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Kinsley AC, Kao SYZ, Enns EA, Escobar LE, Qiao H, Snellgrove N, Muellner U, Muellner P, Muthukrishnan R, Craft ME, Larkin DJ, Phelps NBD. Modeling the risk of aquatic species invasion spread through boater movements and river connections. Conserv Biol 2024:e14260. [PMID: 38638064 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are one of the greatest threats to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Once an invasive species has been introduced to a new region, many governments develop management strategies to reduce further spread. Nevertheless, managing AIS in a new region is challenging because of the vast areas that need protection and limited resources. Spatial heterogeneity in invasion risk is driven by environmental suitability and propagule pressure, which can be used to prioritize locations for surveillance and intervention activities. To better understand invasion risk across aquatic landscapes, we developed a simulation model to estimate the likelihood of a waterbody becoming invaded with an AIS. The model included waterbodies connected via a multilayer network that included boater movements and hydrological connections. In a case study of Minnesota, we used zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) as model species. We simulated the impacts of management scenarios developed by stakeholders and created a decision-support tool available through an online application provided as part of the AIS Explorer dashboard. Our baseline model revealed that 89% of new zebra mussel invasions and 84% of new starry stonewort invasions occurred through boater movements, establishing it as a primary pathway of spread and offering insights beyond risk estimates generated by traditional environmental suitability models alone. Our results highlight the critical role of interventions applied to boater movements to reduce AIS dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Kinsley
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Zoe Kao
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva A Enns
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Huijie Qiao
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-Interactive, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ranjan Muthukrishnan
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel J Larkin
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Pratt EN, Lockwood JL, King EG, Pienaar EF. Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14189. [PMID: 37768191 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has focused on the regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state-level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States. Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms pet and companion animal were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the United States owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the United States, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate the movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that a transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Pratt
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie L Lockwood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth G King
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Pienaar
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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