1
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Carrick BH, Crittenden SL, Chen F, Linsley M, Woodworth J, Kroll-Conner P, Ferdous AS, Keleş S, Wickens M, Kimble J. PUF partner interactions at a conserved interface shape the RNA-binding landscape and cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Cell 2024; 59:661-675.e7. [PMID: 38290520 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein-RNA regulatory networks underpin much of biology. C. elegans FBF-2, a PUF-RNA-binding protein, binds over 1,000 RNAs to govern stem cells and differentiation. FBF-2 interacts with multiple protein partners via a key tyrosine, Y479. Here, we investigate the in vivo significance of partnerships using a Y479A mutant. Occupancy of the Y479A mutant protein increases or decreases at specific sites across the transcriptome, varying with RNAs. Germline development also changes in a specific fashion: Y479A abolishes one FBF-2 function-the sperm-to-oocyte cell fate switch. Y479A's effects on the regulation of one mRNA, gld-1, are critical to this fate change, though other network changes are also important. FBF-2 switches from repression to activation of gld-1 RNA, likely by distinct FBF-2 partnerships. The role of RNA-binding protein partnerships in governing RNA regulatory networks will likely extend broadly, as such partnerships pervade RNA controls in virtually all metazoan tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Carrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Sarah L Crittenden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - MaryGrace Linsley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Woodworth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Peggy Kroll-Conner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ahlan S Ferdous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Marvin Wickens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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2
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Fu B, Ma R, Liu F, Chen X, Wang M, Jin W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sun L. New insights into ginsenoside Rg1 regulating the niche to inhibit age-induced germline stem cells depletion through targeting ECR/BMP signaling pathway in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3612-3630. [PMID: 38364249 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The age-induced imbalance in ecological niches leads to the loss of GSCs, which is the main reason for ovarian germline senescence. Ginsenoside Rg1 can delay ovarian senescence. Here, we shed light on new insights of ginsenoside Rg1 in regulating the niche to maintain GSCs self-renewal and discussing related molecular mechanisms. METHODS The differences among GSC number, reproductive capacity of naturally aging female Drosophila after ginsenoside Rg1 feeding were analyzed by immunofluorescence and behavior monitoring. The expressions of the active factors in the niche and the BMP signaling were analyzed through Western blot and RT-qPCR. The target effect was verified in the ECR mutant and combined with the molecular docking. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the age-induced reduction of the GSCs number and restored offspring production and development. Ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the expression of anchor proteins E-cadherin, stemness maintenance factor Nos and differentiation promoting factor Bam, thereby GSCs niche homeostasis was regulated. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 was bound to the LBD region of the hormone receptor ECR. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes the regeneration of GSCs by targeting the ECR to increase pSmad1/5/8 expression and thereby activating the BMP signaling pathway. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 maintenance of niche homeostasis to promote GSCs regeneration is dependent on ECR as demonstrated in ECR mutants. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rg1 regulated the ecological niche homeostasis of GSCs and promoted the regeneration of GSCs by targeting the ECR/BMP signaling pathway in hormone-deficient states in aging ovaries. It is of great significance for prolonging fertility potential and delaying ovarian senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Fu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Fangbing Liu
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
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3
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Adashev VE, Kotov AA, Olenina LV. RNA Helicase Vasa as a Multifunctional Conservative Regulator of Gametogenesis in Eukaryotes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5677-5705. [PMID: 37504274 PMCID: PMC10378496 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Being a conservative marker of germ cells across metazoan species, DEAD box RNA helicase Vasa (DDX4) remains the subject of worldwide investigations thanks to its multiple functional manifestations. Vasa takes part in the preformation of primordial germ cells in a group of organisms and contributes to the maintenance of germline stem cells. Vasa is an essential player in the piRNA-mediated silencing of harmful genomic elements and in the translational regulation of selected mRNAs. Vasa is the top hierarchical protein of germ granules, liquid droplet organelles that compartmentalize RNA processing factors. Here, we survey current advances and problems in the understanding of the multifaceted functions of Vasa proteins in the gametogenesis of different eukaryotic organisms, from nematodes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Adashev
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms for Realization of Genetic Information, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A Kotov
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms for Realization of Genetic Information, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Olenina
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms for Realization of Genetic Information, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics of Animals, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Liu S, Baeg GH, Yang Y, Goh FG, Bao H, Wagner EJ, Yang X, Cai Y. The Integrator complex desensitizes cellular response to TGF-β/BMP signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112007. [PMID: 36641752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of stem cells requires the concerted actions of niche-derived signals and stem cell-intrinsic factors. Although Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a Drosophila bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) molecule, can act as a long-range morphogen, its function is spatially limited to the germline stem cell niche in the germarium. We show here that Integrator, a complex known to be involved in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-mediated transcriptional regulation in the nucleus, promotes germline differentiation by restricting niche-derived Dpp/BMP activity in the cytoplasm. Further results show that Integrator works in various developmental contexts to desensitize the cellular response to Dpp/BMP signaling during Drosophila development. Mechanistically, our results show that Integrator forms a multi-subunit complex with the type I receptor Thickveins (Tkv) and other Dpp/BMP signaling components and acts in a negative feedback loop to promote Tkv turnover independent of its transcriptional activity. Similarly, human Integrator subunits bind transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/BMP signaling components and antagonize their activity, suggesting a conserved role of Integrator across metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Feng Guang Goh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hongcun Bao
- The Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou 310058, China
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, KMRB B.9629, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- The Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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5
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Koury S. Mitotic exchange in female germline stem cells is the major source of Sex Ratio chromosome recombination in Drosophila pseudoobscura. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 12:jkac264. [PMID: 36194019 PMCID: PMC9713450 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sex Ratio chromosomes in Drosophila pseudoobscura are selfish X chromosome variants associated with 3 nonoverlapping inversions. In the male germline, Sex Ratio chromosomes distort the segregation of X and Y chromosomes (99:1), thereby skewing progeny sex ratio. In the female germline, segregation of Sex Ratio chromosomes is mendelian (50:50), but nonoverlapping inversions strongly suppress recombination establishing a 26-Mb haplotype (constituting ∼20% of the haploid genome). Rare crossover events located between nonoverlapping inversions can disrupt this haplotype, and recombinants have sometimes been found in natural populations. We recently reported on the first lab-generated Sex Ratio recombinants occurring at a rate of 0.0012 crossovers per female meiosis. An improved experimental design presented here reveals that these recombination events were at least 4 times more frequent than previously estimated. Furthermore, recombination events were strongly clustered, indicating that the majority arose from mitotic exchange in female germline stem cells and not from meiotic crossing-over in primary oocytes. Finally, asymmetric recovery of complementary recombinants was consistent with unequal exchange causing the recombination-induced viability defects. Incorporating these experimental results into population models for Sex Ratio chromosome evolution provided a substantially better fit to natural population frequencies and allowed maintenance of the highly differentiated 26-Mb Sex Ratio haplotype without invoking strong epistatic selection. This study provides the first estimate of spontaneous mitotic exchange for naturally occurring chromosomes in Drosophila female germline stem cells, reveals a much higher Sex Ratio chromosome recombination rate, and develops a mathematical model that accurately predicts the rarity of recombinant Sex Ratio chromosomes in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Koury
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Zhang R, Tu Y, Ye D, Gu Z, Chen Z, Sun Y. A Germline-Specific Regulator of Mitochondrial Fusion is Required for Maintenance and Differentiation of Germline Stem and Progenitor Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2203631. [PMID: 36257818 PMCID: PMC9798980 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and differentiation of germline stem and progenitor cells (GSPCs) is important for sexual reproduction. Here, the authors identify zebrafish pld6 as a novel germline-specific gene by cross-analyzing different RNA sequencing results, and find that pld6 knockout mutants develop exclusively into infertile males. In pld6 mutants, GSPCs fail to differentiate and undergo apoptosis, leading to masculinization and infertility. Mitochondrial fusion in pld6-depleted GSPCs is severely impaired, and the mutants exhibit defects in piRNA biogenesis and transposon suppression. Overall, this work uncovers zebrafish Pld6 as a novel germline-specific regulator of mitochondrial fusion, and highlights its essential role in the maintenance and differentiation of GSPCs as well as gonadal development and gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430072China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural BioinformaticsCollege of Life Science and TechnologyCollege of Biomedicine and HealthInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
| | - Yi‐Xuan Tu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural BioinformaticsCollege of Life Science and TechnologyCollege of Biomedicine and HealthInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430072China
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and HealthGreater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou)Fudan UniversityNansha DistrictGuangzhou511400China
| | - Zhen‐Xia Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural BioinformaticsCollege of Life Science and TechnologyCollege of Biomedicine and HealthInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityShenzhen518000China
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGenome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of AgricultureAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518000China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430072China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhan430070China
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7
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Mack HID, Buck LG, Skalet S, Kremer J, Li H, Mack EKM. Further Extension of Lifespan by Unc-43/CaMKII and Egl-8/PLCβ Mutations in Germline-Deficient Caenorhabditis elegans. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36428956 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling (IIS) promotes longevity across species. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, ablation of germline stem cells (GSCs) and activity changes of the conserved signaling mediators unc-43/CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase type II) and egl-8/PLCβ (phospholipase Cβ) also increase lifespan. Like IIS, these pathways depend on the conserved transcription factor daf-16/FOXO for lifespan extension, but how they functionally interact is unknown. Here, we show that altered unc-43/egl-8 activity further increases the lifespan of long-lived GSC-deficient worms, but not of worms that are long-lived due to a strong reduction-of-function mutation in the insulin/IGF1-like receptor daf-2. Additionally, we provide evidence for unc-43 and, to a lesser extent, egl-8 modulating the expression of certain collagen genes, which were reported to be dispensable for longevity of these particular daf-2 mutant worms, but not for other forms of longevity. Together, these results provide new insights into the conditions and potential mechanisms by which CaMKII- and PLCβ-signals modulate C. elegans lifespan.
