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Tian L, Qu X, Huang D, Shi Y, Kong C, Wang Y. Determination of earthy-musty odors in tap water by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry with silica solid-phase extraction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21580. [PMID: 38027601 PMCID: PMC10643238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to develop an effective method for detecting semivolatile earthy-musty odors without using the conventional sample processing equipment used for volatile compounds. The concurrent isolation of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP) in tap water was successfully achieved by employing a combination of n-hexane liquid‒liquid extraction (LLE) and silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for the identification of these targets, with the inclusion of borneol (BN) as an internal reference. This robust method was optimized and validated. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100 ng/mL and produced good recoveries (84.6 %-103 %) with satisfactory relative standard deviations (1.50 %-10.1 %). The determined limits of detection (LODs) for the group of four substances were found to vary from 0.3 to 0.9 ng/L, whereas the limits of quantitation (LOQs) exhibited variations between 1 and 3 ng/L. The subsequent implementation of this methodology to evaluate the four previously described off-flavor chemicals in tap water resulted in satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Xin Qu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Yongfu Shi
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Cong Kong
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
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Deng Y, Yang G, Lens PNL, He Y, Qie L, Shen X, Chen J, Cheng Z, Chen D. Enhanced removal of mixed VOCs with different hydrophobicities by Tween 20 in a biotrickling filter: Kinetic analysis and biofilm characteristics. J Hazard Mater 2023; 450:131063. [PMID: 36867905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer limitation usually causes the poor performance of biotrickling filters (BTFs) for the treatment of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during long-term operation. In this study, two identical lab-scale BTFs were established to remove a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) gases using non-ionic surfactant Tween 20 by Pseudomonas mendocina NX-1 and Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13. A low pressure drop (≤110 Pa) and a rapid biomass accumulation (17.1 mg g-1) were observed in the presence of Tween 20 during the startup period (30 d). The removal efficiency (RE) of n-hexane was enhanced by 15.0%- 20.5% while DCM was completely removed with the inlet concentration (IC) of 300 mg·m-3 at different empty bed residence times in the Tween 20 added BTF. The viable cells and the relative hydrophobicity of the biofilm were increased under the action of Tween 20, which facilitated the mass transfer and enhanced the metabolic utilization of pollutants by microbes. Besides, Tween 20 addition enhanced the biofilm formation processes including the increased extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion, biofilm roughness and biofilm adhesion. The kinetic model simulated the removal performance of the BTF with Tween 20 for the mixed hydrophobic VOCs, and the goodness-of-fit was above 0.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Deng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guangfeng Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China
| | - Piet N L Lens
- National University of Ireland, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Yaxue He
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Lingxiang Qie
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xingyu Shen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhuowei Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dongzhi Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China; Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Wang Z, Hu L, He J, Zhou G, Chen Z, Wang Z, Chen J, Hayat K, Hrynsphan D, Tatsiana S. Mechanisms of N, N-dimethylacetamide-facilitated n-hexane removal in a rotating drum biofilter packed with bamboo charcoal-polyurethane composite. Bioresour Technol 2023; 372:128600. [PMID: 36634880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
n-Hexane and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) are two major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) discharged from the pharmaceutical industry. To enhance DMAC-facilitated n-hexane removal, we investigated the simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants in a rotating drum biofilter packed with bamboo charcoal-polyurethane composite. After adding 800 mg·L-1 DMAC, the n-hexane removal efficiency increased from 59.4 % to 83.1 % under the optimized conditions. The maximum elimination capacity of 10.0 g·m-3·h-1n-hexane and 157 g·m-3·h-1 DMAC were obtained. The biomass of bamboo charcoal-polyurethane and the ratio of protein-to-polysaccharide in extracellular polymeric substances were significantly increased compared with the non-DMAC stage, which is attributed to increased carbon utilization. In addition, Na+ K+-ATPase was positively correlated with increasing electron transport system activity, which was 1.98 and 1.36 times greater. Hydrophilic DMAC improved the bioavailability of hydrophobic n-hexane and benefited bacterial metabolism. Co-degradation of n-hexane and DMAC system can be used for other volatile organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Liyong Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jiamei He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhenghui Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Kashif Hayat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dzmitry Hrynsphan
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Savitskaya Tatsiana
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
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Zhu J, Su S, Wen C, Wang T, Xu H, Liu M. Application of multiple occupational health risk assessment models in the prediction of occupational health risks of n-Hexane in the air-conditioned closed workshop. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1017718. [PMID: 36568752 PMCID: PMC9784923 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background n-Hexane (NH) poisoning is a common occupational poisoning in the hardware and electronics industries. However, there is few research data on risk assessment of positions using NH in enclosed workshops. It is very important to assess the risk level of these positions and put forward effective measures and suggestions. Methods The information of selected companies and air samples were collected through on-site investigation, and data collation and sample testing were carried out according to the requirements of Chinese standards. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essential, the EPA non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, the Singapore exposure index method and the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models were used to assess the risks of NH. Results The working hours of the exposure groups, printing groups and packing groups all exceeded 9 h per day, less than 30% of each similar exposure groups (SEG) was equipped with the local exhaust ventilation, and 11.1% of the cleaning group and 8.3% of the printing group had NH concentrations in the air that exceeded the Chinese occupational exposure limit (OEL). In the EPA non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, each SEG was evaluated at high risk. In the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models, all of the work groups of exposure groups, 91.7% of the work groups of printing groups, 77.8% of the work groups of printing groups, and 57.1% of the work groups of printing groups were evaluated at unacceptable risk. More than 40.0% of the work groups of printing groups and cleaning groups and over 20.0% of the work groups of exposure groups and packing groups were evaluated at high risk in the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models. Conclusions The Chinese exposure index method and the synthesis index method may have a stronger practicability. Some work groups that use NH in air-conditioned enclosed workshops in China, especially the cleaning groups, are still in a high-risk state. It is necessary to increase protective measures and strengthen occupational hygiene management to reduce risks.
