1
|
Niarakis A, Ostaszewski M, Mazein A, Kuperstein I, Kutmon M, Gillespie ME, Funahashi A, Acencio ML, Hemedan A, Aichem M, Klein K, Czauderna T, Burtscher F, Yamada TG, Hiki Y, Hiroi NF, Hu F, Pham N, Ehrhart F, Willighagen EL, Valdeolivas A, Dugourd A, Messina F, Esteban-Medina M, Peña-Chilet M, Rian K, Soliman S, Aghamiri SS, Puniya BL, Naldi A, Helikar T, Singh V, Fernández MF, Bermudez V, Tsirvouli E, Montagud A, Noël V, Ponce-de-Leon M, Maier D, Bauch A, Gyori BM, Bachman JA, Luna A, Piñero J, Furlong LI, Balaur I, Rougny A, Jarosz Y, Overall RW, Phair R, Perfetto L, Matthews L, Rex DAB, Orlic-Milacic M, Gomez LCM, De Meulder B, Ravel JM, Jassal B, Satagopam V, Wu G, Golebiewski M, Gawron P, Calzone L, Beckmann JS, Evelo CT, D’Eustachio P, Schreiber F, Saez-Rodriguez J, Dopazo J, Kuiper M, Valencia A, Wolkenhauer O, Kitano H, Barillot E, Auffray C, Balling R, Schneider R. Drug-target identification in COVID-19 disease mechanisms using computational systems biology approaches. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1282859. [PMID: 38414974 PMCID: PMC10897000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 Disease Map project is a large-scale community effort uniting 277 scientists from 130 Institutions around the globe. We use high-quality, mechanistic content describing SARS-CoV-2-host interactions and develop interoperable bioinformatic pipelines for novel target identification and drug repurposing. Methods Extensive community work allowed an impressive step forward in building interfaces between Systems Biology tools and platforms. Our framework can link biomolecules from omics data analysis and computational modelling to dysregulated pathways in a cell-, tissue- or patient-specific manner. Drug repurposing using text mining and AI-assisted analysis identified potential drugs, chemicals and microRNAs that could target the identified key factors. Results Results revealed drugs already tested for anti-COVID-19 efficacy, providing a mechanistic context for their mode of action, and drugs already in clinical trials for treating other diseases, never tested against COVID-19. Discussion The key advance is that the proposed framework is versatile and expandable, offering a significant upgrade in the arsenal for virus-host interactions and other complex pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niarakis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Européen de Recherche pour la Polyarthrite rhumatoïde - Genhotel, Univ Evry, Evry, France
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Mazein
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Inna Kuperstein
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Martina Kutmon
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marc E. Gillespie
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marcio Luis Acencio
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ahmed Hemedan
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Aichem
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karsten Klein
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Czauderna
- Faculty of Applied Computer Sciences & Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | - Felicia Burtscher
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Takahiro G. Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hiki
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko F. Hiroi
- Faculty of Creative Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
- Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Finterly Hu
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nhung Pham
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Egon L. Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Messina
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases’ Lazzaro Spallanzani’ - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Esteban-Medina
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Kinza Rian
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sylvain Soliman
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sara Sadat Aghamiri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aurélien Naldi
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Européen de Recherche pour la Polyarthrite rhumatoïde - Genhotel, Univ Evry, Evry, France
| | | | - Viviam Bermudez
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eirini Tsirvouli
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnau Montagud
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC.), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Noël
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin M. Gyori
- Harvard Medical School, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John A. Bachman
- Harvard Medical School, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Augustin Luna
- Computational Biology Branch, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janet Piñero
- Medbioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Dept. of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura I. Furlong
- Medbioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Dept. of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irina Balaur
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Adrien Rougny
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Tokyo, Japan
- Com. Bio Big Data Open Innovation Lab. (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Aomi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohan Jarosz
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rupert W. Overall
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Phair
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Livia Perfetto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYU. Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Luis Cristobal Monraz Gomez
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Marie Ravel
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Bijay Jassal
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Venkata Satagopam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guanming Wu
- Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Martin Golebiewski
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piotr Gawron
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laurence Calzone
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter D’Eustachio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYU. Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
- FPS/ELIXIR-es, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martin Kuiper
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC.), Barcelona, Spain
- I.C.R.E.A., Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, P.S.L. Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Rudi Balling