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8
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Shao TL, Ting RT, Lee MC. Identification of Lsd1-interacting non-coding RNAs as regulators of fly oogenesis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111294. [PMID: 36044841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) plays a key role in balancing cell proliferation and differentiation. Lsd1 has been recently reported to associate with specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to account for oncogenic gene expression in cancer cells. However, how lncRNA-Lsd1 interplay affects cell-specific differentiation remains elusive in vivo. Here, through Lsd1 specific RNA immunopecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) experiments, we identify three long hairpin RNAs as Lsd1-interacting non-coding RNAs (LINRs) from fly ovaries. Knocking out LINR-1 and LINR-2 affects fly egg production, while each of the LINR deletion mutant females produce eggs with reduced hatch rate, indicating important functions of LINRs in supporting oogenesis. At the cellular level, LINR-2 regulates the differentiation of germline stem cells and follicle progenitors likely though modulating the expression and function of Lsd1 in vivo. Our identification of ovarian LINRs presents a physiological example of dynamic lncRNA-Lsd1 interplay that regulates stem cell/progenitor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ling Shao
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Teng Ting
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Sun X, Tao B, Wang Y, Hu W, Sun Y. Isolation and Characterization of Germline Stem Cells in Protogynous Hermaphroditic Monopterus albus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115861. [PMID: 35682541 PMCID: PMC9180834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cells (GSCs) are a group of unique adult stem cells in gonads that act as important transmitters for genetic information. Donor GSCs have been used to produce offspring by transplantation in fisheries. In this study, we successfully isolated and enriched GSCs from the ovary, ovotestis, and testis of Monopterus albus, one of the most important breeding freshwater fishes in China. Transcriptome comparison assay suggests that a distinct molecular signature exists in each type of GSC, and that different signaling activities are required for the maintenance of distinct GSCs. Functional analysis shows that fGSCs can successfully colonize and contribute to the germline cell lineage of a host zebrafish gonad after transplantation. Finally, we describe a simple feeder-free method for the isolation and enrichment of GSCs that can contribute to the germline cell lineage of zebrafish embryos and generate the germline chimeras after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.S.); (B.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Binbin Tao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.S.); (B.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.S.); (B.T.); (Y.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Wei Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.S.); (B.T.); (Y.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Martin ET, Blatt P, Nguyen E, Lahr R, Selvam S, Yoon HAM, Pocchiari T, Emtenani S, Siekhaus DE, Berman A, Fuchs G, Rangan P. A translation control module coordinates germline stem cell differentiation with ribosome biogenesis during Drosophila oogenesis. Dev Cell 2022; 57:883-900.e10. [PMID: 35413237 PMCID: PMC9011129 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal defects perturb stem cell differentiation, and this is the cause of ribosomopathies. How ribosome levels control stem cell differentiation is not fully known. Here, we discover that three DExD/H-box proteins govern ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) and Drosophila oogenesis. Loss of these DExD/H-box proteins, which we name Aramis, Athos, and Porthos, aberrantly stabilizes p53, arrests the cell cycle, and stalls germline stem cell (GSC) differentiation. Aramis controls cell-cycle progression by regulating translation of mRNAs that contain a terminal oligo pyrimidine (TOP) motif in their 5' UTRs. We find that TOP motifs confer sensitivity to ribosome levels that are mediated by La-related protein (Larp). One such TOP-containing mRNA codes for novel nucleolar protein 1 (Non1), a conserved p53 destabilizing protein. Upon a sufficient ribosome concentration, Non1 is expressed, and it promotes GSC cell-cycle progression via p53 degradation. Thus, a previously unappreciated TOP motif in Drosophila responds to reduced RiBi to co-regulate the translation of ribosomal proteins and a p53 repressor, coupling RiBi to GSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot T Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA
| | - Patrick Blatt
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA
| | - Elaine Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Roni Lahr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sangeetha Selvam
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA
| | - Hyun Ah M Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA; Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Tyler Pocchiari
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210-2375, USA
| | - Shamsi Emtenani
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Daria E Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA.
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12202, USA.
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11
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Bhaskar PK, Southard S, Baxter K, Van Doren M. Germline sex determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110620. [PMID: 35385723 PMCID: PMC10462394 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing germ cell sexual identity is critical for development of male and female germline stem cells (GSCs) and production of sperm or eggs. Germ cells depend on signals from the somatic gonad to determine sex, but in organisms such as flies, mice, and humans, the sex chromosome genotype of the germ cells is also important for germline sexual development. How somatic signals and germ-cell-intrinsic cues combine to regulate germline sex determination is thus a key question. We find that JAK/STAT signaling in the GSC niche promotes male identity in germ cells, in part by activating the chromatin reader Phf7. Further, we find that JAK/STAT signaling is blocked in XX (female) germ cells through the action of the sex determination gene Sex lethal to preserve female identity. Thus, an important function of germline sexual identity is to control how GSCs respond to signals in their niche environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sheryl Southard
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kelly Baxter
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mark Van Doren
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Over the past 440 years since the discovery of the medicinal value of swamp eels, much progress has been made in the study of their biology. The fish is emerging as an important model animal in sexual development, in addition to economic and pharmaceutical implications. Tracing genomic history that shapes speciation of the fish has led to discovery of the whole genome-wide chromosome fission/fusion events. Natural intersex differentiation is a compelling feature for sexual development research. Notably, identification of progenitors of germline stem cells that have bipotential to differentiate into either male or female germline stem cells provides new insight into sex reversal. Here, we review these advances that have propelled the field forwards and present unsolved issues that will guide future investigations to finally elucidate vertebrate sexual development using the new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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13
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Ryu JH, Xu L, Wong TT. Advantages, Factors, Obstacles, Potential Solutions, and Recent Advances of Fish Germ Cell Transplantation for Aquaculture-A Practical Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040423. [PMID: 35203131 PMCID: PMC8868515 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to provide practical information and viewpoints regarding fish germ cell transplantation for enhancing its commercial applications. We reviewed and summarized the data from more than 70 important studies and described the advantages, obstacles, recent advances, and future perspectives of fish germ cell transplantation. We concluded and proposed the critical factors for achieving better success and various options for germ cell transplantation with their pros and cons. Additionally, we discussed why this technology has not actively been utilized for commercial purposes, what barriers need to be overcome, and what potential solutions can advance its applications in aquaculture. Abstract Germ cell transplantation technology enables surrogate offspring production in fish. This technology has been expected to mitigate reproductive barriers, such as long generation time, limited fecundity, and complex broodstock management, enhancing seed production and productivity in aquaculture. Many studies of germ cell transplantation in various fish species have been reported over a few decades. So far, surrogate offspring production has been achieved in many commercial species. In addition, the knowledge of fish germ cell biology and the related technologies that can enhance transplantation efficiency and productivity has been developed. Nevertheless, the commercial application of this technology still seems to lag behind, indicating that the established models are neither beneficial nor cost-effective enough to attract potential commercial users of this technology. Furthermore, there are existing bottlenecks in practical aspects such as impractical shortening of generation time, shortage of donor cells with limited resources, low efficiency, and unsuccessful surrogate offspring production in some fish species. These obstacles need to be overcome through further technology developments. Thus, we thoroughly reviewed the studies on fish germ cell transplantation reported to date, focusing on the practicality, and proposed potential solutions and future perspectives.
