self-penetration conditions improve with simulated soil depth, and favorable probe configurations for self-penetration include shorter anchor-tip distances, anchors with greater length and expansion magnitudes, and anchors with a greater friction coefficient. The results shed light on the scaling of burrowing forces across a range of soil depths relevant to civil infrastructure applications and provide design guidance for future self-penetrating probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, United States of America
| | - Ali Khosravi
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, United States of America
| | - Jason DeJong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, United States of America
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Yu Y, Wu B. Discrete Element Mesoscale Modeling of Recycled Lump Concrete under Axial Compression. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3140. [PMID: 31561478 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, directly reusing large pieces of coarsely crushed concrete (referred to as demolished concrete lumps or DCLs) with fresh concrete in new construction was demonstrated as an efficient technique for the recycling of waste concrete. Previous studies investigated the mechanical properties of recycled lump concrete (RLC) containing different sizes of DCLs; however, for actual application of this kind of concrete, little information is known about the influence of the spatial locations of DCLs and coarse aggregates on the concrete strength. Moreover, the mechanical responses of such a concrete containing various shapes of DCLs are also not well illustrated. To add knowledge related to these topics, two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of RLC containing DCLs under axial compression were performed using the discrete element method. The main variables of interest were the relative strength of the new and old concrete, the distribution of the lumps and other coarse aggregates, and the shape of the lumps. In addition, the differences in compression behavior between RLC and recycled aggregate concrete were also predicted. The numerical results indicate that the influence tendency of the spatial locations of DCLs and coarse aggregate pieces on the compressive stress–strain curves for RLC is similar to that of the locations of coarse aggregates for ordinary concrete. The strength variability of RLC is generally higher than that of ordinary concrete, regardless of the relative strength of the new and old concrete included; however, variability has no monotonic trend with an increase in the lump replacement ratio. The mechanical properties of RLC in compression are little influenced by the geometric shape of DCLs as long as the ratio of the length of their long axis to short axis is smaller than 2.0. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of RLC are always superior to those of recycled aggregate concrete designed with a conventional mixing method.
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Wang JP. Force Transmission Modes of Non-Cohesive and Cohesive Materials at the Critical State. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10091014. [PMID: 28858238 PMCID: PMC5615669 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the force transmission modes, mainly described by probability density distributions, in non-cohesive dry and cohesive wet granular materials by discrete element modeling. The critical state force transmission patterns are focused on with the contact model effect being analyzed. By shearing relatively dense and loose dry specimens to the critical state in the conventional triaxial loading path, it is observed that there is a unique critical state force transmission mode. There is a universe critical state force distribution pattern for both the normal contact forces and tangential contact forces. Furthermore, it is found that using either the linear Hooke or the non-linear Hertz model does not affect the universe force transmission mode, and it is only related to the grain size distribution. Wet granular materials are also simulated by incorporating a water bridge model. Dense and loose wet granular materials are tested, and the critical state behavior for the wet material is also observed. The critical state strength and void ratio of wet granular materials are higher than those of a non-cohesive material. The critical state inter-particle distribution is altered from that of a non-cohesive material with higher probability in relatively weak forces. Grains in non-cohesive materials are under compressive stresses, and their principal directions are mainly in the axial loading direction. However, for cohesive wet granular materials, some particles are in tension, and the tensile stresses are in the horizontal direction on which the confinement is applied. The additional confinement by the tensile stress explains the macro strength and dilatancy increase in wet samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Peng Wang
- Building Architecture and Town Planning Department (BATir), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 194/2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Dorn M, Hekmat D. Simulation of the dynamic packing behavior of preparative chromatography columns via discrete particle modeling. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:363-71. [PMID: 26588806 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Preparative packed-bed chromatography using polymer-based, compressible, porous resins is a powerful method for purification of macromolecular bioproducts. During operation, a complex, hysteretic, thus, history-dependent packed bed behavior is often observed but theoretical understanding of the causes is limited. Therefore, a rigorous modeling approach of the chromatography column on the particle scale has been made which takes into account interparticle micromechanics and fluid-particle interactions for the first time. A three-dimensional deterministic model was created by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled with the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The column packing behavior during either flow or mechanical compression was investigated in-silico and in laboratory experiments. A pronounced axial compression-relaxation profile was identified that differed for both compression strategies. Void spaces were clearly visible in the packed bed after compression. It was assumed that the observed bed inhomogeneity was because of a force-chain network at the particle scale. The simulation satisfactorily reproduced the measured behavior regarding packing compression as well as pressure-flow dependency. Furthermore, the particle Young's modulus and particle-wall friction as well as interparticle friction were identified as crucial parameters affecting packing dynamics. It was concluded that compaction of the chromatographic bed is rather because of particle rearrangement than particle deformation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:363-371, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dorn
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Dariusch Hekmat
- Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
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