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Gögele C, Hahn J, Elschner C, Breier A, Schröpfer M, Prade I, Meyer M, Schulze-Tanzil G. Enhanced Growth of Lapine Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Derived Fibroblasts on Scaffolds Embroidered from Poly(l-lactide- co-ε-caprolactone) and Polylactic Acid Threads Functionalized by Fluorination and Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Cross-Linked Collagen Foams. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1132. [PMID: 32046263 PMCID: PMC7037627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of ruptured anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) is limited by the availability and donor site morbidity of autografts. Hence, a tissue engineered graft could present an alternative in the future. This study was undertaken to determine the performance of lapine (L) ACL-derived fibroblasts on embroidered poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds in regard to a tissue engineering approach for ACL reconstruction. Surface modifications of P(LA-CL)/PLA by gas-phase fluorination and cross-linking of a collagen foam using either ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) were tested regarding their influence on cell adhesion, growth and gene expression. The experiments were performed using embroidered P(LA-CL)/PLA scaffolds that were seeded dynamically or statically with LACL-derived fibroblasts. Scaffold cytocompatibility, cell survival, numbers, metabolic activity, ultrastructure and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis were evaluated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) revealed gene expression of collagen type I (COL1A1), decorin (DCN), tenascin C (TNC), Mohawk (MKX) and tenomodulin (TNMD). All tested scaffolds were highly cytocompatible. A significantly higher cellularity and larger scaffold surface areas colonized by cells were detected in HMDI cross-linked and fluorinated scaffolds compared to those cross-linked with EDC or without any functionalization. By contrast, sGAG synthesis was higher in controls. Despite the fact that the significance level was not reached, gene expressions of ligament extracellular matrix components and differentiation markers were generally higher in fluorinated scaffolds with cross-linked collagen foams. LACL-derived fibroblasts maintained their differentiated phenotype on fluorinated scaffolds supplemented with a HMDI cross-linked collagen foam, making them a promising tool for ACL tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Judith Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (J.H.); (C.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Cindy Elschner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (J.H.); (C.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Annette Breier
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (J.H.); (C.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Michaela Schröpfer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.S.); (I.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Ina Prade
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.S.); (I.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Meyer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.S.); (I.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
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Schulze-Tanzil G, Arnold P, Gögele C, Hahn J, Breier A, Meyer M, Kohl B, Schröpfer M, Schwarz S. SV40 Transfected Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament Derived Ligamentocytes-Suitable as a Human in Vitro Model for Ligament Reconstruction? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E593. [PMID: 31963350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured human primary cells have a limited lifespan undergoing dedifferentiation or senescence. Anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) are hypocellular but tissue engineering (TE) requires high cell numbers. Simian virus (SV) 40 tumor (T) antigen expression could extend the lifespan of cells. This study aimed to identify cellular changes induced by SV40 expression in human ACL ligamentocytes by comparing them with non-transfected ligamentocytes and tissue of the same donor to assess their applicability as TE model. Human ACL ligamentocytes (40-year-old female donor after ACL rupture) were either transfected with a SV40 plasmid or remained non-transfected (control) before monitored for SV40 expression, survival, and DNA content. Protein expression of cultured ligamentocytes was compared with the donor tissue. Ligamentocyte spheroids were seeded on scaffolds embroidered either from polylactic acid (PLA) threads solely or combined PLA and poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) threads. These scaffolds were further functionalized with fluorination and fibrillated collagen foam. Cell distribution and survival were monitored for up to five weeks. The transfected cells expressed the SV40 antigen throughout the entire observation time, but often exhibited random and incomplete cell divisions with significantly more dying cells, significantly more DNA and more numerous nucleoli than controls. The expression profile of non-transfected and SV40-positive ligamentocytes was similar. In contrast to controls, SV40-positive cells formed larger spheroids, produced less vimentin and focal adhesions and died on the scaffolds after 21 d. Functionalized scaffolds supported human ligamentocyte growth. SV40 antigen expressing ligamentocytes share many properties with their non-transfected counterparts suggesting them as a model, however, applicability for TE is limited.