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Higuera-Piedrahita RI, Dolores-Hernández M, de la-Cruz-Cruz HA, Andrade-Montemayor HM, Zamilpa A, López-Arellano R, González-Garduño R, Cuéllar-Ordaz JA, Mendoza-de-Gives P, López-Arellano ME. An Artemisia cina n-hexane extract reduces the Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta fecal egg count in naturally infected periparturient goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:95. [PMID: 35138496 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate an n-hexane extract of Artemisia cina (Acn-h) as a natural anthelmintic treatment for periparturient goats naturally infected with the nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta. A total of 200 periparturient Alpine and Nubian goats were used. Deworming criteria were based on the following parameters: fecal egg account (epg), ocular mucosa color (OMC), and body condition (BC). A previous analysis using coprocultures of the flock revealed the presence of H. contortus (80%) and T. circumcincta (20%). The Acn-h contained two new compounds identified by mass spectrometry data as isoguaiacin and norisoguaiacin at 284.14 and 315 m/z. The lethal effects of Acn-h at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL on H. contortus adult stages were 31.6, 66.5, 81.3, and 86.9%, respectively (p < 0.05), showing similar efficacy at 2 and 4 mg/mL with albendazole (positive control group). Then, two experimental groups, with 100 goats in peripartum in each, were distributed randomly and treated at day 0 as follows: group 1 = 4 mg/kg of Acn-h as single oral dose, and group 2 = control group, treated with water (as a placebo). The epg, OMC, and BC parameters were recorded at 0 (periparturient period), 7 (birth period), and 23 (postpartum) days and analyzed using a completely randomized design with Duncan's test for comparison of means and analysis of variance. The following epg reductions were recorded in the Acn-h-treated group as follows: 20.1 ± 34.4 and 31.7 ± 38.2% at days 7 and 23 compared to the control group. During the whole experiment, no significant differences in OMC or BC were observed in relation to the control group, excepting at day 23 (p < 0.05) for BC in the group treated with A. cina. Thus, Acn-h can be a useful natural alternative tool for the control of the nematodes H. contortus and T. circumcincta in periparturient goat flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Mariana Dolores-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Héctor Alejandro de la-Cruz-Cruz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Héctor Mario Andrade-Montemayor
- Granja La Negrita y Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, C.P. 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina #1, Col. Centro, C.P. 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste, Km 7.5 Carretera Teapa-Vicente Guerrero, C.P. 86800, Teapa, Tabasco, México
| | - Jorge Alfredo Cuéllar-Ordaz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714, Cuautitlán, México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas Y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534 Col. Progreso, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Ma Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas Y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534 Col. Progreso, C.P. 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, México.