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14
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Kitzman SC, Duan T, Pufall MA, Geyer PK. Checkpoint activation drives global gene expression changes in Drosophila nuclear lamina mutants. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 12:6459172. [PMID: 34893833 PMCID: PMC9210273 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) lines the inner nuclear membrane. This extensive protein network organizes chromatin and contributes to the regulation of transcription, DNA replication, and repair. Lap2-emerin-MAN1 domain (LEM-D) proteins are key members of the NL, representing proteins that connect the NL to the genome through shared interactions with the chromatin-binding protein Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF). Functions of the LEM-D protein emerin and BAF are essential during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis. Indeed, loss of either emerin or BAF blocks germ cell development and causes loss of germline stem cells, defects linked to the deformation of NL structure, and non-canonical activation of Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). Here, we investigate the contributions of emerin and BAF to gene expression in the ovary. Profiling RNAs from emerin and baf mutant ovaries revealed that nearly all baf misregulated genes were shared with emerin mutants, defining a set of NL-regulated genes. Strikingly, loss of Chk2 restored the expression of most NL-regulated genes, identifying a large class of Chk2-dependent genes (CDGs). Nonetheless, some genes remained misexpressed upon Chk2 loss, identifying a smaller class of emerin-dependent genes (EDGs). Properties of EDGs suggest a shared role for emerin and BAF in the repression of developmental genes. Properties of CDGs demonstrate that Chk2 activation drives global misexpression of genes in the emerin and baf mutant backgrounds. Notably, CDGs were found upregulated in lamin-B mutant backgrounds. These observations predict that Chk2 activation might have a general role in gene expression changes found in NL-associated diseases, such as laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tingting Duan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Miles A Pufall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pamela K Geyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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15
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Herrera SC, Bach EA. The Emerging Roles of JNK Signaling in Drosophila Stem Cell Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115519. [PMID: 34073743 PMCID: PMC8197226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is an evolutionary conserved kinase cascade best known for its roles during stress-induced apoptosis and tumor progression. Recent findings, however, have identified new roles for this pleiotropic pathway in stem cells during regenerative responses and in cellular plasticity. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings about the new roles of JNK signaling in stem cell biology using two well-established Drosophila models: the testis and the intestine. We highlight the pathway’s roles in processes such as proliferation, death, self-renewal and reprogramming, and discuss the known parallels between flies and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C. Herrera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41018 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.C.H.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Erika A. Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.H.); (E.A.B.)
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16
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Yang H, Lindsey JP, Gillis-Buck EM, Srirangapatanam S, Rosen JE, Hussein AA, Smith JF. Ex vivo human testes as a practical model to simulate ultrasound-guided testicular cell transplantation for human fertility restoration. F S Sci 2021; 2:135-140. [PMID: 35559748 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an ex vivo model to practice ultrasound-guided injection of cellular material into human seminiferous tubules to simulate testicular cell transplantation (TCT). DESIGN Simulated TCT injections were performed in human testes removed during orchiectomy. The rete testis was the target site of injection. Successful retrograde infiltration of injected material into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules was detected using ultrasound and confirmed with histology. SETTING Single academic surgical center. PATIENT(S) Adult patients undergoing orchiectomy for nononcologic indications. INTERVENTION(S) The testes were injected with sonographic contrast (Optison), methylene blue, and fluorescent-labeled cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) A characteristic streaming pattern of sonographic contrast in the testis was used to define sonographic success, and the presence of methylene blue and fluorescent-labeled cells within the seminiferous tubules confirmed histologic success. RESULT(S) We performed simulated TCT injections in 30 testes obtained from 16 patients undergoing orchiectomy. We were able to achieve sonographic success in 57% of injections and confirmed that sonographic success is correlated with histologic success. CONCLUSION(S) Testicular cell transplantation injections can be practiced using human testes. As there appears to be a learning curve associated with this procedure, developing this infrastructure to practice these skills is critical before implementation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Yang
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John P Lindsey
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Eva M Gillis-Buck
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jared E Rosen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - James F Smith
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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17
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Jung SE, Ahn JS, Kim YH, Kim SM, Um TG, Kim BJ, Ryu BY. Inhibition of Caspase-8 Activity Improves Freezing Efficiency of Male Germline Stem Cells in Mice. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:493-502. [PMID: 33926212 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of male germline stem cells (GSCs) is an essential technique for their long-term preservation and utilization in various fields. However, the specific apoptosis pathways involved in cryoinjury during freezing remain unclear. Therefore, our study sought to identify the pathways involved in cryoinjury-induced apoptosis and thereby to improve freezing efficiency during GSC cryopreservation through the creation of a specific molecular-based cryoprotectant. The activities of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-7 were assessed by Western blot analyses to determine the role of specific apoptosis pathways in GSC cryoinjury. Specifically, the role of a specific caspase was identified by recovery rate, relative proliferation rate, Annexin V/propidium iodide co-staining, and caspase activity using its inhibitor and activator. Moreover, the safety of the cryoprotectant was assessed by immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the efficacy of the molecular-based cryoprotectant was assessed using frozen cells in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control), trehalose, a caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK [ZIF], or a mixture of the aforementioned compounds, after which the changes in Src signaling were measured. Our results demonstrated that caspase-8 plays a major role in cryoinjury-induced apoptosis and therefore its inhibition improves freezing efficiency. Specifically, a significantly higher relative proliferation rate was observed in the Z-IETD-FMK 0.01 μM-treated cells than in the DMSO control (100% ± 6.2% vs. 189.8% ± 9.5%), with decreases in both early apoptosis (16.6% ± 2.2% vs. 7.5% ± 1.0%) and caspase-8 activity (1.0-fold vs. 0.4-fold). The relative proliferation rate was significantly higher in the cryoprotectant mixture (246.0% ± 12.2%) than other individual treatment groups (trehalose 200 mM, 189.8% ± 9.5%; Z-IETD-FMK 0.01 μM, 189.7% ± 2.2%) with no significant differences in Src signaling. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights into the development of freezing protocols to enhance GSC freezing efficiency, thereby facilitating the wider adoption of GSCs in the livestock industry and/or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Man Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Tea Gun Um
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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18
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Sardi J, Bener MB, Simao T, Descoteaux AE, Slepchenko BM, Inaba M. Mad dephosphorylation at the nuclear pore is essential for asymmetric stem cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2006786118. [PMID: 33753475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006786118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. Yet, it remains poorly understood how a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell can receive distinct levels of niche signal and thus acquire different cell fates (self-renewal versus differentiation), despite being adjacent to each other and thus seemingly exposed to similar levels of niche signaling. In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) are maintained by short range bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling; the BMP ligands activate a receptor that phosphorylates the downstream molecule mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad). Phosphorylated Mad (pMad) accumulates in the GSC nucleus and activates the stem cell transcription program. Here, we demonstrate that pMad is highly concentrated in the nucleus of the GSC, while it quickly decreases in the nucleus of the differentiating daughter cell, the precystoblast (preCB), before the completion of cytokinesis. We show that a known Mad phosphatase, Dullard (Dd), is required for the asymmetric partitioning of pMad. Our mathematical modeling recapitulates the high sensitivity of the ratio of pMad levels to the Mad phosphatase activity and explains how the asymmetry arises in a shared cytoplasm. Together, these studies reveal a mechanism for breaking the symmetry of daughter cells during asymmetric stem cell division.
