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Wikström M, Persson L, Fatehi J. Aphanomyces macrosporus sp. nov. Causing Root Rot in Barley and Some Other Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1144. [PMID: 38132745 PMCID: PMC10744466 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a new root rot disease in barley, which is caused by an Aphanomyces species, was found in field surveys in Southern Sweden and Denmark. Its symptoms occurred at the early tillering stage, around the BBCH 21 growth stage, and included the yellowing of leaves, brown coleoptiles, and the discolouration of roots. Prolonged soil wetness after rainfall favoured disease development, which sometimes advanced the yellowing patches to entire fields, resulting in lower yields. Oospores were found in the fine roots of diseased plants, and Aphanomyces isolates were obtained from these roots, as well as from the roots of barley plants grown in the greenhouse in soil samples from infected fields. Based on morphological analysis, we found that the new isolates were similar to those already obtained from barley and spinach roots in the 1990s in the same growing area. The morphological and molecular analyses performed in this study clearly separated and distinguished these barley isolates from other known Aphanomyces, and hereby Aphanomyces macrosporus sp. nov. is proposed as a new plant pathogenic species. It has larger oogonia and oospores than A. euteiches, A. cochlioides, and A. cladogamus, with one up to eight diclinous antheridia per oogonium. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS rDNA region sequences grouped these new Aphanomyces isolates in a monophyletic clade, which was clearly distinguished from other plant pathogenic Aphanomyces species. The further pathogenicity of A. macrosporus on other plants is currently under investigation, but it is clear that it can at least infect barley, spinach, and sugar beet, indicating a wide host range for this species. The widespread presence and presumably broad host range of this new pathogenic Aphanomyces species must be considered in crop rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Persson
- Brandsberga Gård AB/Agri Science Sweden AB, Brandsberga Gård 210, S-264 53 Ljungbyhed, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Fatehi
- Lantmännen BioAgri, Fågelbacksvägen 3, S-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Wang W, Qin L, Zhang W, Tang L, Zhang C, Dong X, Miao P, Shen M, Du H, Cheng H, Wang K, Zhang X, Su M, Lu H, Li C, Gao Q, Zhang X, Huang Y, Liang C, Zhou JM, Chen YH. WeiTsing, a pericycle-expressed ion channel, safeguards the stele to confer clubroot resistance. Cell 2023; 186:2656-2671.e18. [PMID: 37295403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots encounter numerous pathogenic microbes that often cause devastating diseases. One such pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb), causes clubroot disease and severe yield losses on cruciferous crops worldwide. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of WeiTsing (WTS), a broad-spectrum clubroot resistance gene from Arabidopsis. WTS is transcriptionally activated in the pericycle upon Pb infection to prevent pathogen colonization in the stele. Brassica napus carrying the WTS transgene displayed strong resistance to Pb. WTS encodes a small protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and its expression in plants induces immune responses. The cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of WTS revealed a previously unknown pentameric architecture with a central pore. Electrophysiology analyses demonstrated that WTS is a calcium-permeable cation-selective channel. Structure-guided mutagenesis indicated that channel activity is strictly required for triggering defenses. The findings uncover an ion channel analogous to resistosomes that triggers immune signaling in the pericycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huilong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China.