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Lee D, Son Y. Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes using organic solvents for the remediation of PCBs-contaminated soils. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 80:105825. [PMID: 34775161 PMCID: PMC8593648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic soil washing processes using organic solvents were investigated for the development of novel remediation technologies for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)- contaminated soils. Aluminum foil erosion was first tested to understand sonophysical activity in water, methanol (polar) and n-hexane (nonpolar) in a 28 kHz double-bath-type sonoreactor. Significant sonophysical damage on the aluminum foil was observed at the antinodes for all solvents, and the order of degree of sonophysical damage was as follows: water > methanol > n-hexane. Subsequently, conventional (mechanical mixing only) and ultrasonic soil washing (mechanical mixing and ultrasound) techniques were compared for the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from soil. Two types of contaminated soils, fresh (Soil A, C0 = 2.5 mg/kg) and weathered (Soil B, C0 = 0.5 mg/kg), were used and the applied soil-to-liquid (S:L) ratio was 1:5 and 1:10 for methanol and n-hexane, respectively. The polar solvent significantly increased washing efficiencies compared to the nonpolar solvent, despite the nonpolar nature of the PCBs. Washing efficiency was significantly enhanced in ultrasonic soil washing compared to conventional washing, owing to macro- and micro-scale sonophysical actions. The highest washing efficiencies of 90% for Soil A and 70% for Soil B were observed in the ultrasonic washing processes using methanol. Additionally, a single operation of the ultrasonic washing process was superior to two sequential processes with conventional mixing in terms of washing efficiency, consumption of washing agents, treatment of washing leachate, and operation time. Finally, the removal of PCBs in an organic solvent (methanol) was investigated in photolytic and sonolytic processes for the post-treatment of soil washing leachate. A photolysis efficiency of 80% was obtained within 60 min of UV exposure for intensities of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/cm2. The primary mechanism of PCBs degradation is photolytic dechlorination. In contrast, no degradation was detected in the sonolytic process, as the excess organic solvent acted as a strong radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
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Lu Z, Lu X, Xia L, Zhong Y, Li G, Hu Y. Cobalt doped nitrogenous porous carbon derived from covalent organic framework as cataluminescence catalyst for rapid determination of n-hexane in edible oil. Talanta 2021; 232:122428. [PMID: 34074414 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a catalytic material of cobalt doped nitrogenous porous carbon (Co/NPC) was fabricated from covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and cobalt ion via directly carbonization. Attribute to the excellent selective catalytic performance towards n-hexane, Co/NPC was employed in cataluminescence (CTL) for rapid and sensitive determination of n-hexane. Moreover, the detection conditions of CTL were evaluated, including temperature, flow rate and detecting wavelength. Under optimized conditions, a good linear relation between signal intensity of CTL and n-hexane concentration was obtained in the linear range of 0.4-250.0 mg/L and the limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) was 0.13 mg/L. Furthermore, the Co/NPC based CTL sensor was successfully applied to the determination of n-hexane in edible oil samples with the recoveries in the range of 92.0%-104.0%. The method comparison results of GC/MS and CTL on real sample analysis further proved the accuracy of the developed Co/NPC based CTL method. Additionally, the possible catalytic mechanism of n-hexane on the surface of Co/NPC was investigated, assisting by GC/MS on intermediation products identification. Overall, the Co/NPC based CTL sensor has been confirmed excellent performance in the n-hexane determination, which revealing extensive application in rapid residual n-hexane analysis in edible oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Alpaydin Baslo S, Ozturk O, Dayan C, Atakli D, Baslo MB. Another brick in the wall: is hexane neuropathy a 'nodo-paranodopathy'? Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:373-8. [PMID: 30982200 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
n-Hexane gives cause to one of the most common toxic polyneuropathies seen in poorly ventilated factories. It is a sensory-motor polyneuropathy ending up with axonal degeneration. Nerve biopsy reveals paranodal axonal swelling and secondary myelin retraction in early stages. Myelin retraction imitates demyelination causing focal conduction block and failure before axonal degeneration emerges. This brings to mind the new category of nodo-paranodopathy described first for anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated neuropathies, which can be proved by electrophysiological re-evaluations. We, herein, discuss the clinical and electrophysiological follow-up of three patients with n-hexane neuropathy and remark overlaps with new concept nodo-paranodopathy.
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Mantey J, Nyarko KB, Owusu-Nimo F, Awua KA, Bempah CK, Amankwah RK, Akatu WE, Appiah-Effah E. Influence of illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations (galamsey) on oil and grease (O/G) concentrations in three hotspot assemblies of Western Region, Ghana. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114251. [PMID: 32247901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the contamination levels of oil and grease (O/G) across nine (9) galamsey operations under different environmental media (background soil, surface drainage, slurry/sludge and galamsey wastes) in three galamsey hotspot assemblies (Tarkwa Nsuaem, Amenfi East and Prestea Huni Valley) within the Western region of Ghana. Triplicate samples each of the four environmental media for the nine galamsey types (Washing Board, Washing Plant, Anwona, Dig and Wash, Dredging, Underground Abandoned Shaft, Underground Sample Pit, Chamfi and Mill House) were collected and analysed using n-hexane extractable materials in acidic medium by extraction and gravimetry to determine O/G concentrations. From the comparison of mean ranked concentration of O/G, using Kruskal-Wallis Test, the observed differences in the ranking was significant across all four media. The O/G concentrations for Anwona, Chamfi, Mill House, Washing Board and Washing Plant galamsey recorded exceedances when compared to the Ghana EPA Effluent Guideline Value of 100 mg/L for water and The New Dutch Lists' Target and Intervention Value of 50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for solid/semi-solid materials. Consistently and for all environmental media types, the levels of O/G across the galamsey types were in the descending order of: Washing Board, Chamfi, Anwona, Mill House, Washing Plant, Underground Sample Pit, River Dredging, Dig and Wash, Underground Abandoned Shaft and Control Sample (non-galamseyed areas). In general, the surface drainage medium was predominantly found to be the most impacted upon medium from hydrocarbons by seven of the nine galamsey operations (Washing Board, Anwona, Chamfi, Mill House, Dredging, Dig and Wash and Underground Sample Pit). This was followed by slurry/sludge, background soil and waste media in that order. Expectedly, there were no exceedances for the Reference or Control Samples (non-galamseyed areas).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mantey
- Gold Fields Ghana Limited, Environmental Department, P.O Box 26, Tarkwa, Ghana.
