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Mascarenhas M, Martins M, Afonso J, Ribeiro T, Cardoso P, Mendes F, Andrade P, Cardoso H, Ferreira J, Macedo G. The Future of Minimally Invasive Capsule Panendoscopy: Robotic Precision, Wireless Imaging and AI-Driven Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5861. [PMID: 38136403 PMCID: PMC10742312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, the introduction of single-camera wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) redefined small bowel study. Progress continued with the development of double-camera devices, first for the colon and rectum, and then, for panenteric assessment. Advancements continued with magnetic capsule endoscopy (MCE), particularly when assisted by a robotic arm, designed to enhance gastric evaluation. Indeed, as CE provides full visualization of the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a minimally invasive capsule panendoscopy (CPE) could be a feasible alternative, despite its time-consuming nature and learning curve, assuming appropriate bowel cleansing has been carried out. Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the development of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for CE auxiliary reading (detecting and diagnosing), may provide the missing link in fulfilling the goal of establishing the use of panendoscopy, although prospective studies are still needed to validate these models in actual clinical scenarios. Recent CE advancements will be discussed, focusing on the current evidence on CNN developments, and their real-life implementation potential and associated ethical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mascarenhas
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Martins
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Afonso
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Mendes
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Andrade
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Cardoso
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Department of Mechanic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-065 Porto, Portugal;
- DigestAID—Digestive Artificial Intelligence Development, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.); (T.R.); (P.C.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (H.C.); (G.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-047 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
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