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19
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Vidaurre V, Chen X. Epigenetic regulation of drosophila germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Dev Biol 2021; 473:105-118. [PMID: 33610541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gametogenesis is one of the most extreme cellular differentiation processes that takes place in Drosophila male and female germlines. This process begins at the germline stem cell, which undergoes asymmetric cell division (ACD) to produce a self-renewed daughter that preserves its stemness and a differentiating daughter cell that undergoes epigenetic and genomic changes to eventually produce haploid gametes. Research in molecular genetics and cellular biology are beginning to take advantage of the continually advancing genomic tools to understand: (1) how germ cells are able to maintain their identity throughout the adult reproductive lifetime, and (2) undergo differentiation in a balanced manner. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic mechanisms that address these two questions through their regulation of germline-soma communication to ensure germline stem cell identity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velinda Vidaurre
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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20
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Díaz-Torres A, Rosales-Nieves AE, Pearson JR, Santa-Cruz Mateos C, Marín-Menguiano M, Marshall OJ, Brand AH, González-Reyes A. Stem cell niche organization in the Drosophila ovary requires the ECM component Perlecan. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1744-1753.e5. [PMID: 33621481 PMCID: PMC8405445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments or niches that balance stem cell proliferation and differentiation.1,2 The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of most niches, because it controls niche homeostasis, provides physical support, and conveys extracellular signals.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Basement membranes (BMs) are thin ECM sheets that are constituted mainly by Laminins, Perlecan, Collagen IV, and Entactin/Nidogen and surround epithelia and other tissues.12 Perlecans are secreted proteoglycans that interact with ECM proteins, ligands, receptors, and growth factors such as FGF, PDGF, VEGF, Hedgehog, and Wingless.13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Thus, Perlecans have structural and signaling functions through the binding, storage, or sequestering of specific ligands. We have used the Drosophila ovary to assess the importance of Perlecan in the functioning of a stem cell niche. Ovarioles in the adult ovary are enveloped by an ECM sheath and possess a tapered structure at their anterior apex termed the germarium. The anterior tip of the germarium hosts the germline niche, where two to four germline stem cells (GSCs) reside together with a few somatic cells: terminal filament cells (TFCs), cap cells (CpCs), and escort cells (ECs).19 We report that niche architecture in the developing gonad requires trol, that niche cells secrete an isoform-specific Perlecan-rich interstitial matrix, and that DE-cadherin-dependent stem cell-niche adhesion necessitates trol. Hence, we provide evidence to support a structural role for Perlecan in germline niche establishment during larval stages and in the maintenance of a normal pool of stem cells in the adult niche. The Drosophila ovarian niche contains a Perlecan-rich interstitial matrix Niche cells express and secrete specific Perlecan isoforms Absence of trol results in aberrant niches containing fewer niche and stem cells trol regulates DE-cadherin levels in larval and adult niche cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsa Díaz-Torres
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alicia E Rosales-Nieves
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - John R Pearson
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Santa-Cruz Mateos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miriam Marín-Menguiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Owen J Marshall
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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21
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Duan T, Cupp R, Geyer PK. Drosophila female germline stem cells undergo mitosis without nuclear breakdown. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1450-1462.e3. [PMID: 33548191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell homeostasis requires nuclear lamina (NL) integrity. In Drosophila germ cells, compromised NL integrity activates the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) checkpoint kinases, blocking germ cell differentiation and causing germline stem cell (GSC) loss. Checkpoint activation occurs upon loss of either the NL protein emerin or its partner barrier-to-autointegration factor, two proteins required for nuclear reassembly at the end of mitosis. Here, we examined how mitosis contributes to NL structural defects linked to checkpoint activation. These analyses led to the unexpected discovery that wild-type female GSCs utilize a non-canonical mode of mitosis, one that retains a permeable but intact nuclear envelope and NL. We show that the interphase NL is remodeled during mitosis for insertion of centrosomes that nucleate the mitotic spindle within the confines of the nucleus. We show that depletion or loss of NL components causes mitotic defects, including compromised chromosome segregation associated with altered centrosome positioning and structure. Further, in emerin mutant GSCs, centrosomes remain embedded in the interphase NL. Notably, these embedded centrosomes carry large amounts of pericentriolar material and nucleate astral microtubules, revealing a role for emerin in the regulation of centrosome structure. Epistasis studies demonstrate that defects in centrosome structure are upstream of checkpoint activation, suggesting that these centrosome defects might trigger checkpoint activation and GSC loss. Connections between NL proteins and centrosome function have implications for mechanisms associated with NL dysfunction in other stem cell populations, including NL-associated diseases, such as laminopathies.
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22
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Luo W, Veeran S, Wang J, Li S, Li K, Liu SN. Dual roles of juvenile hormone signaling during early oogenesis in Drosophila. Insect Sci 2020; 27:665-674. [PMID: 31207060 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) signaling plays crucial roles in insect metamorphosis and reproduction. Function of JH signaling in germline stem cells (GSCs) remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the number of GSCs significantly declined in the ovaries of Met, Gce and JHAMT mutants. Then we inhibited JH signaling in selected cell types of ovaries by expressing Met and Gce or Kr-h1 double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) using different Gal4 drivers. Blocking of JH signaling in muscle cells has no effect on GSC numbers. Blocking of JH signaling in cap cells reduced GSCs cells. Inductive expression of Met and Gce dsRNA but not Kr-h1 by Nos-Gal4 increased GSC cells. These results indicate that JH signaling plays an important role in GSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sethuraman Veeran
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Ning Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Malik S, Jang W, Kim JY, Kim C. Mechanisms ensuring robust repression of the Drosophila female germline stem cell maintenance factor Nanos via posttranscriptional regulation. FASEB J 2020; 34:11421-11430. [PMID: 32654316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000656r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During oogenesis in the Drosophila ovary, numerous translational regulators promote the self-renewal or differentiation of stem cells. An intriguing question is how these regulators combine to execute translational regulation. Here, we study mechanisms for the posttranscriptional regulation of nos, a critical stem cell self-renewal factor in the Drosophila ovary; specifically, regulators that promote differentiation of the stem cell daughter. Previous studies showed that Bam, Bgcn, Mei-P26, and Sxl form a complex and repress nos expression through the nos 3'UTR. To further elucidate mechanistic processes of Nos translational regulation, we reconstituted nos repression in cultured Drosophila cells. We identify Ago1 and Brat as new members, and show that Ago1 acts through miRNA binding sites in the proximal region of the nos 3'UTR, whereas Sxl acts via an Sxl binding sequence in the distal region. Combining these findings with published reports, we propose that additional factors Bam, Bgcn, Mei-P26, and Brat are recruited to nos mRNAs through interaction with Ago1 and Sxl. These findings elucidate mechanisms of nos regulation by diverse translational repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Wijeong Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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24
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Gadre P, Chatterjee S, Varshney B, Ray K. Cyclin E and Cdk1 regulate the termination of germline transit-amplification process in Drosophila testis. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1786-1803. [PMID: 32573329 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An extension of the G1 is correlated with stem cell differentiation. The role of cell cycle regulation during the subsequent transit amplification (TA) divisions is, however, unclear. Here, we report for the first time that in the Drosophila male germline lineage, the transit amplification divisions accelerate after the second TA division. The cell cycle phases, marked by Cyclin E and Cyclin B, are progressively altered during the TA. Antagonistic functions of the bag-of-marbles and the Transforming-Growth-Factor-β signaling regulate the cell division rates after the second TA division and the extent of the Cyclin E phase during the fourth TA division. Furthermore, loss of Cyclin E during the fourth TA cycle retards the cell division and induces premature meiosis in some cases. A similar reduction of Cdk1 activity during this stage arrests the penultimate division and subsequent differentiation, whereas enhancement of the Cdk1 activity prolongs the TA by one extra round. Altogether, the results suggest that modification of the cell cycle structure and the rates of cell division after the second TA division determine the extent of amplification. Also, the regulation of the Cyclin E and CDK1 functions during the penultimate TA division determines the induction of meiosis and subsequent differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna Gadre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Shambhabi Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Bhavna Varshney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, India
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25
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Nagasawa K, Ishida M, Octavera A, Kusano K, Kezuka F, Kitano T, Yoshiura Y, Yoshizaki G. Novel method for mass producing genetically sterile fish from surrogate broodstock via spermatogonial transplantation†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:535-546. [PMID: 30252024 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable system for producing sterile domesticated fish is required to prevent genetic contamination to native populations caused by aquaculture escapees. The objective of this study was to develop a system to mass produce stock for aquaculture that is genetically sterile by surrogate broodstock via spermatogonial transplantation (SGTP). We previously discovered that female medaka carrying mutations on the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene become sterile. In this study, we demonstrated that sterile hybrid recipient females that received spermatogonia isolated from sex-reversed XX males (fshr (-/-)) recovered their fertility and produced only donor-derived fshr (-) X eggs. Natural mating between these females and fshr (-/-) sex-reversed XX males successfully produced large numbers of sterile fshr (-/-) female offspring. In conclusion, we established a new strategy for efficient mass production of sterile fish. This system can be applied to any aquaculture species for which SGTP and methods for producing sterile recipients can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Nagasawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ishida