| | - K B Nyarko
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - F Owusu-Nimo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - K A Awua
- Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - C K Bempah
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - R K Amankwah
- Mineral Engineering Department, The University of Mines & Technology, P. O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana.
| | - W E Akatu
- Knight Piésold Consulting, No. 20, 2nd Close Airport Residential Area, Accra, Ghana.
| | - E Appiah-Effah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.
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Li X, Jiang L, Yu T, Li M, Wang Q, Liu Z, Xie K. No-observed-adverse-effect level of hair pyrrole adducts in chronic n-hexane intoxication in rats. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:11-20. [PMID: 32045579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
n-Hexane has been reported to induce serious peripheral neuropathy in workers. Pyrrole adducts are the unique reaction products of n-hexane in organisms and have been demonstrated to be critical to n-hexane neuropathy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that pyrrole adducts could accumulate in hair and showed high correlation with neuropathy at the end of experiments in rat models. In the present study, we examined the time course of hair pyrrole adducts and behavioral changes in rats exposed to different dosages of n-hexane in both treatment (24 weeks) and recovery phases. Our results showed: 1. After treatment, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg dosage groups all lost weight, but the 0.5 g/kg dosage group showed no impairment; after recovery, all impaired rats regained weight. 2. After treatment, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg dosage groups all showed a rise in gait scores, decreased rotarod latency, and decreased motor nerve conduction velocity, whereas the 0.5 g/kg dosage group showed no impairment; after recovery, all impaired rats were completely rehabilitated. 3. After treatment, levels of pyrrole adducts in serum, urine, and hair of experimental groups increased; after recovery, serum and urine pyrrole adducts showed no difference from the control (P > 0.05), whereas hair pyrrole adducts were significantly different from the control (P < 0.01). 4. The half-lives of serum and urine pyrrole adducts were 47.8-78.0 h and 42.7-52.9 h, while the half-life of hair pyrrole adducts was 14-24 weeks. 5. During treatment and recovery, levels of serum, urine, and hair pyrrole adducts showed high correlation with gait scores (P < 0.01), and hair pyrrole adducts had the largest partial correlation coefficient. In conclusion, hair pyrrole adducts could serve as a stable and reliable biomarker for the prevention of n-hexane intoxication. Furthermore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of hair pyrrole adducts in rats is 275.2 ± 61.5 nmol/g protein. Further studies are required for the definition of the biological exposure limit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Ting Yu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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11
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Li X, Yu T, Wang S, Wang Q, Li M, Liu Z, Xie K. Diallyl sulfide-induced attenuation of n-hexane-induced peripheral nerve impairment is associated with metabolic inhibition of n-hexane. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111167. [PMID: 32007468 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane could induced serious peripheral nerve impairments. It has been well documented that the metabolic activation from n-hexane to 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) is vital in the pathogenesis. Diallyl sulfide (DAS) is an extract of garlic and able to block the bioactivation of xenobiotic. The current study was designed to investigate whether DAS can attenuate n-hexane induced neuropathy. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with DAS (50 or 100 mg/kg.bw) and then n-hexane (3 g/kg.bw) for 7 weeks. Behavioral performance, biomarker measurement and toxicokinetic studies were performed. Enzymatic methods and western blotting analyses were also conducted to investigate the hepatic phase I enzymes (including cytochrome P450(CYP)2E1, CYP1A1 and CYP2B1) and phase II enzymes (including glutathione S transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) and NA(D)PH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1)). The results showed that DAS improved the behavioral performance while reducing the toxic metabolite: 2,5-HD and pyrrole adducts. Besides, DAS reduced the expression of CYP2E1 with a proportional decrease in activity, which largely decreased the bioactivation of n-hexane in vivo. The results suggested that DAS decreased the toxic metabolites of n-hexane to attenuate n-hexane-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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12
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Sui Y, Li X, Chang W, Wan H, Li W, Yang F, Yu ZZ. Multi-responsive nanocomposite membranes of cellulose nanocrystals and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) with tunable chiral nematic structures. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 232:115778. [PMID: 31952587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
By imitating the unique structure of nature creatures, photonic membranes with periodic chiral helical structure can be assembled by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). It is still an issue to fabricate CNC photonic structures tunable in the entire visible spectrum with multiple stimuli-response capacities. Herein, a multi-responsive nanocomposite photonic membrane is fabricated by co-assembly of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafted CNCs with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) latex on the basis of the chiral nematic structure of CNCs, the thermo-responsibility of PNIPAM, and the flexibility of WPU. The flexible photonic membranes with uniform structural colors from blue to red are obtained by tuning the PNIPAM content. The membrane exhibits reversible responses to solvents, and iridescence changes in response to relative humidity with excellent repeatability. Interestingly, the membrane can be transparent or opaque depending on the ambient temperature. The photonic membranes are appealing in applications as humidity sensor, camouflage materials, and even smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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13