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Bithell SL, Drenth A, Backhouse D, Harden S, Hobson K. Inoculum production of Phytophthora medicaginis can be used to screen for partial resistance in chickpea genotypes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1115417. [PMID: 36890901 PMCID: PMC9986325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora medicaginis is an important disease of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) in Australia with limited management options, increasing reliance on breeding for improved levels of genetic resistance. Resistance based on chickpea-Cicer echinospermum crosses is partial with a quantitative genetic basis provided by C. echinospermum and some disease tolerance traits originating from C. arietinum germplasm. Partial resistance is hypothesised to reduce pathogen proliferation, while tolerant germplasm may contribute some fitness traits, such as an ability to maintain yield despite pathogen proliferation. To test these hypotheses, we used P. medicaginis DNA concentrations in the soil as a parameter for pathogen proliferation and disease assessments on lines of two recombinant inbred populations of chickpea-C. echinospermum crosses to compare the reactions of selected recombinant inbred lines and parents. Our results showed reduced inoculum production in a C. echinospermum backcross parent relative to the C. arietinum variety Yorker. Recombinant inbred lines with consistently low levels of foliage symptoms had significantly lower levels of soil inoculum compared to lines with high levels of visible foliage symptoms. In a separate experiment, a set of superior recombinant inbred lines with consistently low levels of foliage symptoms was tested for soil inoculum reactions relative to control normalised yield loss. The in-crop P. medicaginis soil inoculum concentrations across genotypes were significantly and positively related to yield loss, indicating a partial resistance-tolerance spectrum. Disease incidence and the rankings for in-crop soil inoculum were correlated strongly to yield loss. These results indicate that soil inoculum reactions may be useful to identify genotypes with high levels of partial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Bithell
- Plant Systems, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
| | - Andre Drenth
- Centre for Horticultural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Backhouse
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Harden
- Plant Systems, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristy Hobson
- Plant Systems, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth, NSW, Australia
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Fortier M, Lemaitre V, Gaudry A, Pawlak B, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M. A fine-tuned defense at the pea root caps: Involvement of border cells and arabinogalactan proteins against soilborne diseases. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1132132. [PMID: 36844081 PMCID: PMC9947496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a myriad of soilborne pathogens that affect crop production and food security. The complex interactions between the root system and microorganisms are determinant for the whole plant health. However, the knowledge regarding root defense responses is limited as compared to the aerial parts of the plant. Immune responses in roots appear to be tissue-specific suggesting a compartmentalization of defense mechanisms in these organs. The root cap releases cells termed root "associated cap-derived cells" (AC-DCs) or "border cells" embedded in a thick mucilage layer forming the root extracellular trap (RET) dedicated to root protection against soilborne pathogens. Pea (Pisum sativum) is the plant model used to characterize the composition of the RET and to unravel its function in root defense. The objective of this paper is to review modes of action of the RET from pea against diverse pathogens with a special focus on root rot disease caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, one of the most widely occurring and large-scale pea crop diseases. The RET, at the interface between the soil and the root, is enriched in antimicrobial compounds including defense-related proteins, secondary metabolites, and glycan-containing molecules. More especially arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a family of plant extracellular proteoglycans belonging to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins were found to be particularly present in pea border cells and mucilage. Herein, we discuss the role of RET and AGPs in the interaction between roots and microorganisms and future potential developments for pea crop protection.
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Otto EC, Held BW, Gould TJ, Blanchette RA. Fungal Diversity in Multiple Post-harvest Aged Red Pine Stumps and Their Potential Influence on Heterobasidion Root Rot in Managed Stands Across Minnesota. Front Fungal Biol 2021; 2:782181. [PMID: 37744128 PMCID: PMC10512335 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.782181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Thinning operations that occur in managed red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands, create tree stumps that can serve as a habitat for fungi, especially Heterobasidion irregulare, the cause of a serious root disease. Different fungi can colonize stumps early and the community of fungi can change over time as initial fungal species become replaced. Samples were collected from both the native and non-native range of red pine from stumps that were cut at different time periods. Stumps that were harvested at 0-1, 2-3, 5-6, and 10-12 years before sampling were used to provide data on the diversity of fungi that colonize tree stumps and how these communities can change over time as well as how they influence colonization of H. irregulare. Traditional culturing methods and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify the fungi in the samples. Of particular interest was Phlebiopsis gigantea, which can colonize cut stumps and prevent H. irregulare from becoming established. Overall, P. gigantea was