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Octavera
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kusano
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kezuka
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Yoshiura
- Yashima Station, Stock Enhancement and Management Department, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Enhancement of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang M, Liu L, Cao X, Liu Y, Di J, Huang X, Sun F, Huang W, Xu F. Efficiently accumulating germ-like stem cells from mouse postnatal ovary by in situ tissue culture. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:223-231. [PMID: 32189336 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have revealed that germline stem cells (GSCs) exist in the mouse postnatal ovary, how to efficiently obtain GSCs for regenerating neo-oogenesis is still a technical challenge. Here, we report that using in situ tissue culture we can efficiently accumulate large amounts of proliferating germ-like cells from mouse postnatal ovaries. Usually, more than 10,000 germ-like cells can be derived from one ovary by this method, and over 20% of these cells can grow into germ-like cells with self-renewal, which thus can serve as a good cell pool to isolate GSCs by other cell assorting methods such as FACS. This method is simple and time-saving, which should be useful for in future studies on mouse GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyong Di
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuying Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangzhen Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Ibtisham F, Honaramooz A. Spermatogonial Stem Cells for In Vitro Spermatogenesis and In Vivo Restoration of Fertility. Cells 2020; 9:E745. [PMID: 32197440 PMCID: PMC7140722 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the only adult stem cells capable of passing genes onto the next generation. SSCs also have the potential to provide important knowledge about stem cells in general and to offer critical in vitro and in vivo applications in assisted reproductive technologies. After century-long research, proof-of-principle culture systems have been introduced to support the in vitro differentiation of SSCs from rodent models into haploid male germ cells. Despite recent progress in organotypic testicular tissue culture and two-dimensional or three-dimensional cell culture systems, to achieve complete in vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) using non-rodent species remains challenging. Successful in vitro production of human haploid male germ cells will foster hopes of preserving the fertility potential of prepubertal cancer patients who frequently face infertility due to the gonadotoxic side-effects of cancer treatment. Moreover, the development of optimal systems for IVS would allow designing experiments that are otherwise difficult or impossible to be performed directly in vivo, such as genetic manipulation of germ cells or correction of genetic disorders. This review outlines the recent progress in the use of SSCs for IVS and potential in vivo applications for the restoration of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Honaramooz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Kotov AA, Godneeva BK, Olenkina OM, Adashev VE, Trostnikov MV, Olenina LV. The Drosophila RNA Helicase Belle (DDX3) Non-Autonomously Suppresses Germline Tumorigenesis Via Regulation of a Specific mRNA Set. Cells 2020; 9:E550. [PMID: 32111103 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX3 subfamily DEAD-box RNA helicases are essential developmental regulators of RNA metabolism in eukaryotes. belle, the single DDX3 ortholog in Drosophila, is required for fly viability, fertility, and germline stem cell maintenance. Belle is involved both in translational activation and repression of target mRNAs in different tissues; however, direct targets of Belle in the testes are essentially unknown. Here we showed that belle RNAi knockdown in testis cyst cells caused a disruption of adhesion between germ and cyst cells and generation of tumor-like clusters of stem-like germ cells. Ectopic expression of β-integrin in cyst cells rescued early stages of spermatogenesis in belle knockdown testes, indicating that integrin adhesion complexes are required for the interaction between somatic and germ cells in a cyst. To address Belle functions in spermatogenesis in detail we performed cross-linking immunoprecipitation and sequencing (CLIP-seq) analysis and identified multiple mRNAs that interacted with Belle in the testes. The set of Belle targets includes transcripts of proteins that are essential for preventing the tumor-like clusters of germ cells and for sustaining spermatogenesis. By our hypothesis, failures in the translation of a number of mRNA targets additively contribute to developmental defects observed in the testes with belle knockdowns both in cyst cells and in the germline.
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Duan T, Green N, Tootle TL, Geyer PK. Nuclear architecture as an intrinsic regulator of Drosophila female germline stem cell maintenance. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 37:30-38. [PMID: 32087561 PMCID: PMC7089816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis of Drosophila germline stem cells (GSC) depends upon the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic signals. This review highlights emerging data that support nuclear architecture as an intrinsic regulator of GSC maintenance and germ cell differentiation. Here, we focus on the nuclear lamina (NL) and the nucleolus, two compartments that undergo alterations in composition upon germ cell differentiation. Loss of NL or nucleolar components leads to GSC loss, resulting from activation of GSC quality control checkpoint pathways. We suggest that the NL and nucleolus integrate signals needed for the switch between GSC maintenance and germ cell differentiation, and propose regulation of nuclear actin pools as one mechanism that connects these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Duan
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Green
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tina L Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pamela K Geyer
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Shpigel N, Shemesh N, Kishner M, Ben-Zvi A. Dietary restriction and gonadal signaling differentially regulate post-development quality control functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12891. [PMID: 30648346 PMCID: PMC6413660 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is remodeled early in Caenorhabditis elegans adulthood, resulting in a sharp decline in folding capacity and reduced ability to cope with chronic and acute stress. Endocrine signals from the reproductive system can ameliorate this proteostatic collapse and reshape the quality control network. Given that environmental conditions, such as food availability, impact reproductive success, we asked whether conditions of dietary restriction (DR) can also reverse the decline in quality control function at the transition to adulthood, and if so, whether gonadal signaling and dietary signaling remodel the quality control network in a similar or different manner. For this, we employed the eat-2 genetic model and bacterial deprivation protocol. We found that animals under DR maintained heat shock response activation and high protein folding capacity during adulthood. However, while gonadal signaling required DAF-16, DR-associated rescue of quality control functions required the antagonistic transcription factor, PQM-1. Bioinformatic analyses supported a role for DAF-16 in acute stress responses and a role for PQM-1 in cellular maintenance and chronic stress. Comparing the stress activation and folding capacities of dietary- and gonadal-signaling mutant animals confirmed this prediction and demonstrated that each differentially impacts cellular quality control capabilities. These data suggest that the functional mode of cellular quality control networks can be differentially remodeled, affecting an organism's ability to respond to acute and chronic stresses during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nufar Shpigel
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Netta Shemesh
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Mor Kishner
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Anat Ben-Zvi
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
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Lenhart KF, Capozzoli B, Warrick GSD, DiNardo S. Diminished Jak/STAT Signaling Causes Early-Onset Aging Defects in Stem Cell Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:256-267.e3. [PMID: 30612906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue renewal becomes compromised with age. Although defects in niche and stem cell behavior have been implicated in promoting age-related decline, the causes of early-onset aging defects are unknown. We have identified an early consequence of aging in germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila testis. Aging disrupts the unique program of GSC cytokinesis, with GSCs failing to abscise from their daughter cells. Abscission failure significantly disrupts both self-renewal and the generation of differentiating germ cells. Extensive live imaging and genetic analyses show that abscission failure is due to inappropriate retention of F-actin at the intercellular bridges between GSC-daughter cells. Furthermore, F-actin is regulated by the Jak/STAT pathway-increasing or decreasing pathway activity can rescue or exacerbate the age-induced abscission defect, respectively. Even subtle decreases to STAT activity are sufficient to precociously age young GSCs and induce abscission failure. Thus, this work has identified the earliest age-related defect in GSCs and has revealed a unique role for an established niche signaling pathway in controlling stem cell cytokinesis and in regulating stem cell behavior with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari F Lenhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Benjamin Capozzoli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gwen S D Warrick