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gawron P, Hoksza D, Piñero J, Peña-Chilet M, Esteban-Medina M, Fernandez-Rueda JL, Colonna V, Smula E, Heirendt L, Ancien F, Groues V, Satagopam VP, Schneider R, Dopazo J, Furlong LI, Ostaszewski M. Visualization of automatically combined disease maps and pathway diagrams for rare diseases. Front Bioinform 2023; 3:1101505. [PMID: 37502697 PMCID: PMC10369067 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Investigation of molecular mechanisms of human disorders, especially rare diseases, require exploration of various knowledge repositories for building precise hypotheses and complex data interpretation. Recently, increasingly more resources offer diagrammatic representation of such mechanisms, including disease-dedicated schematics in pathway databases and disease maps. However, collection of knowledge across them is challenging, especially for research projects with limited manpower. Methods: In this article we present an automated workflow for construction of maps of molecular mechanisms for rare diseases. The workflow requires a standardized definition of a disease using Orphanet or HPO identifiers to collect relevant genes and variants, and to assemble a functional, visual repository of related mechanisms, including data overlays. The diagrams composing the final map are unified to a common systems biology format from CellDesigner SBML, GPML and SBML+layout+render. The constructed resource contains disease-relevant genes and variants as data overlays for immediate visual exploration, including embedded genetic variant browser and protein structure viewer. Results: We demonstrate the functionality of our workflow on two examples of rare diseases: Kawasaki disease and retinitis pigmentosa. Two maps are constructed based on their corresponding identifiers. Moreover, for the retinitis pigmentosa use-case, we include a list of differentially expressed genes to demonstrate how to tailor the workflow using omics datasets. Discussion: In summary, our work allows for an ad-hoc construction of molecular diagrams combined from different sources, preserving their layout and graphical style, but integrating them into a single resource. This allows to reduce time consuming tasks of prototyping of a molecular disease map, enabling visual exploration, hypothesis building, data visualization and further refinement. The code of the workflow is open and accessible at https://gitlab.lcsb.uni.lu/minerva/automap/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gawron
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - David Hoksza
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- MedBioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Computational Medicine Platform, Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain
- Spanish Network of Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Vincenza Colonna
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Rome
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ewa Smula
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Heirendt
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - François Ancien
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Valentin Groues
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Venkata P. Satagopam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Fundacion Progreso y Salud, Sevilla, Spain
- Spanish Network of Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura I. Furlong
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- MedBioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ostaszewski M, Gebel S, Kuperstein I, Mazein A, Zinovyev A, Dogrusoz U, Hasenauer J, Fleming RMT, Le Novère N, Gawron P, Ligon T, Niarakis A, Nickerson D, Weindl D, Balling R, Barillot E, Auffray C, Schneider R. Community-driven roadmap for integrated disease maps. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:659-670. [PMID: 29688273 PMCID: PMC6556900 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Disease Maps Project builds on a network of scientific and clinical groups that exchange best practices, share information and develop systems biomedicine tools. The project aims for an integrated, highly curated and user-friendly platform for disease-related knowledge. The primary focus of disease maps is on interconnected signaling, metabolic and gene regulatory network pathways represented in standard formats. The involvement of domain experts ensures that the key disease hallmarks are covered and relevant, up-to-date knowledge is adequately represented. Expert-curated and computer readable, disease maps may serve as a compendium of knowledge, allow for data-supported hypothesis generation or serve as a scaffold for the generation of predictive mathematical models. This article summarizes the 2nd Disease Maps Community meeting, highlighting its important topics and outcomes. We outline milestones on the roadmap for the future development of disease maps, including creating and maintaining standardized disease maps; sharing parts of maps that encode common human disease mechanisms; providing technical solutions for complexity management of maps; and Web tools for in-depth exploration of such maps. A dedicated discussion was focused on mathematical modeling approaches, as one of the main goals of disease map development is the generation of mathematically interpretable representations to predict disease comorbidity or drug response and to suggest drug repositioning, altogether supporting clinical decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Universite du Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Universite du Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Inna Kuperstein
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U900, F-75005 Paris, France and CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Mazein
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CIRI UMR5308, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Université de Lyon, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrei Zinovyev
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U900, F-75005 Paris, France and CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Ugur Dogrusoz
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ronan M T Fleming
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Le Novère
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Gawron
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Universite du Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Ligon
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Anna Niarakis
- GenHotel EA3886, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91025, France
| | - David Nickerson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Weindl
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Universite du Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U900, F-75005 Paris, France and CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CIRI UMR5308, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Université de Lyon, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Universite du Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|