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Piao F, Chen Y, Yu L, Shi X, Liu X, Jiang L, Yang G, Wang N, Gao B, Zhang C. 2,5-hexanedione-induced deregulation of axon-related microRNA expression in rat nerve tissues. Toxicol Lett 2019; 320:95-102. [PMID: 31760062 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to organic solvent in industry, including n-hexane is correlated with central-peripheral axonopathy, which is mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). However, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Recently identified microRNAs (miRNAs) may play important roles in toxicant exposure and in the process of toxicant-induced neuropathys. To examine the role of miRNAs in HD-induced toxicity, neuropathic animal model was successfully built. miRNA microarray analysis revealed 105 differentially expressed miRNAs after HD exposure. Bioinformatics analysis showed that "Axon" and "Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway" was the top significant GO term and pathway, respectively. 7 miRNAs both related to "Axon" and "Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway" were screened out and further confirmed by Real-Time PCR. Correspondingly, the deregulation expression levels of proteins of four target genes (GSK3β, Map3k1, BDNF and MAP1B) were further confirmed via western blot, verifying the results of gene target analysis. Taken together, our results showed that the axon-related miRNAs to be associated with MAP1B or neurotrophin signal pathways changed in nerve tissues following HD exposure. These miRNAs may play important roles in HD-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Basic Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bihu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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14
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Bates MN, Pope K, So YT, Liu S, Eisen EA, Hammond SK. Hexane exposure and persistent peripheral neuropathy in automotive technicians. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:24-29. [PMID: 31445054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Automotive technicians are commonly exposed to organic and chlorinated solvents, particularly through use of cleaning products. Mainly during the period 1989-2002, n-hexane was a component of some of these products. In other occupational contexts, n-hexane has been shown to be a cause of peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether previous exposures to low concentrations of n-hexane were a cause of persistent peripheral neuropathy in automotive technicians. Enrolled in the study were 830 San Francisco Bay Area automotive technicians. Each participant underwent a battery of tests to investigate peripheral nervous system impairment. Test results regressed against estimated hexane and total solvent exposures showed only limited evidence of association with solvent exposures. Exposures to both hexane and general solvents were well below their occupational exposure limits. Generally, our results provide reassurance about persistent peripheral neuropathic effects in automotive technicians who previously used hexane-containing automotive cleaning products. This may reflect repair processes, since the exposures occurred some years previous to the study. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the absence of observed effect in this study may be attributable to low exposures, exposure misclassification and/or the healthy worker survivor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Bates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Karl Pope
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuen T So
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47904, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Iram F, Tariq M. Microbiostatic, antioxidative and cytotoxic potentiation of some grasses of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2019; 39:482-491. [PMID: 32186095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate biological potential of methanol and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts in seven species of family Poaceae. METHODS Qualitative phytochemical tests were done by using standard protocols. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed via different assays and antimicrobial potential was observed via disc diffusion method. Cytotoxic activity was carried out using brine shrimps' assay. RESULTS Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthocyanins and coumarins in most of the plant extracts. Maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial potential were observed in Cymbopogon citratus methanol extract and Cymbopogon citratus n-hexane extract along with significant number of total flavonoids and phenols contents. However, Polypogon monspeliensis methanol extract and Polypogon monspeliensis n-hexane extract showed minimum antioxidant as well as antimicrobial potential. Moreover, methanol extracts showed a cytotoxic effect with their effectiveness ranked Polypogon monspeliensis methanol extract > Cymbopogon citratus methanol extract > Phalaris minor n-hexane extract > Aristida funiculata methanol extract > Stipagrostis plumosa methanol extract > Cenchrus ciliaris methanol extract > Panicum antidotale methanol extract. Similarly, n-hexane plant extracts revealed cytotoxic activity in decreasing order Cenchrus ciliaris n-hexane extract > Stipagrostis plumosa n-hexane extract > Phalaris minor n-hexane extract > Aristida funiculata n-hexane extract > Polypogon monspeliensis n-hexane extract > Panicum antidotale n-hexane extract > Cymbopogon citratus n-hexane extract respectively. CONCLUSION Methanol extracts exhibit significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potential which can be correlated to their medicinal values. The observed brine shrimp's lethality of the plant extracts revealed the presence of potent cytotoxic components in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Iram
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Tariq
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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16