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen DiNardo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Gametogenesis represents the most dramatic cellular differentiation pathways in both female and male flies. At the genome level, meiosis ensures that diploid germ cells become haploid gametes. At the epigenome level, extensive changes are required to turn on and shut off gene expression in a precise spatiotemporally controlled manner. Research applying conventional molecular genetics and cell biology, in combination with rapidly advancing genomic tools have helped us to investigate (1) how germ cells maintain lineage specificity throughout their adult reproductive lifetime; (2) what molecular mechanisms ensure proper oogenesis and spermatogenesis, as well as protect genome integrity of the germline; (3) how signaling pathways contribute to germline-soma communication; and (4) if such communication is important. In this chapter, we highlight recent discoveries that have improved our understanding of these questions. On the other hand, restarting a new life cycle upon fertilization is a unique challenge faced by gametes, raising questions that involve intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Therefore, we also discuss new developments that link changes during gametogenesis to early embryonic development-a rapidly growing field that promises to bring more understanding to some fundamental questions regarding metazoan development.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous articles have been published on the potential of using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in clinical applications. As these types of stem cell are well studied, the research on germline stem cells (GSCs), which hold a huge potential for clinical application and permanent treatment for infertility, is left behind. Besides possessing the characteristics of being able to self-renew and to give rise to differentiated progeny throughout postnatal life, the potential of GSCs to transform into pluripotent status is remarkable but is unexploited. OBJECTIVE To explore the potential of germline stem cells in therapeutic usage, it's required to understand the underlying transformation mechanism of germline stem cells into pluripotent cells. RESULTS In this review, we summarized development of ESCs, GSCs, iPSCs, and embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells derived from GSCs, discussed feasibility and the technical hurdles of using these types of stem cells in therapeutic cloning, and finally focused on the comparison of the ESCs, iPSCs and ESlike cells in current as well as potential applications in medicine. Moreover, the prospects of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) and their derived ES-like cells were also discussed as a novel alternative in clinical application. CONCLUSION With the capacity of germline reconstitution and transformation into pluripotent status, GSCs possess significant potential for clinic usage and therapeutic cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Peng
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Kang Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Burnaevskiy N, Chen S, Mailig M, Reynolds A, Karanth S, Mendenhall A, Van Gilst M, Kaeberlein M. Reactivation of RNA metabolism underlies somatic restoration after adult reproductive diapause in C. elegans. eLife 2018; 7:36194. [PMID: 30070633 PMCID: PMC6089596 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying biological aging are becoming recognized as therapeutic targets to delay the onset of multiple age-related morbidities. Even greater health benefits can potentially be achieved by halting or reversing age-associated changes. C. elegans restore their tissues and normal longevity upon exit from prolonged adult reproductive diapause, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we focused on the mechanisms controlling recovery from adult diapause. Here, we show that functional improvement of post-mitotic somatic tissues does not require germline signaling, germline stem cells, or replication of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA. Instead a large expansion of the somatic RNA pool is necessary for restoration of youthful function and longevity. Treating animals with the drug 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine prevents this restoration by blocking reactivation of RNA metabolism. These observations define a critical early step during exit from adult reproductive diapause that is required for somatic rejuvenation of an adult metazoan animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shengying Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Miguel Mailig
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Anthony Reynolds
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Shruti Karanth
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Marc Van Gilst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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36
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Weaver LN, Drummond-Barbosa D. Maintenance of Proper Germline Stem Cell Number Requires Adipocyte Collagen in Adult Drosophila Females. Genetics 2018; 209:1155-1166. [PMID: 29884747 PMCID: PMC6063239 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells reside in specialized niches and are regulated by a variety of physiological inputs. Adipocytes influence whole-body physiology and stem cell lineages; however, the molecular mechanisms linking adipocytes to stem cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that collagen IV produced in adipocytes is transported to the ovary to maintain proper germline stem cell (GSC) number in adult Drosophila females. Adipocyte-derived collagen IV acts through β-integrin signaling to maintain normal levels of E-cadherin at the niche, thereby ensuring proper adhesion to GSCs. These findings demonstrate that extracellular matrix components produced in adipocytes can be transported to and incorporated into an established adult tissue to influence stem cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley N Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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37
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Feng Y, Ning Y, Lin X, Zhang D, Liao S, Zheng C, Chen J, Wang Y, Ma L, Xie D, Han C. Reprogramming p53-Deficient Germline Stem Cells Into Pluripotent State by Nanog. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:692-703. [PMID: 29631477 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), also known as germline stem cells (GSCs), revert back to pluripotent state either spontaneously or upon being modified genetically. However, the reprogramming efficiencies are low, and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted transcriptomic analysis and found that many transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers were differentially expressed between GSCs and embryonic stem cells. We failed in reprogramming GSCs to pluripotent state using the Yamanaka 4 Factors, but succeeded when Nanog and Tet1 were included. More importantly, reprogramming was also achieved with Nanog alone in a p53-deficient GSC line with an efficiency of 0.02‰. These GSC-derived-induced pluripotent stem cells possessed in vitro and in vivo differentiation abilities despite the low rate of chimera formation, which might be caused by abnormal methylation in certain paternally imprinted genes. Together, these results show that GSCs can be reprogrammed to pluripotent state via multiple avenues and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of GSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Feng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ning
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Shangying Liao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Zheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Ma
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xie
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, Flibotte S, Taylor J, Au V, Moerman DG, Maine EM. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (Bethesda) 2018; 8:1535-1544. [PMID: 29507057 PMCID: PMC5940146 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a genetic screen to identify genes that promote GLP-1/Notch signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells, we found a single mutation, om40, defining a gene called ego-3. ego-3(om40) causes several defects in the soma and the germline, including paralysis during larval development, sterility, delayed proliferation of germline stem cells, and ectopic germline stem cell proliferation. Whole genome sequencing identified om40 as an allele of hsp-90, previously known as daf-21, which encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the cytosolic form of HSP90. This protein is a molecular chaperone with a central position in the protein homeostasis network, which is responsible for proper folding, structural maintenance, and degradation of proteins. In addition to its essential role in cellular function, HSP90 plays an important role in stem cell maintenance and renewal. Complementation analysis using a deletion allele of hsp-90 confirmed that ego-3 is the same gene. hsp-90(om40) is an I→N conservative missense mutation of a highly conserved residue in the middle domain of HSP-90 RNA interference-mediated knockdown of hsp-90 expression partially phenocopied hsp-90(om40), confirming the loss-of-function nature of hsp-90(om40) Furthermore, reduced HSP-90 activity enhanced the effect of reduced function of both the GLP-1 receptor and the downstream LAG-1 transcription factor. Taken together, our results provide the first experimental evidence of an essential role for HSP90 in Notch signaling in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Lissemore
- Biology Department, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118
| | - Elyse Connors
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Li Qiao
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Mark L Edgley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jon Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Vinci Au
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Donald G Moerman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Kuo YC, Au HK, Hsu JL, Wang HF, Lee CJ, Peng SW, Lai SC, Wu YC, Ho HN, Huang YH. IGF-1R Promotes Symmetric Self-Renewal and Migration of Alkaline Phosphatase + Germ Stem Cells through HIF-2α-OCT4/CXCR4 Loop under Hypoxia. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:524-537. [PMID: 29307582 PMCID: PMC5830933 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia cooperates with endocrine signaling to maintain the symmetric self-renewal proliferation and migration of embryonic germline stem cells (GSCs). However, the lack of an appropriate in vitro cell model has dramatically hindered the understanding of the mechanism underlying this cooperation. Here, using a serum-free system, we demonstrated that hypoxia significantly induced the GSC mesenchymal transition, increased the expression levels of the pluripotent transcription factor OCT4 and migration-associated proteins (SDF-1, CXCR4, IGF-1, and IGF-1R), and activated the cellular expression and translocalization of the CXCR4-downstream proteins ARP3/pFAK. The underlying mechanism involved significant IGF-1/IGF-1R activation of OCT4/CXCR4 expression through HIF-2α regulation. Picropodophyllin-induced inhibition of IGF-1R phosphorylation significantly suppressed hypoxia-induced SDF-1/CXCR4 expression and cell migration. Furthermore, transactivation between IGF-1R and CXCR4 was involved. In summary, we demonstrated that niche hypoxia synergistically cooperates with its associated IGF-1R signaling to regulate the symmetric division (self-renewal proliferation) and cell migration of alkaline phosphatase-positive GSCs through HIF-2α-OCT4/CXCR4 during embryogenesis. Hypoxia regulated AP+GSC self-renewal and cell migration via IGF-1R and CXCR4 Hypoxia increased IGF1/IGF-1R and SDF-1/CXCR4 to promote AP+GSC migration Crosstalk of IGF-1/IGF-1R and SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in AP+GSCs under hypoxia Inhibition of IGF-1R phosphorylation suppressed hypoxia-induced cell migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Kien Au
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 91201 Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ju Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syue-Wei Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Chuan Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Wu
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, National Taiwan University and Hospital, 10041 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 11031 Taipei, Taiwan; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, 10031 Taipei, Taiwan; The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 10031 Taipei, Taiwan.
