Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in Preclinical In Vivo Models of Inflammation

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in preclinical in vivo models of inflammation. A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with related keywords. The inclusion criteria were inflammation, plant, and studies on rats or mice; while, the exclusion criteria were reviews, studies with in vitro models, and associated plants. The predominant animal models were paw edema, acute liver injury, and asthma. Rosemary was more commonly used in its entirety than in compounds, and the prevalent methods of extraction were maceration and hydrodistillation. The most common routes of administration reported were gavage, intraperitoneal, and oral, on a route-dependent dosage. Treatment took place daily, or was single-dose, on average for 21 days, and it more often started before the induction. The most evaluated biomarkers were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The best results emerged at a dose of 60 mg/kg, via IP of carnosic acid, a dose of 400 mg/kg via gavage of Rosmarinus officinalis, and a dose of 10 mg/kg via IP of rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed anti-inflammatory activity before and after induction of treatments.

Comparison of Rosemary and Mefenamic Acid Capsules on Menstrual Bleeding and Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Clinical Trial

Background:

Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common complaint of women. Imbalance secretion of prostaglandin from the endometrium during menstruation cycle is effective in primary dysmenorrhea and menstrual bleeding. The aim of this study was to compare rosemary capsule and mefenamic acid on menstrual bleeding and primary dysmenorrhea.

Materials and Methods:

This randomized double-blinded study was conducted on 82 students with primary dysmenorrhea in the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad in 2016. Participants had moderate dysmenorrhea and normal menstrual bleeding. No intervention was carried out at the two cycles. During the next two cycles, participants were randomly divided into two groups (rosemary and mefenamic acid(. Participants in the intervention group received 250 mg rosemary capsules and the control group received 250 mg mefenamic acid capsules in the first 3 days of menstruation. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to determine the severity of pain and Hingham chart to determine the amount of bleeding in menstruation. Independent t-tests, Mann--Whitney were used for statistical analysis. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Pain intensity score standard deviation (SD) before and after intervention for rosemary group were 40.39 (11.41) and 23.57 (12.78) (t₄₁ = 9.90, p < 0.001). For the control group, they were 46.75 (13.32) and 28.29 (17.21) (t₃₉ = 9.10, p < 0.001). Menstrual bleeding score (SD) before and after intervention for rosemary group were 55.21 (21.32) and 46.30 (24.16) (t₄₁ = 2.60, p = 0.01). For the control group, they were 51.05 (23.87) and 43.43 (29.47) (t₃₉ = 2.10, p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the pain severity and menstrual bleeding score SD in these two groups.

Conclusions:

Rosemary capsules reduce the menstrual bleeding and primary dysmenorrhea the same as mefenamic acid capsules.

Rosmarinic Acid Analogue-11 Induces Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cells via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/Akt/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) Pathway

BACKGROUND According to the latest statistics from the American Cancer Society, there will be 1.73 million cancer cases and more than 600 000 cancer deaths in the United States in 2018, among which there will be 26 240 new cases of gastric cancer and around 10 800 deaths arising from gastric cancer. The objective of this study was to use RAA-11 to intervene in SGC-7901 cells to understand its effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis, and to explore the apoptosis mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS MTT assay was used to detect the survival of human gastric mucosal epithelial GES-1 cells and human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Colony formation assay was used to observe the colony forming ability in SGC-7901 cells. The apoptotic rate of SGC-7901 cells was evaluated by Hoechst33258 staining and flow cytometry. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression level in SGC-7901 cells. Western blot was used to examine the expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2, BAX, EGFR, Akt, p-Akt, and NF-κB in SGC-7901 cells. RESULTS RAA-11 is capable of inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Western blot showed that the expression levels of caspase-3 and BAX were upregulated, while the expression levels of Bcl-2, EGFR, Akt, p-Akt, and NF-κB in the SGC-7901 cells were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis can be induced in SGC-7901 cells by RAA-11, potentially via the EGFR/Akt/NF-κB pathway, indicating that RAA-11 might be a potent agent for cancer treatment.