the most abundant fungus isolated and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. Results show that Phlebiopsis gigantea was isolated from 90% of all stumps sampled for sites harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 33% in the non-native range. For Illumina MiSeq, 5,940 total amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected. P. gigantea represented 14% of the total reads and composed 19% of the reads in the native range and 8% in non-native range of red pine. Furthermore, P. gigantea represented 38% of the reads for stumps that were harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 14% in the non-native range. These results help demonstrate that a higher amount of P. gigantea is present in the native range of red pine and could be acting as a native biological control agent. Additional fungi, including Resinicium bicolor, Hypochnicium cremicolor, Leptographium spp., and others identified at different cutting times are also discussed. Finally, different diversity indices revealed similar, but slightly higher diversity for southern sites via Shannon and Simpson Diversity indices. Beta diversity demonstrated a similar species composition in stumps harvested at different times with these stumps being grouped together based on harvesting years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Otto
- Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Held
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Trevor J. Gould
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Robert A. Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Kumar S, Tripathi D, Okubara PA, Tanaka K. Purinoceptor P2K1/DORN1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against a Soilborne Fungal Pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:572920. [PMID: 33101341 PMCID: PMC7545828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The purinoceptor P2K1/DORN1 recognizes extracellular ATP, a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) released upon cellular disruption by wounding and necrosis, which in turn, boost plant innate immunity. P2K1 is known to confer plant resistance to foliar biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens. However, until now, no information was available on its function in defense against root pathogens. In this report, we describe the contribution of P2K1 to resistance in Arabidopsis against Rhizoctonia solani, a broad host range, necrotrophic soilborne fungal pathogen. In pot assays, the Arabidopsis P2K1 overexpression line OxP2K1 showed longer root length and a greater rosette surface area than wild type in the presence of the pathogen. In contrast, the knockout mutant dorn1-3 and the double mutant rbohd/f, defective in two subunits of the respiratory burst complex NADPH oxidase, exhibited significant reductions in shoot and root lengths and rosette surface area compared to wild type when the pathogen was present. Expression of PR1, PDF1.2, and JAZ5 in the roots was reduced in dorn1-3 and rbohd/f and elevated in OxP2K1 relative to wild type, indicating that the salicylate and jasmonate defense signaling pathways functioned in resistance. These results indicated that a DAMP-mediated defense system confers basal resistance against an important root necrotrophic fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Patricia A. Okubara
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka,
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Hammerschmidt R. How glyphosate affects plant disease development: it is more than enhanced susceptibility. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1054-1063. [PMID: 28067016 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate has been shown to affect the development of plant disease in several ways. Plants utilize phenolic and other shikimic acid pathway-derived compounds as part of their defense against pathogens, and glyphosate inhibits the biosynthesis of these compounds via its mode of action. Several studies have shown a correlation between enhanced disease and suppression of phenolic compound production after glyphosate. Glyphosate-resistant crop plants have also been studied for changes in resistance as a result of carrying the glyphosate resistance trait. The evidence indicates that neither the resistance trait nor application of glyphosate to glyphosate-resistant plants increases susceptibility to disease. The only exceptions to this are cases where glyphosate has been shown to reduce rust diseases on glyphosate-resistant crops, supporting a fungicidal role for this chemical. Finally, glyphosate treatment of weeds or volunteer crops can cause a temporary increase in soil-borne pathogens that may result in disease development if crops are planted too soon after glyphosate application. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Hammerschmidt
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, 578 Wilson Road, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Toueni M, Ben C, Le Ru A, Gentzbittel L, Rickauer M. Quantitative Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Medicago truncatula Involves Eradication of the Fungus from Roots and Is Associated with Transcriptional Responses Related to Innate Immunity. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1431. [PMID: 27746789 PMCID: PMC5041324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance mechanisms to Verticillium wilt are well-studied in tomato, cotton, and Arabidopsis, but much less in legume plants. Because legume plants establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses in their roots, resistance to root-attacking pathogens merits particular attention. The interaction between the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium alfalfae and the model legume Medicago truncatula was investigated using a resistant (A17) and a susceptible (F83005.5) line. As shown by histological analyses, colonization by the pathogen was initiated similarly in both lines. Later on, the resistant line A17 eliminated the fungus, whereas the susceptible F83005.5 became heavily colonized. Resistance in line A17 does not involve homologs of the well-characterized tomato Ve1 and V. dahliae Ave1 