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Kertisová A, Žáková L, Macháčková K, Marek A, Šácha P, Pompach P, Jiráček J, Selicharová I. Insulin receptor Arg717 and IGF-1 receptor Arg704 play a key role in ligand binding and in receptor activation. Open Biol 2023; 13:230142. [PMID: 37935358 PMCID: PMC10645074 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR, with its isoforms IR-A and IR-B) and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are related tyrosine kinase receptors. Recently, the portfolio of solved hormone-receptor structures has grown extensively thanks to advancements in cryo-electron microscopy. However, the dynamics of how these receptors transition between their inactive and active state are yet to be fully understood. The C-terminal part of the alpha subunit (αCT) of the receptors is indispensable for the formation of the hormone-binding site. We mutated the αCT residues Arg717 and His710 of IR-A and Arg704 and His697 of IGF-1R. We then measured the saturation binding curves of ligands on the mutated receptors and their ability to become activated. Mutations of Arg704 and His697 to Ala in IGF-1R decreased the binding of IGF-1. Moreover, the number of binding sites for IGF-1 on the His697 IGF-1R mutant was reduced to one-half, demonstrating the presence of two binding sites. Both mutations of Arg717 and His710 to Ala in IR-A inactivated the receptor. We have proved that Arg717 is important for the binding of insulin to its receptor, which suggests that Arg717 is a key residue for the transition to the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kertisová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 116 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Caballero A, Mahn SA, Ali MS, Rogers MR, Marchese A. Heterologous regulation of CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8023-8036. [PMID: 30936203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is regulated by members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and GPCR kinase (GRK) families, although the relative contribution of each to GPCR function varies among specific GPCRs. The CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the GPCR superfamily that binds the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), initiating signaling that is subsequently terminated in part by internalization and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. The purpose of this study is to define the relative contribution of PKC and GRK to CXCR4 signaling attenuation by studying their effects on CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking and degradation. Our results demonstrate that direct activation of PKC via the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal trafficking of CXCR4. In agreement, heterologous activation of PKC by stimulating the chemokine receptor CXCR5 with its ligand, CXCL13, also mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. Similar to CXCL12, PMA promotes PKC-dependent phosphorylation of serine residues within CXCR4 C-tail that are required for binding and ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 (atrophin-interacting protein 4). However, inhibition of PKC activity does not alter CXCL12-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of CXCR4, suggesting that other kinases are also required. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of GRK6 results in decreased degradation and ubiquitination of CXCR4. Overall, these results suggest that PKC and GRK6 contribute to unique aspects of CXCR4 phosphorylation and lysosomal degradation to ensure proper signal propagation and termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Sarah A Mahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Mudassir S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - M Rose Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Xiao Y, Dai Q, Hu R, Pacheco S, Yang Y, Liang G, Soberón M, Bravo A, Liu K, Wu K. A Single Point Mutation Resulting in Cadherin Mislocalization Underpins Resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin in Cotton Bollworm. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2933-2943. [PMID: 28082675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic plants that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline (Cry) toxins are cultivated worldwide to control insect pests. Resistance to B. thuringiensis toxins threatens this technology, and although different resistance mechanisms have been identified, some have not been completely elucidated. To gain new insights into these mechanisms, we performed multiple back-crossing from a 3000-fold Cry1Ac-resistant BtR strain from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), isolating a 516-fold Cry1Ac-resistant strain (96CAD). Cry1Ac resistance in 96CAD was tightly linked to a mutant cadherin allele (mHaCad) that contained 35 amino acid substitutions compared with HaCad from a susceptible strain (96S). We observed significantly reduced levels of the mHaCad protein on the surface of the midgut epithelium in 96CAD as compared with 96S. Expression of both cadherin alleles from 96CAD and 96S in insect cells and immunofluorescence localization in insect midgut tissue sections showed that the HaCAD protein from 96S localizes on the cell membrane, whereas the mutant 96CAD-mHaCad was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mapping of the mutations identified a D172G substitution mainly responsible for cadherin mislocalization. Our finding of a mutation affecting membrane receptor trafficking represents an unusual and previously unrecognized B. thuringiensis resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Xiao
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.,the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qing Dai
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Ruqin Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.,the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yongbo Yang
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Gemei Liang
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mario Soberón
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- the Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- the College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China, and
| | - Kongming Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China,
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Memmer S, Weil S, Beyer S, Zöller T, Peters E, Hartmann J, Steinle A, Koch J. The Stalk Domain of NKp30 Contributes to Ligand Binding and Signaling of a Preassembled NKp30-CD3ζ Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25427-25438. [PMID: 27754869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp30 (CD337) is a key player for NK cell immunosurveillance of infections and cancer. The molecular details of ligand recognition and its connection to CD3ζ signaling remain unsolved. Here, we show that the stalk domain (129KEHPQLGAGTVLLLR143) of NKp30 is very sensitive to sequence alterations, as mutations lead to impaired ligand binding and/or signaling capacity. Surprisingly, the stalk domains of NKp30 and NKp46, another NCR employing CD3ζ for signaling, were not exchangeable without drastic deficiencies in folding, plasma membrane targeting, and/or ligand-induced receptor signaling. Further mutational studies, N-glycosylation mapping, and plasma membrane targeting studies in the absence and presence of CD3ζ suggest two interconvertible types of NCR-CD3ζ assemblies: 1) a signaling incompetent structural NKp30-CD3ζ complex and 2) a ligand-induced signaling competent NKp30-CD3ζ complex. Moreover, we propose that ligand binding triggers translocation of Arg-143 from the membrane interface into the membrane to enable alignment with oppositely charged aspartate residues within CD3ζ and activation of CD3ζ-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Memmer
