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Wang C, Qin M, Yi Z, Deng H, Wang J, Sun Y, Luo G, Shen Q. Oxidation Mechanism of Core-Shell Structured Al@PVDF Powders Synthesized by Solvent/Non-Solvent Method. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15093036. [PMID: 35591371 PMCID: PMC9101485 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized aluminum (Al) powders are extensively added to energy-containing materials to enhance the overall reactivity of the materials. However, low oxidation efficiency and energy release limit the practical application of Al powders. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the most common fluoropolymer, can easily react with Al to form aluminum fluoride (AlF3), thus promoting the oxidation of Al powders. In this paper, core-shell structured Al@PVDF powders were synthesized by solvent/non-solvent method. Thermal analysis results show that the weight and exothermic enthalpy of Al@PVDF powders are 166.10% and 11,976 J/g, which are superior to pure Al powders (140.06%, 6560 J/g). A detailed description of the oxidation mechanisms involved is provided. Furthermore, constant volume pressure results indicate that Al@PVDF powders have outstanding pressure output ability in the environment of 3 MPa oxygen. The study provides a valuable reference for the application of Al powders in energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Wang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Mei Qin
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Zhuoran Yi
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Haoyuan Deng
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
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Yu C, Zhang W, Xian M, Wang J, Chen J, Chen Y, Shi W, Yang G, Ye J, Ma K, Zhu J. Copper Azide Nanoparticle-Encapsulating MOF-Derived Porous Carbon: Electrochemical Preparation for High-Performance Primary Explosive Film. Small 2022; 18:e2107364. [PMID: 35143716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desired but still remains challenging to design a primary explosive-based nanoparticle-encapsulated conductive skeleton for the development of powerful yet safe energetic films employed in miniaturized explosive systems. Herein, a proof-of-concept electrochemical preparation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived porous carbon embedding copper-based azide (Cu(N3 )2 or CuN3 , CA) nanoparticles on copper substrate is described. A Cu-based MOF, i.e., Cu-BTC is fabricated based on anodized Cu(OH)2 nanorods, as a template, to achieve CA/C film through pyrolysis and electrochemical azidation. Such a CA/C film, which is woven by numerous ultrafine nanofibers, favorably demonstrates excellent energy release (945-2090 J g-1 ), tunable electrostatic sensitivity (0.22-1.39 mJ), and considerable initiation ability. The performance is superior to most reported primary explosives, since the CA nanoparticles contribute to high brisance and the protection of the porous carbon network. Notably, the growth mechanism of the CA/C film is further disclosed by detailed experimental investigation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. This work will offer new insight to design and develop a CA-based primary explosive film for applications in advanced explosive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Mingchun Xian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Gexing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Li Q, Jiang C, Du Y. Molecular-Dynamics Study on the Impact Energy Release Characteristics of Fe-Al Energetic Jets. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14185249. [PMID: 34576473 PMCID: PMC8468740 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fe–Al energetic material releases a large amount of energy under impact loading; therefore, it can replace traditional materials and be used in new weapons. This paper introduces the macroscopic experiment and microscopic molecular-dynamics simulation research on the energy release characteristics of Fe–Al energetic jets under impact loading. A macroscopic dynamic energy acquisition test system was established to quantitatively obtain the composition of Fe–Al energetic jet reaction products. A momentum mirror impacting the Fe–Al particle molecular model was established and the microstructure evolution and impact thermodynamic response of Fe–Al particles under impact loading were analyzed. The mechanism of multi-scale shock-induced chemical reaction of Fe–Al energetic jets is discussed. The results show that the difference in velocity between Fe and Al atoms at the shock wave fronts is the cause of the shock-induced reaction; when the impact strength is low, the Al particles are disordered and amorphous, while the Fe particles remain in their original state and only the oxidation reaction of Al and a small amount intermetallic compound reaction occur. With the increase of impact strength, Al particles and Fe particles are completely disordered and amorphized in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, fully mixed and penetrated. The temperature of the system rises rapidly, due to a violent thermite reaction, and the energy released by the jet shows an increasing trend; there is an impact intensity threshold, so that the jet release energy reaches the upper limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Q.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chunlan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ye Du
- College of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (Q.L.); (Y.D.)