genes. A transcriptomic study of early root responses during initial colonization (i.e., until 24 h post-inoculation) similarly was performed. Compared to the susceptible line, line A17 displayed already a significantly higher basal expression of defense-related genes prior to inoculation, and responded to infection with up-regulation of only a small number of genes. Although fungal colonization was still low at this stage, the susceptible line F83005.5 exhibited a disorganized response involving a large number of genes from different functional classes. The involvement of distinct phytohormone signaling pathways in resistance as suggested by gene expression patterns was supported by experiments with plant hormone pretreatment before fungal inoculation. Gene co-expression network analysis highlighted five main modules in the resistant line, whereas no structured gene expression was found in the susceptible line. One module was particularly associated to the inoculation response in A17. It contains the majority of differentially expressed genes, genes associated with PAMP perception and hormone signaling, and transcription factors. An in silico analysis showed that a high number of these genes also respond to other soil-borne pathogens in M. truncatula, suggesting a core of transcriptional response to root pathogens. Taken together, the results suggest that resistance in M. truncatula line A17 might be due to innate immunity combining preformed defense and PAMP-triggered defense mechanisms, and putative involvement of abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoulida Toueni
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPSToulouse, France
| | - Cécile Ben
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPSToulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Research Federation “Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité”Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Oldach KH, Peck DM, Nair RM, Sokolova M, Harris J, Bogacki P, Ballard R. Genetic analysis of tolerance to the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus in the legume Medicago littoralis. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:100. [PMID: 24742262 PMCID: PMC4021308 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nematode Pratylenchus neglectus has a wide host range and is able to feed on the root systems of cereals, oilseeds, grain and pasture legumes. Under the Mediterranean low rainfall environments of Australia, annual Medicago pasture legumes are used in rotation with cereals to fix atmospheric nitrogen and improve soil parameters. Considerable efforts are being made in breeding programs to improve resistance and tolerance to Pratylenchus neglectus in the major crops wheat and barley, which makes it vital to develop appropriate selection tools in medics. RESULTS A strong source of tolerance to root damage by the root lesion nematode (RLN) Pratylenchus neglectus had previously been identified in line RH-1 (strand medic, M. littoralis). Using RH-1, we have developed a single seed descent (SSD) population of 138 lines by crossing it to the intolerant cultivar Herald. After inoculation, RLN-associated root damage clearly segregated in the population. Genetic analysis was performed by constructing a genetic map using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and gene-based SNP markers. A highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL), QPnTolMl.1, was identified explaining 49% of the phenotypic variation in the SSD population. All SSRs and gene-based markers in the QTL region were derived from chromosome 1 of the sequenced genome of the closely related species M. truncatula. Gene-based markers were validated in advanced breeding lines derived from the RH-1 parent and also a second RLN tolerance source, RH-2 (M. truncatula ssp. tricycla). Comparative analysis to sequenced legume genomes showed that the physical QTL interval exists as a synteny block in Lotus japonicus, common bean, soybean and chickpea. Furthermore, using the sequenced genome information of M. truncatula, the QTL interval contains 55 genes out of which five are discussed as potential candidate genes responsible for the mapped tolerance. CONCLUSION The closely linked set of SNP-based PCR markers is directly applicable to select for two different sources of RLN tolerance in breeding programs. Moreover, genome sequence information has allowed proposing candidate genes for further functional analysis and nominates QPnTolMl.1 as a target locus for RLN tolerance in economically important grain legumes, e.g. chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus H Oldach
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - David M Peck
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Ramakrishnan M Nair
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru 502 324, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Maria Sokolova
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - John Harris
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Paul Bogacki
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Ross Ballard
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Genomics Centre, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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Ben C, Toueni M, Montanari S, Tardin MC, Fervel M, Negahi A, Saint-Pierre L, Mathieu G, Gras MC, Noël D, Prospéri JM, Pilet-Nayel ML, Baranger A, Huguet T, Julier B, Rickauer M, Gentzbittel L. Natural diversity in the model legume Medicago truncatula allows identifying distinct genetic mechanisms conferring partial resistance to Verticillium wilt. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:317-32. [PMID: 23213135 PMCID: PMC3528038 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a major threat to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and many other crops. The model legume Medicago truncatula was used as a host for studying resistance and susceptibility to Verticillium albo-atrum. In addition to presenting well-established genetic resources, this wild plant species enables to investigate biodiversity of the response to the pathogen and putative crosstalk between disease and symbiosis. Symptom scoring after root inoculation and modelling of disease curves allowed assessing susceptibility levels in recombinant lines of three crosses between susceptible and resistant lines, in a core collection of 32 lines, and in mutants affected in symbiosis with rhizobia. A GFP-expressing V. albo-atrum strain was used to study colonization of susceptible plants. Symptoms and colonization pattern in infected M. truncatula plants were typical of Verticillium wilt. Three distinct major quantitative trait loci were identified using a multicross, multisite design, suggesting that simple genetic mechanisms appear to control Verticillium wilt resistance in M. truncatula lines A17 and DZA45.5. The disease functional parameters varied largely in lines of the core collection. This biodiversity with regard to disease response encourages the development of association genetics and ecological approaches. Several mutants of the resistant line, impaired in different steps of rhizobial symbiosis, were affected in their response to V. albo-atrum, which suggests that mechanisms involved in the establishment of symbiosis or disease might have some common regulatory control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Ben
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Maoulida Toueni
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sara Montanari
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Magalie Fervel
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | - Azam Negahi
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Noël
- Barenbrug Tourneur Recherches, Negadis, 82600 Mas Grenier, France
| | | | - Marie-Laure Pilet-Nayel
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Baranger
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes1, UMR118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Huguet
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bernadette Julier
- INRA, UR 4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, BP 80006, 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Martina Rickauer
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; Laboratoire d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (EcoLab); ENSAT, 18 chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS; EcoLab; 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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11
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Lombard L, Rodas CA, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. Calonectria (Cylindrocladium) species associated with dying Pinus cuttings. Persoonia 2009; 23:41-7. [PMID: 20198160 DOI: 10.3767/003158509X471052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calonectria (Ca.) species and their Cylindrocladium (Cy.) anamorphs are well-known pathogens of forest nursery plants in subtropical and tropical areas of the world. An investigation of the mortality of rooted Pinus cuttings in a commercial forest nursery in Colombia led to the isolation of two Cylindrocladium anamorphs of Calonectria species. The aim of this study was to identify these species using DNA sequence data and morphological comparisons. Two species were identified, namely one undescribed species, and Cy. gracile, which is allocated to Calonectria as Ca. brassicae. The new species, Ca. brachiatica, resides in the Ca. brassicae species complex. Pathogenicity tests with Ca. brachiatica and Ca. brassicae showed that both are able to cause disease on Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii. An emended key is provided to distinguish between Calonectria species with clavate vesicles and 1-septate macroconidia.
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12
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Matusick G, Eckhardt LG, Enebak SA. Virulence of Leptographium serpens on Longleaf Pine Seedlings Under Varying Soil Moisture Regimes. Plant Dis 2008; 92:1574-1576. [PMID: 30764438 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-11-1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Leptographium serpens has been recovered from the roots of declining and dead longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in stands associated with various abiotic stresses. Although most data suggest that L. serpens is pathogenic to various Pinus spp., there is little known of its virulence on longleaf pine or its relationship with abiotic stress in causing disease. These trials examined the effects of L. serpens infection coupled with drought stress. Trials began with wound inoculations of bareroot longleaf pine seedlings in spring 2006 and 2007 at the seedling stress facility at Auburn University. Soon after inoculation, seedlings were also subjected to adequate moisture, moderate drought, or severe drought. Sixteen weeks after inoculation, longleaf pine survival, L. serpens virulence, and seedling growth characteristics were measured. Longleaf pine seedlings inoculated with L. serpens had 33% mortality (138/420) which was significantly greater than nonwounded control seedlings (22%, 47/211). Survival and lesion size on longleaf pine suggests that L. serpens is moderately pathogenic to longleaf pine seedlings. Separately, moisture stress associated with low soil moisture also contributed to seedling mortality. Results suggest that L. serpens infection and moisture stress commonly experienced by southern pines act independently to stress longleaf pine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S A Enebak
- Professor, Forest Health Dynamics Laboratory, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Abstract
Freshly lifted seedlings and 21-year-old trees of loblolly pine were wound-inoculated with Leptographium species recovered from the soil and/or roots of trees with loblolly decline symptoms in central Alabama. Seedlings inoculated with L. procerum in the greenhouse produced significantly fewer root initials and a smaller root mass than control seedlings. Vertical lesions produced in seedlings by L. serpens and L. terebrantis were significantly longer than in controls. Lesions produced in mature trees by L. serpens and L. lundbergii were significantly longer than in controls. Of the fungi tested, L. serpens, L. terebrantis, and L. lundbergii were the most aggressive and may pose the greatest threat to loblolly pines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J P Jones