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Qiao E, Zheng H. An experimental investigation of n-hexane at high temperature and pressure. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 203:210-213. [PMID: 29870904 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, no high temperature experiments on phase change are reported. In this study, we have measured the Raman bands νs(CH3), νs(CH2), νas(CH3), and νas(CH2) of n-hexane in a hydrothermal diamond cell up to 588 K. We determined that the liquid-solid phase transition pressure of n-hexane is 1.17 GPa, and we also gave a number of high temperatures and pressures data on phase change which are not reported previously. In addition, we defined the solidus of n-hexane which can be represented by the equation P = 8.581T-1550.16, and the relation dP/dT = 8.581 which can be used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters for n-hexane in the liquid-solid phase transition. For all we know, the above two equations are presented here for the first time. Furthermore, it is the first report here in a graphic way on high-temperature phase change in n-hexane, and it is also the first to be shown in the 3-D figure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Neotectonic Movement and Geohazard, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Haifei Zheng
- Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Fu L, Xie H, Shi S. Multielement analysis of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. essential oil using ICP-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3769-3778. [PMID: 29651525 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of trace elements (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. essential oil (ZBMEO) were determined by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. The ZBMEO sample was directly analyzed after simple dilution with n-hexane. Aiming for a relatively high vapor pressure of n-hexane and its resultant loading on plasma, we used a narrow injector torch and optimized plasma radio frequency power and carrier gas flow to ensure stable operation of the plasma. An optional gas flow of 20% O2 in Ar was added to the carrier gas to prevent the incomplete combustion of highly concentrated organic carbon in plasma and the deposition of carbon on the sampling and skimmer cone orifices. In tandem mass spectrometry mode, O2 was added to the collision/reaction cell to eliminate the interferences. The limits of detection for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 2.26, 1.64, 2.02, 1.35, 1.76, and 0.97 ng L-1, respectively. After determination of 23 ZBMEO samples from different regions in China, we found that the average concentration ranges of trace elements in the 23 ZBMEO samples were 0.72-6.02 ng g-1, 0.09-2.87 ng g-1, 0.21-5.84 ng g-1, 0.16-2.15 ng g-1, 0.13-0.92 ng g-1, and 0.17-0.73 ng g-1 for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The trace elements in ZBMEO differed significantly when different extraction technologies were used. The study revealed that the contents of the toxic elements As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were extremely low, and hence they are unlikely to pose a health risk following ZBMEO ingestion. Graphical abstract The working mechanism of sample analysis by ICP-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Hualin Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Shuyun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
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18
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Cascant MM, Breil C, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Chemat F. A green analytical chemistry approach for lipid extraction: computation methods in the selection of green solvents as alternative to hexane. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3527-3539. [PMID: 28389917 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a great interest in finding alternatives and green solvents in extraction processes to replace petroleum based solvents. In order to investigate these possibilities, computational methods, as Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) and conductor-like screening model for real solvent (COSMO-RS), were used in this work to predict the solvation power of a series of solvents in salmon fish lipids. Additionally, experimental studies were used to evaluate the performance in lipids extraction using 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, cyclopentyl methyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, isopropanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, p-cymene and d-limonene compared with hexane. Lipid classes of extracts were obtained by using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), whereas gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) technique was employed to obtain fatty acid profiles. Some differences between theoretical and experimental results were observed, especially regarding the behavior of p-cymene and d-limonene, which separate from the predicted capability. Results obtained from HPTLC indicated that p-cymene and d-limonene extract triglycerides (TAGs) and diglycerides (DAGs) at levels of 73 and 19%, respectively, whereas the other studied extracts contain between 75 and 76% of TAGs and between 16 and 17% of DAGs. Fatty acid profiles, obtained by using GC-FID, indicated that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) between 19.5 and 19.9% of extracted oil, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the range between 43.5 and 44.9%, and PUFAs between 31.2 and 34.6% were extracted. p-Cymene and limonene extracts contained lower percentages than the other studied solvents of some PUFAs due probably to the fact that these unsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to oxidative degradation than MUFAs. Ethyl acetate has been found to be the best alternative solvent to hexane for the extraction of salmon oil lipids. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Merce Cascant
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, 84000, Avignon Cedex, France.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, Research Building, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cassandra Breil
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, 84000, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Salvador Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, Research Building, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, Research Building, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anne Silvie Fabiano-Tixier
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, 84000, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Farid Chemat
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, 84000, Avignon Cedex, France.