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Beyer
- the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Zöller
- the Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eike Peters
- the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,the Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- the Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany, and
| | - Alexander Steinle
- the Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany, .,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,the LOEWE Excellence Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sekiguchi T, Kuwasako K, Ogasawara M, Takahashi H, Matsubara S, Osugi T, Muramatsu I, Sasayama Y, Suzuki N, Satake H. Evidence for Conservation of the Calcitonin Superfamily and Activity-regulating Mechanisms in the Basal Chordate Branchiostoma floridae: INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION IN CHORDATES. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2345-56. [PMID: 26644465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin (CT)/CT gene-related peptide (CGRP) family is conserved in vertebrates. The activities of this peptide family are regulated by a combination of two receptors, namely the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and the CTR-like receptor (CLR), and three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Furthermore, RAMPs act as escort proteins by translocating CLR to the cell membrane. Recently, CT/CGRP family peptides have been identified or inferred in several invertebrates. However, the molecular characteristics and relevant functions of the CTR/CLR and RAMPs in invertebrates remain unclear. In this study, we identified three CT/CGRP family peptides (Bf-CTFPs), one CTR/CLR-like receptor (Bf-CTFP-R), and three RAMP-like proteins (Bf-RAMP-LPs) in the basal chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). The Bf-CTFPs were shown to possess an N-terminal circular region typical of the CT/CGRP family and a C-terminal Pro-NH2. The Bf-CTFP genes were expressed in the central nervous system and in endocrine cells of the midgut, indicating that Bf-CTFPs serve as brain and/or gut peptides. Cell surface expression of the Bf-CTFP-R was enhanced by co-expression with each Bf-RAMP-LP. Furthermore, Bf-CTFPs activated Bf-CTFP-R·Bf-RAMP-LP complexes, resulting in cAMP accumulation. These results confirmed that Bf-RAMP-LPs, like vertebrate RAMPs, are prerequisites for the function and translocation of the Bf-CTFP-R. The relative potencies of the three peptides at each receptor were similar. Bf-CTFP2 was a potent ligand at all receptors in cAMP assays. Bf-RAMP-LP effects on ligand potency order were distinct to vertebrate CGRP/adrenomedullin/amylin receptors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular and functional characterization of an authentic invertebrate CT/CGRP family receptor and RAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sekiguchi
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan,
| | - Kenji Kuwasako
- the Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- the Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- the Laboratory of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
| | - Ikunobu Muramatsu
- the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sasayama
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
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Liu S, Nheu T, Luwor R, Nicholson SE, Zhu HJ. SPSB1, a Novel Negative Regulator of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Targeting the Type II Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17894-17908. [PMID: 26032413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate cellular signaling is essential to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Aberrant signaling can have devastating consequences and lead to disease states, including cancer. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a prominent signaling pathway that has been tightly regulated in normal cells, whereas its deregulation strongly correlates with the progression of human cancers. The regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway involves a variety of physiological regulators. Many of these molecules act to alter the activity of Smad proteins. In contrast, the number of molecules known to affect the TGF-β signaling pathway at the receptor level is relatively low, and there are no known direct modulators for the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). Here we identify SPSB1 (a Spry domain-containing Socs box protein) as a novel regulator of the TGF-β signaling pathway. SPSB1 negatively regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway through its interaction with both endogenous and overexpressed TβRII (and not TβRI) via its Spry domain. As such, TβRII and SPSB1 co-localize on the cell membrane. SPSB1 maintains TβRII at a low level by enhancing the ubiquitination levels and degradation rates of TβRII through its Socs box. More importantly, silencing SPSB1 by siRNA results in enhanced TGF-β signaling and migration and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Thao Nheu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Departments of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Tremblay MG, Herdman C, Guillou F, Mishra PK, Baril J, Bellenfant S, Moss T. Extended Synaptotagmin Interaction with the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Depends on Receptor Conformation, Not Catalytic Activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16142-56. [PMID: 25922075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that ESyt2 interacts specifically with the activated FGF receptor and is required for a rapid phase of receptor internalization and for functional signaling via the ERK pathway in early Xenopus embryos. ESyt2 is one of the three-member family of Extended Synaptotagmins that were recently shown to be implicated in the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) junctions and in the Ca(2+) dependent regulation of these junctions. Here we show that ESyt2 is directed to the ER by its putative transmembrane domain, that the ESyts hetero- and homodimerize, and that ESyt2 homodimerization in vivo requires a TM adjacent sequence but not the SMP domain. ESyt2 and ESyt3, but not ESyt1, selectively interact in vivo with activated FGFR1. In the case of ESyt2, this interaction requires a short TM adjacent sequence and is independent of receptor autophosphorylation, but dependent on receptor conformation. The data show that ESyt2 recognizes a site in the upper kinase lobe of FGFR1 that is revealed by displacement of the kinase domain activation loop during receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel G Tremblay
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Chelsea Herdman
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - François Guillou
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Prakash K Mishra
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Joëlle Baril
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Sabrina Bellenfant
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Tom Moss
- From the Laboratory of Growth and Development, St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Québec University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Edifice St Patrick, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
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