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Agarwal PPK, Jensen D, Chen CH, Rioux RM, Matsoukas T. Surface-Functionalized Boron Nanoparticles with Reduced Oxide Content by Nonthermal Plasma Processing for Nanoenergetic Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:6844-6853. [PMID: 33512149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of an in situ nonthermal plasma technology improved the oxidation and energy release of boron nanoparticles. We reduced the native oxide layer on the surface of boron nanoparticles (70 nm) by treatment in a nonthermal hydrogen plasma, followed by the formation of a passivation barrier by argon plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using perfluorodecalin (C10F18). Both processes occur near room temperature, thus avoiding aggregation and sintering of the nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high-angular annular dark-field imaging (HAADF)-scanning TEM (STEM)-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated a significant reduction in surface oxide concentration due to hydrogen plasma treatment and the formation of a 2.5 nm thick passivation coating on the surface due to PECVD treatment. These results correlated with the thermal analysis results, which demonstrated a 19% increase in energy release and an increase in metallic boron content after 120 min of hydrogen plasma treatment and 15 min of PECVD of perfluorodecalin. The PECVD coating provided excellent passivation against air and humidity for 60 days. We conclude in situ nonthermal plasma reduction and passivation lead to the amelioration of energy release characteristics and the storage life of boron nanoparticles, benefits conducive for nanoenergetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prawal P K Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Devon Jensen
- Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601, United States
| | - Chien-Hua Chen
- Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601, United States
| | - Robert M Rioux
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Themis Matsoukas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Yu C, Ren W, Wu G, Zhang W, Hu B, Ni D, Zheng Z, Ma K, Ye J, Zhu C. A Facile Preparation and Energetic Characteristics of the Core/Shell CoFe 2O 4/Al Nanowires Thermite Film. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E516. [PMID: 32443658 PMCID: PMC7281481 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4 is selected for the first time to synthesize CoFe2O4/Al nanothermite films via an integration of nano-Al with CoFe2O4 nanowires (NWs), which can be prepared through a facile hydrothermal-annealing route. The resulting nanothermite film demonstrates a homogeneous structure and an intense contact between the Al and CoFe2O4 NWs at the nanoscale. In addition, both thermal analysis and laser ignition test reveal the superb energetic performances of the prepared CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite film. Within different thicknesses of nano-Al for the CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite films investigated here, the maximum heat output has reached as great as 2100 J·g-1 at the optimal thickness of 400 nm for deposited Al. Moreover, the fabrication strategy for CoFe2O4/Al NWs is also easy and suitable for diverse thermite systems based upon other composite metal oxides, such as MnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4. Importantly, this method has the featured advantages of simple operation and compatibility with microsystems, both of which may further facilitate potential applications for functional energetic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wei Ren
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ganggang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Debin Ni
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenguang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
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Yuan Y, Geng B, Sun T, Yu Q, Wang H. Impact-Induced Reaction Characteristic and the Enhanced Sensitivity of PTFE/Al/Bi 2O 3 Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122049. [PMID: 31835582 PMCID: PMC6961006 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the reaction characteristic of a novel reactive material, which introduced bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) into traditional polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al), is studied. The effect of Bi2O3 with different content and particle size on the reaction behaviors of PTFE/Al/Bi2O3 are investigated by drop-weight test and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), including impact sensitivity, energy release performance under a certain impact, and reaction mechanism. The experimental results show that the content of Bi2O3 increased from 0% to 35.616%, the characteristic drop height of impact sensitivity (H50) of PTFE/Al/Bi2O3 reactive materials decreased first and then increased, and the minimum H50 of all types of materials in the experiment is 0.74 times that of PTFE/Al, and the particle size of Bi2O3 affects the rate of H50 change with Bi2O3 content. Besides, with the increase of Bi2O3 content, both the reaction intensity and duration first increase and then decrease, and there is optimum content of Bi2O3 maximizing the reaction degree of the PTFE/Al/Bi2O3. Furthermore, a prediction model for the impact sensitivity of PTFE-based reactive material is developed. The main reaction products include AlF3, xBi2O3·Al2O3, and Bi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haifu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6891-8584
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Li Q, Du Y. Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3317. [PMID: 31614643 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The energy released by the active metal phase in fine-grained Fe/Al energetic materials enables the replacement of conventional materials in new types of weapons. This paper describes an experiment designed to study the energy-release characteristics of fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets under impact loading. By means of dynamic mechanical properties analysis, the physical and chemical properties of Fe/Al energetic materials with specific content are studied, and the preparation process is determined. The energy-release properties of fine-grained Fe/Al jets subject to different impact conditions are studied based on experimental data, and energy-release differences are discussed. The results show that for fine-grained Fe/Al energetic materials to remain active and exhibit high strength, the highest sintering temperature is 550 °C. With increasing impact energy, the energy release of fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets increases. At an impact-energy threshold of 121.1 J/mm2, the chemical reaction of the fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets is saturated. The experimental data and microscopic analysis show that when the impact energy reaches the threshold, the energy efficiency ratio of Fe/Al energetic jets can reach 95.3%.
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Cowley SC, Cowley B, Henneberg SA, Wilson HR. Explosive instability and erupting flux tubes in a magnetized plasma. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 471:20140913. [PMID: 26339193 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eruption of multiple flux tubes in a magnetized plasma is proposed as a mechanism for explosive release of energy in plasmas. A significant fraction of the linearly stable isolated flux tubes are shown to be metastable in a box model magnetized atmosphere in which ends of the field lines are embedded in conducting walls. The energy released by destabilizing such field lines can be a large proportion of the gravitational energy stored in the system. This energy can be released in a fast dynamical time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cowley
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre , Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK ; Department of Physics , Imperial College , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - B Cowley
- Department of Physics , University College London , London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S A Henneberg
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - H R Wilson
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Lau D, Broderick K, Buehler MJ, Büyüköztürk O. A robust nanoscale experimental quantification of fracture energy in a bilayer material system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11990-5. [PMID: 25097263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402893111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurement of interfacial properties is critical any time two materials are bonded--in composites, tooth crowns, or when biomaterials are attached to the human body. Yet, in spite of this importance, reliable methods to measure interfacial properties between dissimilar materials remain elusive. Here we present an experimental approach to quantify the interfacial fracture energy Γi that also provides unique mechanistic insight into the interfacial debonding mechanism at the nanoscale. This approach involves deposition of an additional chromium layer (superlayer) onto a bonded system, where interface debonding is initiated by the residual tensile stress in the superlayer, and where the interface can be separated in a controlled manner and captured in situ. Contrary to earlier methods, our approach allows the entire bonded system to remain in an elastic range during the debonding process, such that Γi can be measured accurately. We validate the method by showing that moisture has a degrading effect on the bonding between epoxy and silica, a technologically important interface. Combining in situ through scanning electron microscope images with molecular simulation, we find that the interfacial debonding mechanism is hierarchical in nature, which is initiated by the detachment of polymer chains, and that the three-dimensional covalent network of the epoxy-based polymer may directly influence water accumulation, leading to the reduction of Γi under presence of moisture. The results may enable us to design more durable concrete composites that could be used to innovate transportation systems, create more durable buildings and bridges, and build resilient infrastructure.
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