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Wang S, Li M, Wang X, Li X, Yin H, Jiang L, Han W, Irving G, Zeng T, Xie K. Diallyl trisulfide attenuated n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats by modulating P450 enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 265:1-7. [PMID: 28115069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane can induce serious nerve system impairments without effective preventive medicines. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, which has been demonstrated to have many beneficial effects. The current study was designed to evaluate whether DATS could restrain n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated with n-hexane (3 g/kg, p.o.) and different doses of DATS (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 8 weeks. Behavioral assessment showed that DATS could inhibit n-hexane induced neurotoxicity, demonstrated by the improvement of the grip strength and decline of gait scores. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed that the Cmax and AUC0-t of 2,5-hexanedione (product of n-hexane metabolic activation) and 2,5-hexanedione protein adducts in serum were significantly declined in DATS-treated rats, and the levels of pyrrole adducts in tissues were significantly reduced. Furthermore, DATS activated CYP1A1 and inhibited n-hexane induced increased expression and activity of CYP2E1 and CYP2B1. Collectively, these findings indicated that DATS protected the rats from n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity, which might be attributed to the modulation of P450 enzymes by DATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xujing Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xianjie Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongyin Yin
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenting Han
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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20
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Yun YM, Shin HS, Lee CK, Oh YK, Kim HW. Inhibition of residual n-hexane in anaerobic digestion of lipid-extracted microalgal wastes and microbial community shift. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:7138-7145. [PMID: 25966884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Converting lipid-extracted microalgal wastes to methane (CH4) via anaerobic digestion (AD) has the potential to make microalgae-based biodiesel platform more sustainable. However, it is apparent that remaining n-hexane (C6H14) from lipid extraction could inhibit metabolic pathway of methanogens. To test an inhibitory influence of residual n-hexane, this study conducted a series of batch AD by mixing lipid-extracted Chlorella vulgaris with a wide range of n-hexane concentration (∼10 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L). Experimental results show that the inhibition of n-hexane on CH4 yield was negligible up to 2 g COD/L and inhibition to methanogenesis became significant when it was higher than 4 g COD/L based on quantitative mass balance. Inhibition threshold was about 4 g COD/L of n-hexane. Analytical result of microbial community profile revealed that dominance of alkane-degrading sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and syntrophic bacteria increased, while that of methanogens sharply dropped as n-hexane concentration increased. These findings offer a useful guideline of threshold n-hexane concentration and microbial community shift for the AD of lipid-extracted microalgal wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Myeong Yun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hang-Sik Shin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Water Resources and Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Daehwa-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 411-712, Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 102 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedae-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Korea.
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Xiao X, Yan B, Fu J, Xiao X. Absorption and recovery of n-hexane in aqueous solutions of fluorocarbon surfactants. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 37:163-171. [PMID: 26574100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
n-Hexane is widely used in industrial production as an organic solvent. As an industrial exhaust gas, the contribution of n-hexane to air pollution and damage to human health are attracting increasing attention. In the present study, aqueous solutions of two fluorocarbon surfactants (FSN100 and FSO100) were investigated for their properties of solubilization and dynamic absorption of n-hexane, as well as their capacity for regeneration and n-hexane recovery by thermal distillation. The results show that the two fluorocarbon surfactants enhance dissolution and absorption of n-hexane, and their effectiveness is closely related to their concentrations in solution. For low concentration solutions (0.01%-0.30%), the partition coefficient decreases dramatically and the saturation capacity increases significantly with increasing concentration, but the changes for both are more modest when the concentration is over 0.30%. The FSO100 solution presents a smaller partition coefficient and a greater saturation capacity than the FSN100 solution at the same concentration, indicating a stronger solubilization for n-hexane. Thermal distillation is a feasible method to recover n-hexane from these absorption solutions, and to regenerate them. With 90sec heating at 80-85°C, the recovery of n-hexane ranges between 81% and 85%, and the regenerated absorption solution maintains its original performance during reuse. This study provides basic information on two fluorocarbon surfactants for application in the treatment of industrial n-hexane waste gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tu Y, Yang C, Cheng Y, Zeng G, Lu L, Wang L. Effect of saponins on n-hexane removal in biotrickling filters. Bioresour Technol 2015; 175:231-238. [PMID: 25459827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Saponins was applied to enhance the removal of n-hexane in a biotrickling filter (BTF) in this study. Comparison experiments were carried out to examine the effect of saponins on n-hexane removal in two BTFs at various saponins concentrations, n-hexane loading rates (LRs) and gas empty bed contact times (EBCTs). Results show that the optimum concentration of saponins in nutrient feed was 50.0mgL(-1). When organic LR of n-hexane increased from 47.8 to 120.0gm(-3)h(-1), the removal efficiency (RE) for BTF1 (with saponins) and BTF2 (without saponins) decreased from 91.3% to 83.3% and from 62.8% to 56.8%, respectively. As gas EBCT decreased from 30.0 to 7.5s, the RE declined from 88.4% to 64.5% for BTF1 and from 61.4% to 38.3% for BTF2. Saponins could also decrease the biomass accumulation rate within the medium bed. These results could be referred in the design and operation of BTFs for hydrophobic VOC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Tu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Li Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Kustiawan PM, Puthong S, Arung ET, Chanchao C. In vitro cytotoxicity of Indonesian stingless bee products against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:549-56. [PMID: 25183275 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014apjtb-2013-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen crude extracts of propolis, bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species [Trigona incisa (T. incisa)], Timia apicalis, Trigona fusco-balteata and Trigona fuscibasis) native to East Kalimantan, Indonesia for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines (HepG2, SW620, ChaGo-I, KATO-III and BT474). METHODS All samples were extracted with methanol, and then subpartitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each crude extract was screened at 20 µg/mL for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, four previously shown bioactive components from propolis (apigenin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, kaempferol and naringenin) and two chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil) were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the cell lines. RESULTS Overall, crude extracts from propolis and honey had higher cytotoxic activities than bee pollen, but the activity was dependent upon the extraction solvent, bee species and cell line. Propolis extracts from T. incisa and Timia apicalis showed the highest and lowest cytotoxic activity, respectively. Only the HepG2 cell line was broadly sensitive to the honey extracts. For pure compounds, doxorubicin was the most cytotoxic, the four propolis compounds the least, but the ChaGo-I cell line was sensitive to kaempferol at 10 µg/mL and KATO-III was sensitive to kaempferol and apigenin at 10 µg/mL. All pure compounds were effective against the BT474 cell line. CONCLUSIONS Propolis from T. incisa and Trigona fusco-balteata contain an in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Further study is required, including the isolation and characterization of the active antiproliferative agent(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Kustiawan
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand ; Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia
| | - Songchan Puthong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Enos T Arung
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Pinto M, Costa PM, Louro H, Costa MH, Lavinha J, Caeiro S, Silva MJ. Human hepatoma cells exposed to estuarine sediment contaminant extracts permitted the differentiation between cytotoxic and pro-mutagenic fractions. Environ Pollut 2014; 185:141-8. [PMID: 24275312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex toxicant mixtures present in estuarine sediments often render contaminant screening unfeasible and compromise determining causation. HepG2 cells were subjected to bioassays with sediment extracts obtained with a series of progressively polar solvents plus a crude extract. The sediments were collected from an impacted area of an estuary otherwise regarded as pristine, whose stressors result mostly from aquaculture effluents and hydrodynamic shifts that enhance particle deposition. Compared to a reference scenario, the most polar extracts yielded highest cytotoxicity while higher genotoxicity (including oxidative damage) was elicited by non-polar solvents. While the former caused effects similar to those expected from biocides, the latter triggered effects compatible with known pro-mutagens like PAHs, even though the overall levels of toxicants were considered of low risk. The results indicate that the approach may constitute an effective line-of-evidence to infer on the predominant set of hazardous contaminants present in complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinto
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P M Costa
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - H Louro
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M H Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J Lavinha
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Caeiro
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Aberta, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 141, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal; CENSE - Centre for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M J Silva
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Occupational neurotoxic diseases have become increasingly common in Taiwan due to industrialization. Over the past 40 years, Taiwan has transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The most common neurotoxic diseases also changed from organophosphate poisoning to heavy metal intoxication, and then to organic solvent and semiconductor agent poisoning. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic agents because of its high metabolic rate. Neurological manifestations may be transient or permanent, and may range from cognitive dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, sensorimotor neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction to neuromuscular junction disorders. This study attempts to provide a review of the major outbreaks of occupational neurotoxins from 1968 to 2012. A total of 16 occupational neurotoxins, including organophosphates, toxic gases, heavy metals, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals, were reviewed. Peer-reviewed articles related to the electrophysiology, neuroimaging, treatment and long-term follow up of these neurotoxic diseases were also obtained. The heavy metals involved consisted of lead, manganese, organic tin, mercury, arsenic, and thallium. The organic solvents included n-hexane, toluene, mixed solvents and carbon disulfide. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also included, along with toxic chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, organophosphates, and dimethylamine borane. In addition we attempted to correlate these events to the timeline of industrial development in Taiwan. By researching this topic, the hope is that it may help other developing countries to improve industrial hygiene and promote occupational safety and health care during the process of industrialization.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article was to provide a literature review of occupational neurological disorders and related research in Korea, focusing on chemical hazards. We reviewed occupational neurological disorders investigated by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute of Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency between 1992 and 2009, categorizing them as neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or as neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined peer-reviewed journal articles related to neurotoxicology, published from 1984 to 2009. Outbreaks of occupational neurological disorder of the CNS due to inorganic mercury and carbon disulfide poisoning had helped prompt the development of the occupational safety and health system of Korea. Other major neurological disorders of the CNS included methyl bromide intoxication and chronic toxic encephalopathy. Most of the PNS disorders were n-hexane-induced peripheral neuritis, reported from the electronics industry. Reports of manganese-induced Parkinsonism resulted in the introduction of neuroimaging techniques to occupational medicine. Since the late 1990s, the direction of research has been moving toward degenerative disorder and early effect of neurotoxicity. To understand the early effects of neurotoxic chemicals in the preclinical stage, more follow-up studies of a longer duration are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea.
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