Correlation between CLSI, EUCAST and Etest methodologies for amphotericin B and fluconazole antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp. clinical isolates

This study analyzed the correlation between the results obtained through two microdilution methods: Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (M27-A2) and European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (document E. Dis. 7.1) and an agar base method Etest for determining minimmun inhibitory concentration (MIC) for amphotericin B and fluconazole against 30 clinical isolates of Candida spp. The agreement between Etest, CLSI and EUCAST MICs within +/- 2 log2 dilutions was higher for amphotericin B than for fluconazole However, Pearson correlation demonstrated a greater agreement for fluconazole. The categorical agreement between MICs provided by the Etest/ CLSI and Etest/EUCAST methodologies was high for both amphotericin B (100%) and fluconazole (> or = 96.66%). This study demonstrated the adequacy of Etest method using Mueller Hinton agar to evaluate amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida spp.

Synthesis of New Thiazolylthiazolidinylbenzothiazoles and Thiazolylazetidinylbenzothiazoles as Potential Insecticidal, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Agents

A series of 2-{[2'-(3''-chloro-2''-oxo-4''-substitutedaryl-1''-azetidinyl)-1',3'-thiazol-4'-yl] thio}benzothiazoles (4a-4e) and 2-{[(2'-(2''-substitutedaryl-4''-thiazolidinon-3''-yl)-1',3'-thiazol-4'-yl]thio}benzothiazoles (5a-5e) have been synthesized from 2-[(2'-substitutedarylidenylimino-1',3'-thiazol-4'-yl)thio]benzothiazoles (3a-3e). The structure of these compounds has been elucidated by elemental (C, H, N) and spectral (IR, (1)H-NMR, Mass) analysis. Furthermore, compounds 3a-3e, 4a-4e, and 5a-5e were screened for insecticidal activity against Periplaneta americana and antifungal, antibacterial activities in vitro against different strains of fungi and bacteria. Out of the fifteen compounds tested, compound 5b, 2-{[2'-(2''-p-hydroxy-m-methoxyphenyl)-4''-thiazolidinon-3''-yl)-1',3'-thiazol-4'-yl]thio}benzothiazole, was found to possess most prominent insecticidal activity.

Fluconazole preparations on the Belgian market: a comparative study

Fluconazole preparations formulated as capsules were evaluated with different tests, including in vitro dissolution and assay with previously validated methods according to the guideline of the European network of Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs). All examined products complied with our requirements and those described in the European and the US Pharmacopoeia and consequently they can be considered as pharmaceutically equivalent.

The comparative bioavailability of a generic and the innovator fluconazole preparations in healthy Thai volunteers

We studied the pharmacokinetics and compared the oral bioavailability of the "generic" (Biozole, Biolab Company, Thailand) and the "innovator" (Diflucan, Pfizer Incorporation, U.S.A.) fluconazole preparations in 12 healthy Thai volunteers. A 200 mg single oral dose of each preparation was given to the subjects in a randomized double-blind 2-period crossover design with 2 weeks washout period. Blood samples were collected just before and at 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 24, 48, 56 and 72 hours after drug administration. Serum fluconazole concentrations were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. Individual concentration-time profiles and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the noncompartmental pharmacokinetic method [TOPFIT, a pharmacokinetic data analysis program]. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax, Cmax, Vd, Cl) of fluconazole in Thai healthy volunteers were comparable to those values observed in Caucasian subjects. The relative bioavailability of the generic Biozole was 102.38 +/- 9.79 per cent of Diflucan. The means and 90 per cent confidence intervals (90% CI) of the [Biozole/Diflucan] ratio of AUC0-72, AUC0-inf and Cmax were 1.02 (0.98-1.06), 0.99 (0.95-1.03) and 1.13 (1.03-1.25), respectively. These values were well within the acceptable bioequivalence ranges of 0.8-1.25 proposed by the US FDA. The means and 90 per cent CI of Tmax differences [Biozole-Diflucan] were -0.46 [(-1.03)-(0.12)]. This value was outside the stipulated bioequivalence range of +/- 0.41 h (+/- 20% of the Tmax of the reference formulation). Nevertheless, the Tmax difference was not expected to be related to the differences in safety and efficacy of the drug. Hence, Biozole and Diflucan were bioequivalent with respect to the extent of absorption (AUC), and the Cmax, and could be used interchangeably.