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Parte SC, Smolenkov A, Batra SK, Ratajczak MZ, Kakar SS. Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells: Unraveling a Germline Connection. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1781-1803. [PMID: 29078734 PMCID: PMC5725638 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is most lethal among gynecological cancers with often fatal consequences due to lack of effective biomarkers and relapse, which propels ovarian cancer research into unique directions to establish solid targeted therapeutics. "Ovarian stem cells" expressing germline pluripotent markers serve as novel paradigm with potential to address infertility, menopause, and probably influence tumor initiation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) pose vital role in tumor recurrence and hence it is extremely important to study them with respect to ovarian stem cells across various cancer stages and normal ovaries. Pluripotent (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA1, and SSEA4), germline (IFITM3, VASA/DDX4), and cancer stem (CD44, LGR5) cell specific markers were characterized for protein and mRNA expression in tumor tissues to understand their distribution in the surface epithelium and ovarian cortex in benign, borderline, and high-grade malignant stages. To elucidate whether pluripotent ovarian germline stem cells and CSCs are common subset of stem cells in tumor tissues, VASA was colocalized with known pluripotent stem (OCT4, SSEA1, SSEA4) and CSC (CD44, LGR5) specific markers by confocal microscopy. Single, smaller spherical (≤5 μm), and larger elliptical fibroblast like (≥10 μm) cells (also in clusters or multiples) were detected implying probable functional behavioral significance of cells in tumor initiation and metastasis across various cancer stages. Cells revealed characteristic staining pattern in ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) and cortex regions exclusive for each marker. Co-expression studies revealed specific subpopulations existing simultaneously in OSE and cortex and that a dynamic hierarchy of (cancer) stem cells with germline properties prevails in normal ovaries and cancer stages. Novel insights into CSC biology with respect to ovarian and germline stem cell perspective were obtained. Understanding molecular signatures and distribution within ovarian tissue may enable identification of precise tumor-initiating CSC populations and signaling pathways thus improving their efficient targeting and strategies to prevent their dissemination causing fatal relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema C. Parte
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Andrei Smolenkov
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Rojas-Ríos P, Chartier A, Pierson S, Simonelig M. Aubergine and piRNAs promote germline stem cell self-renewal by repressing the proto-oncogene Cbl. EMBO J 2017; 36:3194-3211. [PMID: 29030484 PMCID: PMC5666619 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI proteins play essential roles in germ cells and stem cell lineages. In Drosophila, Piwi is required in somatic niche cells and germline stem cells (GSCs) to support GSC self‐renewal and differentiation. Whether and how other PIWI proteins are involved in GSC biology remains unknown. Here, we show that Aubergine (Aub), another PIWI protein, is intrinsically required in GSCs for their self‐renewal and differentiation. Aub needs to be loaded with piRNAs to control GSC self‐renewal and acts through direct mRNA regulation. We identify the Cbl proto‐oncogene, a regulator of mammalian hematopoietic stem cells, as a novel GSC differentiation factor. Aub stimulates GSC self‐renewal by repressing Cbl mRNA translation and does so in part through recruitment of the CCR4‐NOT complex. This study reveals the role of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in controlling stem cell homeostasis via translational repression and highlights piRNAs as major post‐transcriptional regulators in key developmental decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aymeric Chartier
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphanie Pierson
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Simonelig
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Artoni F, Kreipke RE, Palmeira O, Dixon C, Goldberg Z, Ruohola-Baker H. Loss of foxo rescues stem cell aging in Drosophila germ line. eLife 2017; 6:27842. [PMID: 28925355 PMCID: PMC5644957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging stem cells lose the capacity to properly respond to injury and regenerate their residing tissues. Here, we utilized the ability of Drosophila melanogaster germline stem cells (GSCs) to survive exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) as a model of adult stem cell injury and identified a regeneration defect in aging GSCs: while aging GSCs survive exposure to IR, they fail to reenter the cell cycle and regenerate the germline in a timely manner. Mechanistically, we identify foxo and mTOR homologue, Tor as important regulators of GSC quiescence following exposure to ionizing radiation. foxo is required for entry in quiescence, while Tor is essential for cell cycle reentry. Importantly, we further show that the lack of regeneration in aging germ line stem cells after IR can be rescued by loss of foxo. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the unique ability to replace dead cells and repair damaged tissues. To give rise to new cells, stem cells need to divide. This process, known as the cell cycle, includes several stages and is regulated by many different genes. For example, in many organisms, a gene called foxo helps cells respond to stress and to regulate the cell cycle and cell death. Defects in this gene have been linked to age-related diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous research has shown that foxo can also regulate Tor – a gene that helps cells to divide and grow. As we age, stem cells become less efficient at regenerating tissues, especially after exposure to toxins and radiation. However, until now, it was not known how stem cells control their division after injury and during aging, and what role these two genes play in injured and aging stem cells. Now, Artoni, Kreipke et al. used germline stem cells from fly ovaries to investigate how young and old stem cells respond to injury. In young flies, foxo paused the cell cycle of the damaged stem cells. After 24 hours, Tor was able to overcome the action of foxo, and the stem cells resumed dividing and regenerating the damaged tissue. However, in old stem cells, foxo and Tor were misregulated and the stem cells could not restart dividing or repairing tissue after injury. When the levels of foxo in old stem cells were experimentally reduced, their ability to regenerate the tissue was restored. These discoveries provide new insights into how stem cells respond to injury and suggest that stem cell aging may be a reversible process. A next step will be to investigate why foxo and Tor are misregulated during aging and how these two genes interact with each another. In future, this could help develop new anti-aging therapies that can restore the body’s natural ability to repair itself following injury. Moreover, since cancer cells can become resistant to conventional cancer treatment by withdrawing from the cell cycle, developing new treatments that target foxo and Tor could help beat cancer and prevent its reoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Artoni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Rebecca E Kreipke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Ondina Palmeira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Connor Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Zachary Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
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Chan AL, La HM, Legrand JMD, Mäkelä JA, Eichenlaub M, De Seram M, Ramialison M, Hobbs RM. Germline Stem Cell Activity Is Sustained by SALL4-Dependent Silencing of Distinct Tumor Suppressor Genes. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:956-71. [PMID: 28867346 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained spermatogenesis in adult males and fertility recovery following germ cell depletion are dependent on undifferentiated spermatogonia. We previously demonstrated a key role for the transcription factor SALL4 in spermatogonial differentiation. However, whether SALL4 has broader roles within spermatogonia remains unclear despite its ability to co-regulate genes with PLZF, a transcription factor required for undifferentiated cell maintenance. Through development of inducible knockout models, we show that short-term integrity of differentiating but not undifferentiated populations requires SALL4. However, SALL4 loss was associated with long-term functional decline of undifferentiated spermatogonia and disrupted stem cell-driven regeneration. Mechanistically, SALL4 associated with the NuRD co-repressor and repressed expression of the tumor suppressor genes Foxl1 and Dusp4. Aberrant Foxl1 activation inhibited undifferentiated cell growth and survival, while DUSP4 suppressed self-renewal pathways. We therefore uncover an essential role for SALL4 in maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonial activity and identify regulatory pathways critical for germline stem cell function.
