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Xu R, Pan Z, Nakagawa T. Gross Chromosomal Rearrangement at Centromeres. Biomolecules 2023; 14:28. [PMID: 38254628 PMCID: PMC10813616 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Centromeres play essential roles in the faithful segregation of chromosomes. CENP-A, the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, and heterochromatin characterized by di- or tri-methylation of histone H3 9th lysine (H3K9) are the hallmarks of centromere chromatin. Contrary to the epigenetic marks, DNA sequences underlying the centromere region of chromosomes are not well conserved through evolution. However, centromeres consist of repetitive sequences in many eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and a subset of fungi, including fission yeast. Advances in long-read sequencing techniques have uncovered the complete sequence of human centromeres containing more than thousands of alpha satellite repeats and other types of repetitive sequences. Not only tandem but also inverted repeats are present at a centromere. DNA recombination between centromere repeats can result in gross chromosomal rearrangement (GCR), such as translocation and isochromosome formation. CENP-A chromatin and heterochromatin suppress the centromeric GCR. The key player of homologous recombination, Rad51, safeguards centromere integrity through conservative noncrossover recombination between centromere repeats. In contrast to Rad51-dependent recombination, Rad52-mediated single-strand annealing (SSA) and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) lead to centromeric GCR. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of centromere and recombination proteins in maintaining centromere integrity and discusses how GCR occurs at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ziyi Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Mason FM, Kounlavong ES, Tebeje AT, Dahiya R, Guess T, Khan A, Vlach L, Norris SR, Lovejoy CA, Dere R, Strahl BD, Ohi R, Ly P, Walker CL, Rathmell WK. SETD2 safeguards the genome against isochromosome formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303752120. [PMID: 37722039 PMCID: PMC10523680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303752120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Isochromosomes are mirror-imaged chromosomes with simultaneous duplication and deletion of genetic material which may contain two centromeres to create isodicentric chromosomes. Although isochromosomes commonly occur in cancer and developmental disorders and promote genome instability, mechanisms that prevent isochromosomes are not well understood. We show here that the tumor suppressor and methyltransferase SETD2 is essential to prevent these errors. Using cellular and cytogenetic approaches, we demonstrate that loss of SETD2 or its epigenetic mark, histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), results in the formation of isochromosomes as well as isodicentric and acentric chromosomes. These defects arise during DNA replication and are likely due to faulty homologous recombination by RAD52. These data provide a mechanism for isochromosome generation and demonstrate that SETD2 and H3K36me3 are essential to prevent the formation of this common mutable chromatin structure known to initiate a cascade of genomic instability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M. Mason
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Emily S. Kounlavong
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Anteneh T. Tebeje
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Rashmi Dahiya
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Tiffany Guess
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Logan Vlach
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Stephen R. Norris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | | | - Ruhee Dere
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Peter Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
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3
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Barbosa P, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Marques A, da Silva M, Favero GM, Sobreiro BP, de Almeida MC, Moreira-Filho O, Silva DMZDA, Porto-Foresti F, Foresti F, Artoni RF. Silencing of Transposable Elements Mediated by 5-mC and Compensation of the Heterochromatin Content by Presence of B Chromosomes in Astyanax scabripinnis. Cells 2021; 10:1162. [PMID: 34064768 PMCID: PMC8151356 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The way in which transcriptional activity overcomes the physical DNA structure and gene regulation mechanisms involves complex processes that are not yet fully understood. Modifications in the cytosine-guanine sequence of DNA by 5-mC are preferentially located in heterochromatic regions and are related to gene silencing. Herein, we investigate evidence of epigenetic regulation related to the B chromosome model and transposable elements in A. scabripinnis. Indirect immunofluorescence using anti-5-mC to mark methylated regions was employed along with quantitative ELISA to determine the total genomic DNA methylation level. 5-mC signals were dispersed in the chromosomes of both females and males, with preferential accumulation in the B chromosome. In addition to the heterochromatic methylated regions, our results suggest that methylation is associated with transposable elements (LINE and Tc1-Mariner). Heterochromatin content was measured based on the C-band length in relation to the size of chromosome 1. The B chromosome in A. scabripinnis comprises heterochromatin located in the pericentromeric region of both arms of this isochromosome. In this context, individuals with B chromosomes should have an increased heterochromatin content when compared to individuals that do not. Although, both heterochromatin content and genome methylation showed no significant differences between sexes or in relation to the occurrence of B chromosomes. Our evidence suggests that the B chromosome can have a compensation effect on the heterochromatin content and that methylation possibly operates to silence TEs in A. scabripinnis. This represents a sui generis compensation and gene activity buffering mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Barbosa
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (P.B.); (O.M.-F.)
| | - Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil; (Z.S.-G.); (M.d.S.); (M.C.d.A.)
| | - André Marques
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Maelin da Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil; (Z.S.-G.); (M.d.S.); (M.C.d.A.)
| | - Giovani Marino Favero
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Bernardo Passos Sobreiro
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Mara Cristina de Almeida
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil; (Z.S.-G.); (M.d.S.); (M.C.d.A.)
| | - Orlando Moreira-Filho
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (P.B.); (O.M.-F.)
| | - Duílio Mazzoni Zerbinato de Andrade Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences at Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil; (D.M.Z.d.A.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Faculty of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 01049-010, SP, Brazil;
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences at Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil; (D.M.Z.d.A.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (P.B.); (O.M.-F.)
- Post Graduate Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Structural, Molecular and Genetic Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil; (Z.S.-G.); (M.d.S.); (M.C.d.A.)
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Abstract
Short stature and growth retardation in girls commonly occur in patients with Turner syndrome. We present a 19-year-old-girl with primary amenorrhea and growth retardation, who has a mosaic karyotype, 46X,i(Xq)[17]/45,X[8]. Classic Turner syndrome has a more severe phenotype than variant causes of Turner syndrome. We present a patient with 46,X,i(Xq) karyotype and compare the clinical and laboratory findings with the classic description of Turner syndrome. Our patient has normal social and psychomotor skills unlike previously reported cases in the literature. This case expands the phenotype-genotype description of Turner syndrome, which makes it an important contribution to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülbahar Güzel Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Balkan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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5
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Abstract
A very rare case of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) co-existing Turner syndrome (TS) is reported for the first time. A 32-year-old woman was diagnosed with AIP due to recurrent acute abdominal pain, red urine and pathogenic mutation of Hydroxymethyl synthetase (HMBS) gene. At the same time, TS was confirmed by Karyotype analysis results of 46,X,i(X)(q10), which accompanied by primary amenorrhea, elevated serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Since the first attack of AIP, the patient has been increasingly depressed, and Psychiatry identified major depression. Duloxetine was chosen after careful deliberation, and the patient's mood stabilized. AIP had not recurred after half a year. Since sex hormones are the exacerbating factor of acute attack of AIP, sex hormone replacement therapy for TS was not administered. In conclusion, the conditions of AIP co-existing TS are complicate, and the treatment still needs to be improved by multiple disciplines in the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zhang
- Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Address correspondence to:Songyun Zhang, Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050000, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Teng
- Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanxiang Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ninglin Kang
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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6
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Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) with an isochromosome mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(X) (q10) is an unusual variant, with only an 8-9% prevalence among women with TS based on international studies and 15% of all TS in the Philippines. Clinical features are atypical and any case should be investigated to detect potential complications. A 20-year-old female came in due to amenorrhea and alopecia. Physical examination revealed short stature, cubitus valgus and Tanner Stage 1 pubic hair and breast development. Transrectal ultrasound revealed absent ovaries and infantile uterus. Hormonal evaluation revealed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Bone aging was that of a 13-yearold for females with non-fusion of epiphyseal plates. Cytogenetic study revealed 45,X [37]/46, X, i (X) (q10)[13]. This is consistent with a variant Isochromosome Mosaic Turner Syndrome (IMTS). She was screened for medical complications. Audiogram and two-dimensional echocardiography were unremarkable. She has dyslipidemia and was given a statin. She has subclinical hypothyroidism with positive test for anti-thyroglobulin antibody. Her intelligence quotient (IQ) was below average. She received conjugated estrogen and progesterone that patterned the hormonal changes in a normal menstrual cycle. On the third week of hormonal therapy, she developed breast mound and on the fourth week, she had her first menstrual period. Her alopecia spontaneously resolved. The case is a variant of Turner Syndrome requiring supportive, medical and psychological care.
