Reduction and prevention of agitation in persons with neurocognitive disorders: an international psychogeriatric association consensus algorithm.
Int Psychogeriatr 2024;
36:251-262. [PMID:
36876335 PMCID:
PMC10480345 DOI:
10.1017/s104161022200103x]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To develop an agitation reduction and prevention algorithm is intended to guide implementation of the definition of agitation developed by the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA).
DESIGN
Review of literature on treatment guidelines and recommended algorithms; algorithm development through reiterative integration of research information and expert opinion.
SETTING
IPA Agitation Workgroup.
PARTICIPANTS
IPA panel of international experts on agitation.
INTERVENTION
Integration of available information into a comprehensive algorithm.
MEASUREMENTS
None.
RESULTS
The IPA Agitation Work Group recommends the Investigate, Plan, and Act (IPA) approach to agitation reduction and prevention. A thorough investigation of the behavior is followed by planning and acting with an emphasis on shared decision-making; the success of the plan is evaluated and adjusted as needed. The process is repeated until agitation is reduced to an acceptable level and prevention of recurrence is optimized. Psychosocial interventions are part of every plan and are continued throughout the process. Pharmacologic interventions are organized into panels of choices for nocturnal/circadian agitation; mild-moderate agitation or agitation with prominent mood features; moderate-severe agitation; and severe agitation with threatened harm to the patient or others. Therapeutic alternatives are presented for each panel. The occurrence of agitation in a variety of venues-home, nursing home, emergency department, hospice-and adjustments to the therapeutic approach are presented.
CONCLUSIONS
The IPA definition of agitation is operationalized into an agitation management algorithm that emphasizes the integration of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions, reiterative assessment of response to treatment, adjustment of therapeutic approaches to reflect the clinical situation, and shared decision-making.
Collapse