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44
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Lilly MA, Davis MF, Fabie JE, Terhune EB, Gallicano GI. Current stem cell based therapies in diabetes. Am J Stem Cells 2016; 5:87-98. [PMID: 27853630 PMCID: PMC5107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with wide-ranging personal and societal impacts that has been managed medicinally for over half a century. Since the discovery of stem cells, pancreatic islet regeneration has become a central target for clinical application that has the potential to decrease or eliminate the need for insulin administration and adjunctive medications. The discovery of alternative routes to pluripotency that bypass the ethical implications of embryonic stem cells has significantly expanded the horizons of stem cell based therapy. Engraftment of mature insulin producing cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells may represent the most promising treatment strategy for diabetic patients with impaired β-cell function. These cells are easily accessible and have been shown to closely mimic endogenous β-cell function in vivo. While the risks of oncogenesis and transplant rejection are still of great concern, large strides have been made on both fronts with the application of integration free induction strategies and the ongoing development of microcapsules that cloak implanted cells from an autoimmune response. This review will focus on the progress and remaining obstacles in diabetes related stem cell research, and will specifically discuss approaches using embryonic, induced pluripotent, germline and mesenchymal derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Lilly
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington D.C., USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington D.C., USA
| | - Josh E Fabie
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington D.C., USA
| | - Elizabeth B Terhune
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington D.C., USA
| | - G Ian Gallicano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington D.C., USA
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Yakushev EY, Mikhaleva EA, Abramov YA, Sokolova OA, Zyrianova IM, Gvozdev VA, Klenov MS. [The role of Piwi nuclear localization in the differentiation and proliferation of germline stem cells]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2016; 50:713-720. [PMID: 27668609 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898416040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Piwi protein and its orthologs are considered as the key components of the piRNA machinery implicated in transcriptional silencing of transposons. Неre, we show that nuclear localization of the Piwi protein is required not only for transposon repression, but also for proper differentiation of germline stem cells (GSCs). piwi^(Nt) mutation that causes loss of nuclear Piwi and its retention in the cytoplasm leads to the accumulation of undifferentiated GSC-like cells. The analysis of piwi^(Nt) mutation in combination with a bam gene mutation blocking GSC differentiation shows that the loss of nuclear Piwi decreases GSC proliferation rate. This is accompanied by the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks in GSCs that may be caused by transposition events. Here, for the first time a set of transposons repressed by Piwi in GSCs and surrounding niche cells has been identified. The present study together with our previous data show that nuclear and cytoplasmic Piwi can regulate different stages of the functioning of germinal cells: cytoplasmic Piwi is sufficient to maintain GSCs, while nuclear Piwi localization is necessary for their proper proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Yakushev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - E A Mikhaleva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - Y A Abramov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - O A Sokolova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - I M Zyrianova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - V A Gvozdev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - M S Klenov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia.,
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Yu J, Liu Y, Lan X, Wu H, Wen Y, Zhou Z, Hu Z, Sha J, Guo X, Tong C. CHES-1-like, the ortholog of a non-obstructive azoospermia-associated gene, blocks germline stem cell differentiation by upregulating Dpp expression in Drosophila testis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:42303-42313. [PMID: 27281616 PMCID: PMC5173136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia is a high risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors, whose underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In a genome-wide association study to identify novel loci associated with human non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), we uncovered a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1887102, P=2.60 ×10-7) in a human gene FOXN3. FOXN3 is an evolutionarily conserved gene. We used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to test whether CHES-1-like, the Drosophila FOXN3 ortholog, is required for male fertility. CHES-1-like knockout flies are viable and fertile, and show no defects in spermatogenesis. However, ectopic expression of CHES-1-like in germ cells significantly reduced male fertility. With CHES-1-like overexpression, spermatogonia fail to differentiate after four rounds of mitotic division, but continue to divide to form tumor like structures. In these testes, expression levels of differentiation factor, Bam, were reduced, but the expression region of Bam was expanded. Further reduced Bam expression in CHES-1-like expressing testes exhibited enhanced tumor-like structure formation. The expression of daughters against dpp (dad), a downstream gene of dpp signaling, was upregulated by CHES-1-like expression in testes. We found that CHES-1-like could directly bind to the dpp promoter. We propose a model that CHES-1-like overexpression in germ cells activates dpp expression, inhibits spermatocyte differentiation, and finally leads to germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang Lan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Chi
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Min Han
- b Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of MCDB, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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48
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Brenner JL, Schedl T. Germline Stem Cell Differentiation Entails Regional Control of Cell Fate Regulator GLD-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 202:1085-103. [PMID: 26757772 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cell differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by glp-1 Notch signaling. Cell fate regulator GLD-1 is sufficient to induce meiotic entry and expressed at a high level during meiotic prophase, inhibiting mitotic gene activity. glp-1 signaling and other regulators control GLD-1 levels post-transcriptionally (low in stem cells, high in meiotic prophase), but many aspects of GLD-1 regulation are uncharacterized, including the link between glp-1-mediated transcriptional control and post-transcriptional GLD-1 regulation. We established a sensitive assay to quantify GLD-1 levels across an ∼35-cell diameter field, where distal germline stem cells differentiate proximally into meiotic prophase cells in the adult C. elegans hermaphrodite, and applied the approach to mutants in known or proposed GLD-1 regulators. In wild-type GLD-1 levels elevated ∼20-fold in a sigmoidal pattern. We found that two direct transcriptional targets of glp-1 signaling, lst-1 and sygl-1, were individually required for repression of GLD-1. We determined that lst-1 and sygl-1 act in the same genetic pathway as known GLD-1 translational repressor fbf-1, while lst-1 also acts in parallel to fbf-1, linking glp-1-mediated transcriptional control and post-transcriptional GLD-1 repression. Additionally, we estimated the position in wild-type gonads where germ cells irreversibly commit to meiotic development based on GLD-1 levels in worms where glp-1 activity was manipulated to cause an irreversible fate switch. Analysis of known repressors and activators, as well as modeling the sigmoidal accumulation pattern, indicated that regulation of GLD-1 levels is largely regional, which we integrated with the current view of germline stem cell differentiation.
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49
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Pech MF, Garbuzov A, Hasegawa K, Sukhwani M, Zhang RJ, Benayoun BA, Brockman SA, Lin S, Brunet A, Orwig KE, Artandi SE. High telomerase is a hallmark of undifferentiated spermatogonia and is required for maintenance of male germline stem cells. Genes Dev 2015; 29:2420-34. [PMID: 26584619 PMCID: PMC4691947 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271783.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase inactivation causes loss of the male germline in worms, fish, and mice, indicating a conserved dependence on telomere maintenance in this cell lineage. Here, using telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) reporter mice, we found that very high telomerase expression is a hallmark of undifferentiated spermatogonia, the mitotic population where germline stem cells reside. We exploited these high telomerase levels as a basis for purifying undifferentiated spermatogonia using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Telomerase levels in undifferentiated spermatogonia and embryonic stem cells are comparable and much greater than in somatic progenitor compartments. Within the germline, we uncovered an unanticipated gradient of telomerase activity that also enables isolation of more mature populations. Transcriptomic comparisons of Tert(High) undifferentiated spermatogonia and Tert(Low) differentiated spermatogonia by RNA sequencing reveals marked differences in cell cycle and key molecular features of each compartment. Transplantation studies show that germline stem cell activity is confined to the Tert(High) cKit(-) population. Telomere shortening in telomerase knockout strains causes depletion of undifferentiated spermatogonia and eventual loss of all germ cells after undifferentiated spermatogonia drop below a critical threshold. These data reveal that high telomerase expression is a fundamental characteristic of germline stem cells, thus explaining the broad dependence on telomerase for germline immortality in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Pech
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alina Garbuzov
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Kazuteru Hasegawa
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Ruixuan J Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Stephanie A Brockman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shengda Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Seidel HS, Kimble J. Cell-cycle quiescence maintains Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells independent of GLP-1/Notch. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26551561 PMCID: PMC4718729 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of adult stem cells exist in a state of cell-cycle quiescence, yet it has remained unclear whether quiescence plays a role in maintaining the stem cell fate. Here we establish the adult germline of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for facultative stem cell quiescence. We find that mitotically dividing germ cells--including germline stem cells--become quiescent in the absence of food. This quiescence is characterized by a slowing of S phase, a block to M-phase entry, and the ability to re-enter M phase rapidly in response to re-feeding. Further, we demonstrate that cell-cycle quiescence alters the genetic requirements for stem cell maintenance: The signaling pathway required for stem cell maintenance under fed conditions--GLP-1/Notch signaling--becomes dispensable under conditions of quiescence. Thus, cell-cycle quiescence can itself maintain stem cells, independent of the signaling pathway otherwise essential for such maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Seidel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,The Ellison Medical Foundation Fellow of the Life Sciences Research Foundation, The Lawrence Ellison Foundation, Mount Airy, United States
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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