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7
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Hanlon SL, Miller DE, Eche S, Hawley RS. Origin, Composition, and Structure of the Supernumerary B Chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 210:1197-1212. [PMID: 30249684 PMCID: PMC6283169 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of chromosomes carried by an individual species is one of its defining characteristics. Some species, however, can also carry supernumerary chromosomes referred to as B chromosomes. B chromosomes were recently identified in a laboratory stock of Drosophila melanogaster-an established model organism with a wealth of genetic and genomic resources-enabling us to subject them to extensive molecular analysis. We isolated the B chromosomes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and determined their composition through next-generation sequencing. Although these B chromosomes carry no known euchromatic sequence, they are rich in transposable elements and long arrays of short nucleotide repeats, the most abundant being the uncharacterized AAGAT satellite repeat. Fluorescent in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosome spreads revealed this repeat is located on chromosome 4, strongly suggesting the origin of the B chromosomes is chromosome 4 Cytological and quantitative comparisons of signal intensity between chromosome 4 and the B chromosomes supports the hypothesis that the structure of the B chromosome is an isochromosome. We also report the identification of a new B chromosome variant in a related laboratory stock. This B chromosome has a similar repeat signature as the original but is smaller and much less prevalent. We examined additional stocks with similar genotypes and did not find B chromosomes, but did find these stocks lacked the AAGAT satellite repeat. Our molecular characterization of D. melanogaster B chromosomes is the first step toward understanding how supernumerary chromosomes arise from essential chromosomes and what may be necessary for their stable inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Hanlon
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Danny E Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Salam Eche
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - R Scott Hawley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Kondo T, Kuroda S, Usui K, Mori K, Asai T, Takeshima T, Kawahara T, Hamanoue H, Uemura H, Yumura Y. A case of a rare variant of Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XY,i(X)(q10). Andrologia 2018; 50:e13024. [PMID: 29665107 DOI: 10.1111/and.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome is a condition in which a male patient has one Y chromosome and one or more extra X chromosomes. It is the most common sex chromosome disorder. Klinefelter syndrome is distinguished by many clinical features, such as infertility, high gonadotropin and low testosterone levels, increased height, and sparse body and facial hair. We report the case of a 32-year-old man who visited our hospital complaining of male infertility. Semen analysis showed azoospermia, and chromosomal analysis revealed a 47,XY,i(X)(q10) karyotype, which is a rare variant of Klinefelter syndrome. No spermatozoon was found on microdissection testicular sperm extraction, and the testis biopsy histology showed only Sertoli cells and hyalinised seminiferous tubules. 47,XY, i(X)(q10) has an additional isochromosome made of the long arm of the X chromosome, which shares some features of classical Klinefelter syndrome in many aspects, but patients are usually shorter than average height and have normal intelligence. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, no successful sperm extractions from 47,XY, i(X)(q10) patients were reported in the literature. The reports of patients who have undergone microdissection testicular sperm extraction are very rare. Further reports and studies of this chromosomal abnormality are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kondo
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - S Kuroda
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Usui
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Mori
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T Asai
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T Takeshima
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T Kawahara
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Hamanoue
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Uemura
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y Yumura
- Department of Urology, Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Tetrasomy 18p syndrome (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 614290) is a very rare chromosomal disorder that is caused by the presence of isochromosome 18p, which is a supernumerary marker composed of two copies of the p arm of chromosome 18. Most tetrasomy 18p cases are de novo cases; however, familial cases have also been reported. It is characterized mainly by developmental delays, cognitive impairment, hypotonia, typical dysmorphic features, and other anomalies. Herein, we report de novo tetrasomy 18p in a 9-month-old boy with dysmorphic features, microcephaly, growth delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar and renal malformations. We compared our case with previously reported ones in the literature. Clinicians should consider tetrasomy 18p in any individual with dysmorphic features and cardiac, skeletal, and renal abnormalities. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time an association of this syndrome with partial agenesis of cerebellar vermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Bawazeer
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alshalan
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Division, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Alkhaldi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser AlAtwi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlBalwi
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alswaid
