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Luykx JJ, Bakker SC, Lentjes E, Boks MPM, van Geloven N, Eijkemans MJC, Janson E, Strengman E, de Lepper AM, Westenberg H, Klopper KE, Hoorn HJ, Gelissen HPMM, Jordan J, Tolenaar NM, van Dongen EPA, Michel B, Abramovic L, Horvath S, Kappen T, Bruins P, Keijzers P, Borgdorff P, Ophoff RA, Kahn RS. Season of sampling and season of birth influence serotonin metabolite levels in human cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30497. [PMID: 22312427 PMCID: PMC3270010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal studies have revealed seasonal patterns in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine (MA) turnover. In humans, no study had systematically assessed seasonal patterns in CSF MA turnover in a large set of healthy adults. Methodology/Principal Findings Standardized amounts of CSF were prospectively collected from 223 healthy individuals undergoing spinal anesthesia for minor surgical procedures. The metabolites of serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA), dopamine (homovanillic acid, HVA) and norepinephrine (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, MPHG) were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concentration measurements by sampling and birth dates were modeled using a non-linear quantile cosine function and locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS, span = 0.75). The cosine model showed a unimodal season of sampling 5-HIAA zenith in April and a nadir in October (p-value of the amplitude of the cosine = 0.00050), with predicted maximum (PCmax) and minimum (PCmin) concentrations of 173 and 108 nmol/L, respectively, implying a 60% increase from trough to peak. Season of birth showed a unimodal 5-HIAA zenith in May and a nadir in November (p = 0.00339; PCmax = 172 and PCmin = 126). The non-parametric LOESS showed a similar pattern to the cosine in both season of sampling and season of birth models, validating the cosine model. A final model including both sampling and birth months demonstrated that both sampling and birth seasons were independent predictors of 5-HIAA concentrations. Conclusion In subjects without mental illness, 5-HT turnover shows circannual variation by season of sampling as well as season of birth, with peaks in spring and troughs in fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen J. Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, ZNA hospitals, Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven C. Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eef Lentjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. M. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nan van Geloven
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus J. C. Eijkemans
- Department of Biostatistics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Janson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anne M. de Lepper
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai E. Klopper
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J. Hoorn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry P. M. M. Gelissen
- Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Intensive Care Unit, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Noortje M. Tolenaar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Eric P. A. van Dongen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Bregt Michel
- Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Biostatistics School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Teus Kappen
- Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bruins
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Borgdorff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care & Pain Management, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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