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Gateño J, Jones TL, Shen SGF, Chen KC, Jajoo A, Kuang T, English JD, Nicol M, Teichgraeber JF, Xia JJ. Fluctuating asymmetry of the normal facial skeleton. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 47:534-540. [PMID: 29103833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce reliable estimations of fluctuating facial asymmetry in a normal population. Fifty-four computed tomography (CT) facial models of average-looking and symmetrical Chinese subjects with a class I occlusion were used in this study. Eleven midline landmarks and 12 pairs of bilateral landmarks were digitized. The repeatability of the landmark digitization was first evaluated. A Procrustes analysis was then used to measure the fluctuating asymmetry of each CT model, after all of the models had been scaled to the average face size of the study sample. A principal component analysis was finally used to establish the direction of the fluctuating asymmetries. The results showed that there was excellent absolute agreement among the three repeated measurements. The mean fluctuating asymmetry of the average-size face varied at each anthropometric landmark site, ranging from 1.0mm to 2.8mm. At the 95% upper limit, the asymmetries ranged from 2.2mm to 5.7mm. Most of the asymmetry of the midline structures was mediolateral, while the asymmetry of the bilateral landmarks was more equally distributed. These values are for the average face. People with larger faces will have higher values, while subjects with smaller faces will have lower values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gateño
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - T L Jones
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Private Practice, Plano, Texas, USA
| | - S G F Shen
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K-C Chen
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Cheng-Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - A Jajoo
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - T Kuang
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J D English
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Nicol
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J F Teichgraeber
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J J Xia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA; Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
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