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Division, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Division, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Abstract
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. Previous reports suggest that chromosomal abnormality is the second most common cause of amenorrhoea. Early referral for cytogenetic evaluation is recommended for the identification of underlying chromosomal aberrations in amenorrhoea patients. This was an observational study which was conducted in Vivekananda Institute of Medical sciences, Kolkata, during January 2013-December 2015. This study aims to estimate the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in primary amenorrhoea (PA) patients in Eastern India and correlate their hormonal profile with chromosomal reports. Clinical features of 150 patients were recorded with clinical expertise. Peripheral venous blood was taken following informed consent, followed by karyotyping for chromosomal analysis. Results revealed 76.1% of PA with normal female karyotype (46, XX) and 23.9% with different abnormal karyotypes. Among the abnormal karyotype constituents, 50% numerical abnormalities, most frequent being Turner syndrome, pure (n = 12, 8%) and mosaic (n = 5, 3.3%). Three cases (2%) showed male (XY) karyotype. The other cases showed X structural abnormalities. This study emphasises the need for cytogenetic analysis as integral part of the diagnostic protocol in case of PA for precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities and for appropriate management and counselling of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanoli Ghosh
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Sanchita Roy
- b Department of Anatomy , Institute of Post-Graduation Medical Education and Research , Kolkata , India
| | - Pritha Pal
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Atreyee Dutta
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Ajanta Halder
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
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11
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El Khattabi L, Jaillard S, Andrieux J, Pasquier L, Perrin L, Capri Y, Benmansour A, Toutain A, Marcorelles P, Vincent-Delorme C, Journel H, Henry C, De Barace C, Devisme L, Dubourg C, Demurger F, Lucas J, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Amiel J, Malan V, De Blois MC, De Pontual L, Lebbar A, Le Dû N, Germain DP, Pinard JM, Pipiras E, Tabet AC, Aboura A, Verloes A. Clinical and molecular delineation of Tetrasomy 9p syndrome: report of 12 new cases and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1252-61. [PMID: 25847481 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetrasomy 9p is a generic term describing the presence of a supernumerary chromosome incorporating two copies of the 9p arm. Two varieties exist: isodicentric chromosome 9p (i(9p)), where the two 9p arms are linked by a single centromeric region, and pseudodicentric 9p (idic(9p)), where one active and one inactive centromere are linked together by a proximal segment of 9q that may incorporate euchromatic material. In living patients, i(9p) and idic(9p) are usually present in a mosaic state. Fifty-four cases, including fetuses, have been reported, of which only two have been molecularly characterized using array-CGH. Tetrasomy 9p leads to a variable phenotype ranging from multiple congenital anomalies with severe intellectual disability and growth delay to subnormal cognitive and physical developments. Hypertelorism, abnormal ears, microretrognathia and bulbous nose are the most common dysmorphic traits. Microcephaly, growth retardation, joint dislocation, scoliosis, cardiac and renal anomalies were reported in several cases. Those physical anomalies are often, but not universally, accompanied by intellectual disability. The most recurrent breakpoints, defined by conventional cytogenetics, are 9p10, 9q12 and 9q13. We report on 12 new patients with tetrasomy 9p (3 i(9p), 8 idic(9p) and one structurally uncharacterized), including the first case of parental germline mosaicism. All rearrangements have been characterized by DNA microarray. Based on our results and a review of the literature, we further delineate the prenatal and postnatal clinical spectrum of this imbalance. Our results show poor genotype-phenotype correlations and underline the need of precise molecular characterization of the supernumerary marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laïla El Khattabi
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Cytogenetics Department, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Cytogenetics and Cell Biology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Medical Genetics Department, Lille Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Medical Genetics Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Henry
- Cytogenetics and Cell Biology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Claire De Barace
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Brieuc Hospital, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Louise Devisme
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Pathology, CHRU Lille, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Molecular Genetics Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,UMR 6290, IGDR, Medical School, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Demurger
- Medical Genetics Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Josette Lucas
- Cytogenetics and Cell Biology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- Cytogenetics and Cell Biology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,UMR 6290, IGDR, Medical School, Rennes, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Department of Genetics, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine De Blois
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Loïc De Pontual
- Department of Pediatrics, Jean-Verdier Hospital, APHP, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France
| | - Aziza Lebbar
- Cytogenetics Department, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Le Dû
