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Jain R, Hundekar P, Deng T, Fan X, Singh Y, Yoshimura A, Sarbada V, Gupta T, Lakhnot AS, Kim SO, Wang C, Koratkar N. Reversible Alloying of Phosphorene with Potassium and Its Stabilization Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Buffer Layers. ACS Nano 2019; 13:14094-14106. [PMID: 31724845 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High specific capacity materials that can store potassium (K) are essential for next-generation K-ion batteries. One such candidate material is phosphorene (the 2D allotrope of phosphorus (P)), but the potassiation capability of phosphorene has not yet been established. Here we systematically investigate the alloying of few-layer phosphorene (FLP) with K. Unlike lithium (Li) and sodium (Na), which form Li3P and Na3P, FLP alloys with K to form K4P3, which was confirmed by ex situ X-ray characterization as well as density functional theory calculations. The formation of K4P3 results in high specific capacity (∼1200 mAh g-1) but poor cyclic stability (only ∼9% capacity retention in subsequent cycles). We show that this capacity fade can be successfully mitigated by the use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as buffer layers to suppress the pulverization of FLP. We studied the performance of rGO and single-walled carbon nanotubes (sCNTs) as buffer materials and found that rGO being a 2D material can better encapsulate and protect FLP relative to 1D sCNTs. The half-cell performance of FLP/rGO could also be successfully reproduced in a full-cell configuration, indicating the possibility of high-performance K-ion batteries that could offer a sustainable and low-cost alternative to Li-ion technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Prateek Hundekar
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Tao Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yashpal Singh
- Material Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Anthony Yoshimura
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Varun Sarbada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Tushar Gupta
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Aniruddha S Lakhnot
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Nikhil Koratkar
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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