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Hahn J, Schulze-Tanzil G, Schröpfer M, Meyer M, Gögele C, Hoyer M, Spickenheuer A, Heinrich G, Breier A. Viscoelastic Behavior of Embroidered Scaffolds for ACL Tissue Engineering Made of PLA and P(LA-CL) After In Vitro Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4655. [PMID: 31546928 PMCID: PMC6770114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common knee ligament injury. Current applied reconstruction methods have limitations in terms of graft availability and mechanical properties. A new approach could be the use of a tissue engineering construct that temporarily reflects the mechanical properties of native ligament tissues and acts as a carrier structure for cell seeding. In this study, embroidered scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) threads were tested mechanically for their viscoelastic behavior under in vitro degradation. The relaxation behavior of both scaffold types (moco: mono-component scaffold made of PLA threads, bico: bi-component scaffold made of PLA and P(LA-CL) threads) was comparable to native lapine ACL. Most of the lapine ACL cells survived 32 days of cell culture and grew along the fibers. Cell vitality was comparable for moco and bico scaffolds. Lapine ACL cells were able to adhere to the polymer surfaces and spread along the threads throughout the scaffold. The mechanical behavior of degrading matrices with and without cells showed no significant differences. These results demonstrate the potential of embroidered scaffolds as an ACL tissue engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schröpfer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK) gGmbH, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Meyer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK) gGmbH, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany.
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mariann Hoyer
- Amedes MVZ für Laboratoriumsdiagnostik und Mikrobiologie Halle/Leipzig GmbH, 06112 Halle, Germany.
| | - Axel Spickenheuer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Annette Breier
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Hahner J, Hoyer M, Hillig S, Schulze-Tanzil G, Meyer M, Schröpfer M, Lohan A, Garbe LA, Heinrich G, Breier A. Diffusion chamber system for testing of collagen-based cell migration barriers for separation of ligament enthesis zones in tissue-engineered ACL constructs. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2015; 26:1085-99. [PMID: 26300365 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1076714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A temporary barrier separating scaffold zones seeded with different cell types prevents faster growing cells from overgrowing co-cultured cells within the same construct. This barrier should allow sufficient nutrient diffusion through the scaffold. The aim of this study was to test the effect of two variants of collagen-based barriers on macromolecule diffusion, viability, and the spreading efficiency of primary ligament cells on embroidered scaffolds. Two collagen barriers, a thread consisting of a twisted film tape and a sponge, were integrated into embroidered poly(lactic-co-caprolactone) and polypropylene scaffolds, which had the dimension of lapine anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL). A diffusion chamber system was designed and established to monitor nutrient diffusion using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran of different molecular weights (20, 40, 150, 500 kDa). Vitality of primary lapine ACL cells was tested at days 7 and 14 after seeding using fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide staining. Cell spreading on the scaffold surface was measured using histomorphometry. Nuclei staining of the cross-sectioned scaffolds revealed the penetration of ligament cells through both barrier types. The diffusion chamber was suitable to characterize the diffusivity of dextran molecules through embroidered scaffolds with or without integrated collagen barriers. The diffusion coefficients were generally significantly lower in scaffolds with barriers compared to those without barriers. No significant differences between diffusion coefficients of both barrier types were detected. Both barriers were cyto-compatible and prevented most of the ACL cells from crossing the barrier, whereby the collagen thread was easier to handle and allowed a higher rate of cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hahner
- a Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Institute of Polymer Materials , Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - M Hoyer
- b Central Laboratory , DRK Manniske-Hospital , An der Wipper 2, 06567 Bad Frankenhausen , Germany.,c Department of Bioanalytics , Technical University , Seestraße 13, 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - S Hillig
- a Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Institute of Polymer Materials , Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - G Schulze-Tanzil
- d Institute of Anatomy , Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg and Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Straße 1, 90340 Nuremberg , Germany.,e Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - M Meyer
- f Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting - FILK , Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - M Schröpfer
- f Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting - FILK , Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - A Lohan
- g Forschungseinrichtungen für Experimentelle Medizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Kramerstr.6-10, 12207 Berlin , Germany
| | - L-A Garbe
- c Department of Bioanalytics , Technical University , Seestraße 13, 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - G Heinrich
- a Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Institute of Polymer Materials , Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden , Germany.,h Institute of Materials Science , Technische Universität Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - A Breier
- a Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Institute of Polymer Materials , Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden , Germany
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