- Cytogenetics Department, APHP, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Dominique P Germain
- Department of Genetics, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pinard
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Cytogenetics, APHP, Jean-Verdier University Hospital, Bondy; Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France; Inserm, U676, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Azzedine Aboura
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U676, and Paris VII-Denis Diderot Medical School, Paris, France
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12
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Abstract
Robertsonian translocations (ROBs) are whole arm rearrangements involving the acrocentric chromosomes 13-15 and 21-22 and carriers are at increased risk for aneuploidy and thus uniparental disomy (UPD). Chromosomes 14 and 15 are imprinted with expression of genes dependent on the parental origin of the chromosome. Correction of a trisomic or monosomic conceptus for chromosomes 14 or 15 would lead to one of the established UPD 14mat/pat or UPD 15 (Prader-Willi/Angelman) syndromes (PWS/AS). In view of this, prenatal UPD testing should be considered for balanced carriers of a ROB, fetuses with a familial or de novo balanced ROB that contains chromosome 14 or 15 or with a normal karyotype when a parent is a carrier of a balanced ROB with a 14 or 15. Individuals with congenital anomalies and an abnormal phenotype and carry a ROB involving the two imprinted chromosomes should also be UPD tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh-Ying Yip
- SEALS Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick (Sydney), NSW 2031, Australia
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13
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Tilton RK, Wilkens A, Krantz ID, Izumi K. Cardiac manifestations of Pallister-Killian syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1130-5. [PMID: 24504854 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a sporadic multisystem genetic diagnosis characterized by facial dysmorphia, variable developmental delay and intellectual impairment, hypotonia, hearing loss, seizures, differences in skin pigmentation, temporal alopecia, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defects, and other systemic abnormalities. Although congenital heart defects have been described in association with PKS, the full spectrum of heart disease is still not entirely known. Here, we describe the pattern of cardiac findings of 81 probands with PKS who have had at least one cardiac evaluation, demonstrating structural heart difference in 37% of our cohort (n = 30). Septal defects such as atrial or ventricular septal defects (n = 12) were the most commonly seen congenital heart differences. Additional findings included the occasional occurrence of bicuspid aortic valve, aortic dilatation, and cardiac hypertrophy/cardiomyopathy. We suggest cardiac evaluation for all individuals with PKS at the time of diagnosis as well as subsequent longitudinal follow-up to monitor for the development of cardiomyopathy and aortic dilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Tilton
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Graw SL, Swisshelm K, Floyd K, Carstens BJ, Wamboldt MZ, Ross RG, Leonard S. Isochromosome 13 in a patient with childhood-onset schizophrenia, ADHD, and motor tic disorder. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:2. [PMID: 22214315 PMCID: PMC3274485 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small percentage of all cases of schizophrenia have a childhood onset. The impact on the individual and family can be devastating. We report the results of genetic analyses from a patient with onset of visual hallucinations at 5 years, and a subsequent diagnosis at 9 years of schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity and impulsivity, and chronic motor tic disorder. RESULTS Karyotypic analysis found 45,XX,i(13)(q10) in all cells examined. Alpha satellite FISH of isochromosome 13 revealed a large unsplit centromeric region, interpreted as two centromeres separated by minimal or undetectable short-arm material or as a single monocentric centromere, indicating that the isochromosome likely formed post-zygotically by a short arm U-type or centromeric exchange. Characterization of chromosome 13 simple tandem repeats and Affymetrix whole-genome 6.0 SNP array hybridization found homozygosity for all markers, and the presence of only a single paternal allele in informative markers, consistent with an isodisomic isochromosome of paternal origin. Analysis of two chromosome 13 schizophrenia candidate genes, D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A (5-HTR2A), failed to identify non-synonymous coding mutations but did identify homozygous risk polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS We report a female patient with childhood-onset schizophrenia, ADHD, and motor tic disorder associated with an isodisomic isochromosome 13 of paternal origin and a 45,XX,i(13)(q10q10) karyotype. We examined two potential mechanisms to explain chromosome 13 involvement in the patient's pathology, including reduction to homozygosity of a paternal mutation and reduction to homozygosity of a paternal copy number variation, but were unable to identify any overtly pathogenic abnormality. Future studies may consider whether epigenetic mechanisms resulting from uniparental disomy (UPD) and the lack of chromosome 13 maternal alleles lead to the patient's features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Graw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karen Swisshelm
- Colorado Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kirsten Floyd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Billie J Carstens
- Colorado Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marianne Z Wamboldt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randall G Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sherry Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service, Denver, CO, USA
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