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Niu B, Liu L, Gao Q, Zhu MM, Chen L, Peng XH, Qin B, Zhou X, Li F. Genetic mutation of Tas2r104/Tas2r105/Tas2r114 cluster leads to a loss of taste perception to denatonium benzoate and cucurbitacin B. Animal Model Exp Med 2023. [PMID: 38155461 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs) are generally considered to sense various bitter compounds to escape the intake of toxic substances. Bitter taste receptors have been found to widely express in extraoral tissues and have important physiological functions outside the gustatory system in vivo. METHODS To investigate the physiological functions of the bitter taste receptor cluster Tas2r106/Tas2r104/Tas2r105/Tas2r114 in lingual and extraoral tissues, multiple Tas2rs mutant mice and Gnat3 were produced using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique. A mixture containing Cas9 and sgRNA mRNAs for Tas2rs and Gnat3 gene was microinjected into the cytoplasm of the zygotes. Then, T7EN1 assays and sequencing were used to screen genetic mutation at the target sites in founder mice. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunostaining were used to study the expression level of taste signaling cascade and bitter taste receptor in taste buds. Perception to taste substance was also studied using two-bottle preference tests. RESULTS We successfully produced several Tas2rs and Gnat3 mutant mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Immunostaining results showed that the expression of GNAT3 and PLCB2 was not altered in Tas2rs mutant mice. But qRT-PCR results revealed the changed expression profile of mTas2rs gene in taste buds of these mutant mice. With two-bottle preference tests, these mutant mice eliminate responses to cycloheximide due to genetic mutation of Tas2r105. In addition, these mutant mice showed a loss of taste perception to quinine dihydrochloride, denatonium benzoate, and cucurbitacin B (CuB). Gnat3-mediated taste receptor and its signal pathway contribute to CuB perception. CONCLUSIONS These findings implied that these mutant mice would be a valuable means to understand the biological functions of TAS2Rs in extraoral tissues and investigate bitter compound-induced responses mediated by these TAS2Rs in many extraoral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Niu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Min Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Peng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boying Qin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Matsumoto K, Kamide M, Uchida K, Takahata M, Shichiri R, Hida Y, Taniguchi Y, Ohishi A, Tominaga M, Nagasawa K, Kato S. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in Taste Nerve Contributes to the Sense of Sweet Taste in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:939-945. [PMID: 37394645 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play a significant role in taste perception. TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is present in the afferent sensory neurons and is activated by food-derived ingredients, such as Japanese horseradish, cinnamon, and garlic. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of TRPA1 in taste buds, and determine its functional roles in taste perception using TRPA1-deficient mice. In circumvallate papillae, TRPA1 immunoreactivity colocalised with P2X2 receptor-positive taste nerves but not with type II or III taste cell markers. Behavioural studies showed that TRPA1 deficiency significantly reduced sensitivity to sweet and umami tastes, but not to salty, bitter, and sour tastes, compared to that in wild-type animals. Furthermore, administration of the TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 significantly decreased taste preference to sucrose solution compared to that in the vehicle-treated group in the two-bottle preference tests. TRPA1 deficiency did not affect the structure of circumvallate papillae or the expression of type II or III taste cell and taste nerve markers. Adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate evoked inward currents did not differ between P2X2- and P2X2/TRPA1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells. TRPA1-deficient mice had significantly decreased c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem following sucrose stimulation than wild-type mice. Taken together, the current study suggested that TRPA1 in the taste nerve contributes to the sense of sweet taste in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mayu Kamide
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Mitsuki Takahata
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Runa Shichiri
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuka Hida
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yumi Taniguchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akihiro Ohishi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences)
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Han X, Jiang H, Lin JZ, Han L, Xiong X, Jiao JJ, Zhang YY, Zhang DK, Yang M. [Quantification of astringency for traditional Chinese medicine based on animal preference index and electronic tongue]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2018; 42:486-492. [PMID: 28952253 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170103.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current evaluation method for astringency is mainly focused on human sensory evaluation. However, it is subjective, vague, and short of assessment indicators for objective quantification. In this paper, the quantification method for astringent intensity of traditional Chinese medicine was established based on the animal preference index and electronic tongue in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, the standard substance of astringency, tannic acid, was used for the methodology optimization and validation of two-bottle preference test. It was determined that the standard experimental animals were female rats of 140-180 g. The functional relationship between concentration of tannic acid and preference index was obtained Y= ln(1.682 6-0.441 66X), r=0.997 3. Then the typical astringent Chinese herbs Chebulae Fructus, Ardisiae Japonicae Herba, Canarii Fructus, Catechu, and Arecae Pericarpium were evaluated by the optimized method. Their corresponding concentration of tannic acid was converted by the concentration-preference index relationship through preference index. Their astringency was equivalent to 0.56, 0.29, 0.24, 0.34, 0.25 g•L⁻¹ tannic acid. Finally, the results were verified by electronic tongue. The correction analysis between Euclidean distance in PCA and preference index and concentration of tannic acid converted by samples showed a high correlation through pearson correlation analysis. The above results indicated that the method was objective, true and reliable. The method provided a reliable tool for the quantification of astringency and evaluation of taste masking effect for Chinese medicines, and also offered a new idea and model for the quantification of taste in the pharmaceutical and food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xi Xiong
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Material Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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Gaillard D, Stratford JM. Measurement of Behavioral Taste Responses in Mice: Two-Bottle Preference, Lickometer, and Conditioned Taste-Aversion Tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:380-407. [PMID: 27906463 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The natural like and dislike of foods based on taste is one of the most easily observed behaviors in animals. Animals eat palatable foods and reject aversive foods, which makes measurement of taste perception possible using various behavioral techniques. Three different methods to accurately measure taste behavior are described here. First, two-bottle preference tests evaluate whether a taste compound (tastant) is preferred over water. Second, lickometer tests quantify the like and dislike for multiple concentrations of the same tastant or multiple tastants at the same time. Finally, conditioned taste aversion tests accurately determine the perceived taste threshold for palatable tastants. Together, these diverse methods enable researchers to observe and measure behavioral taste responses in mice to any tastant. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer M Stratford
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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