- Professor, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - K D Klepzig
- Entomologist, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360
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14
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Tainter FH, O'Brien JG, Hernández A, Orozco F, Rebolledo O. Phytophthora cinnamomi as a Cause of Oak Mortality in the State of Colima, Mexico. Plant Dis 2000; 84:394-398. [PMID: 30841159 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2000.84.4.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research identifies the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi as the primary cause of mortality in a 300-ha disease center of mixed oak trees in a native forest in southern Mexico. In increasing order of apparent field resistance to the disease, the major oak species are Quercus glaucoides, Q. peduncularis, and Q. salicifolia. P. cinnamomi was isolated from soil in the affected area from symptomatic trees and was successfully used to perform Koch's postulates on these three oak species. Artificial and natural infections produced vertically elongated discolorations in the outer xylem and distinctive phloem canker lesions with a sharp demarcation line between healthy and affected tissues. In Q. glaucoides there is little evidence that this oak species is able to resist the girdling effects of the phloem lesions, but in Q. peduncularis, and especially in Q. salicifolia, increased production of callus tissue around the phloem canker lesions suggests an active resistance mechanism that may allow these infected trees to survive somewhat longer. This particular incident is unlike other recent reports in other parts of the world of oak mortality caused by P. cinnamomi because the initial appearance of disease in this area is known (just prior to 1987), and it has subsequently expanded to the present area of 300 ha (in 1999) as a distinctive infection locus with periodically advancing infection fronts. This incident is also another dramatic illustration of the potential environmental damage that can result when P. cinnamomi is introduced into a simple forest ecosystem where the major overstory trees are susceptible to infection and are killed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Tainter
- Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0331
| | - J G O'Brien
- USDA Forest Service, 1992 Fowell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - A Hernández
- Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca, Progreso No. 5, Col. de Carmen, Coyoacan, c.p. 04110, México, D.F
| | - F Orozco
- Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca, Victoria No. 360, Colima, Colima, México
| | - O Rebolledo
- Universidad de Colima, Tecoman, Colima, AP 36, México
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15
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Bonello P, Heller W, Sandermann H. Ozone effects on root-disease susceptibility and defence responses in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). New Phytol 1993; 124:653-663. [PMID: 33874431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between ozone and biotic stress caused by a pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., in mycorrhizal [Hegeloma crustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Am.) Quel.] and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings were investigated using a semi-axenic model system. Ozone exposure (200 nl 1-1 , 8 h d-1 for 28 d) increased disease incidence significantly, but mycorrhizal infection completely prevented this negative effect. The presence of the pathogen on the root systems was necessary for the induction of changes in the soluble and wall-bound secondary compounds of roots and needles; ozone alone did not induce such changes. Mycorrhizal infection appeared to have a dampening effect on the induction of these compounds. H. annosum induced a significant accumulation of the two pine stilbenes both locally and systemically in the more susceptible seedlings. In these seedlings ozone had a significant positive effect on the accumulation of both stilbenes in the roots, but it reduced pinosylvin and had no effect on pinosylvin 3-methyl ether in the needles. The catechin content of the roots decreased in the same infected seedlings, but to a larger degree upon ozone treatment. One compound of as yet unknown structure accumulated gradually in the infected roots over the experimental period, and could thus be associated with resistance. Its accumulation was little affected by ozone treatment. Among the root cell wall-bound phenolics analyzed, only lignin-like material showed significant changes. The presence of the pathogen was again necessary for induction, but ozone had an inhibitory effect on this response. Pure pinosylvin applied through the hypocotyls of excised seedlings was shown to be phytotoxic, with the needles displaying discoloration and wilting as observed after pathogenic inoculation, and being characterized by a lower chlorophyll content and increased transpiration. Accumulation of pinosylvin in the needles was detected at amounts comparable to those found in the main experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Bonello
- Institut für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie, GSF Munchen, Ingolstddter Landstrasse 1, D-8042 Neuherberg, FRG
| | - Werner Heller
- Institut für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie, GSF Munchen, Ingolstddter Landstrasse 1, D-8042 Neuherberg, FRG
| | - Heinrich Sandermann
- Institut für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie, GSF Munchen, Ingolstddter Landstrasse 1, D-8042 Neuherberg, FRG
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Matyac CA, Cofer GP, Bailey JE, Johnson GA. In Situ Observations of Root-gall Formation Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Nematol 1989; 21:131-134. [PMID: 19287587 PMCID: PMC2618902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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