1
|
Montero Pérez O, Salazar González F, Sánchez Gómez E, Pérez Guerrero C. Impact of pharmaceutical care for asthma patients on health-related outcomes: An umbrella review. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1195. [PMID: 38644566 PMCID: PMC11033327 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent systematic reviews suggest that pharmacists' interventions in asthma patients have a positive impact on health-related outcomes. Nevertheless, the association is not well established, and the role of clinical pharmacists is poorly represented. The aim of this overview of systematic reviews is to identify published systematic reviews assessing the impact of pharmacists' interventions on health-related outcomes measured in asthma patients. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to December 2022. Systematic reviews of all study designs and settings were included. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2. Two investigators performed study selection, quality assessment and data collection independently. Nine systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was rated as high in one, low in two, and critically low in six. Reviews included 51 primary studies reporting mainly quality of life, asthma control, lung capacity, and therapeutic adherence. Only four studies were carried out in a hospital setting and only two reviews stated the inclusion of severe asthma patients. The quality of the systematic reviews was generally low, and this was the major limitation of this overview of systematic reviews. However, solid evidence supports that pharmaceutical care improves health-related outcomes in asthma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Montero Pérez
- Servicio de Farmacia, Institut Catalá d'Oncología, Avinguda de la Gran Via de L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walpola RL, Issakhany D, Gisev N, Hopkins RE. The accessibility of pharmacist prescribing and impacts on medicines access: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:475-486. [PMID: 38326207 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacist prescribing has been introduced in several countries as a strategy to improve access to health care and medicines. However, the direct impacts of pharmacist prescribing on medicines access, and the overall accessibility of pharmacist prescribing services, are not well known. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to assess the direct impacts of pharmacist prescribing on medicines access, and the accessibility of pharmacist prescribing services, in community and primary care settings. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL were searched for studies published in English between 01 January 2003 to 15 June 2023. Both quantitative and qualitative primary studies were included if they described pharmacist prescribing in a primary care setting. Outcomes included findings related to access to medicines as a result of pharmacist prescribing (primary outcome), and access to pharmacist prescribing services overall (secondary outcome). Narrative synthesis of outcomes was undertaken. RESULTS A total of 47 studies were included from four countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand). Thirteen studies provided evidence that pharmacist prescribing may improve medicines access in several ways, including: increasing the proportion of eligible people receiving medicines, increasing the number of overall dispensed prescriptions, or reducing time to receipt of treatment. The remainder of the included studies reported on the accessibility of pharmacist prescribing services. Published studies highlight that pharmacist prescribers practicing in community settings are generally accessible, with pharmacist prescribers viewed by patients as easy and convenient to consult. There was limited evidence about the affordability of pharmacy prescribing services, and a number of potential equity issues were observed, including reduced access to pharmacist prescribers in more socioeconomically disadvantaged areas and those with greater proportions of populations at risk of health inequities, such as culturally and linguistically diverse communities. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review found that pharmacist prescribing services were both highly accessible and beneficial in improving access to medicines. However, measures of medicines access varied, and few studies included direct measures of medicines access as an outcome of pharmacist prescribing, highlighting a need for future studies to incorporate direct measures of medicines access when assessing the impact of pharmacist prescribing services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh L Walpola
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Dabrina Issakhany
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasa Gisev
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ria E Hopkins
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kališ R. From symbiosis to independence: Investigating changes in the relationship between general practitioners' presence and pharmacies' market size in Slovakia. Health Policy 2024; 143:105040. [PMID: 38503174 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Using the Slovak pharmacy retail market case, this study examines the evolving interdependency between general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacies. Traditionally, they have operated symbiotically, with pharmacy revenues heavily reliant on prescriptions. However, the development of the market structures of these providers after the liberalization of the pharmacy retail market in 2005 raises a question about the stability of this relationship. By analyzing entry thresholds as a measure of the market size required for pharmacies to cover their entry costs, the study reveals that the dependency of pharmacies on the presence of GPs has diminished over time. In the initial year following the liberalization, the presence of a GP decreased the market size sufficient to cover entry costs for the first pharmacy by about 83% compared to a market without a GP. However, in 2019, this effect decreased to approximately 65%. This could imply worsened coverage of pharmaceutical services in small and rural areas with GPs as the entry decision of pharmacies is less elastic towards their presence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kališ
- Faculty of Economics and Finance, University of Economics in Bratislava, Dolnozemská cesta 1/b, 852 35 Bratislava, Slovakia; Masaryk University, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Lipová 41a, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bernardez B, Mangues-Bafalluy I, Callejo VM, Ávila JJF, Rodríguez JAM, Aradilla MAP, Bautista MJM. Risk stratification model for the pharmaceutical care of oncology patients with solid or hematologic neoplasms. Farm Hosp 2024; 48:T108-T115. [PMID: 38461113 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop of a risk stratification model for the pharmaceutical care (PC) of patients with solid or hematologic neoplasms who required antineoplastic agents or supportive treatments. METHOD The risk stratification model was collaboratively developed by oncology pharmacists from the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH). It underwent refinement through three workshops and a pilot study. Variables were defined, grouped into four dimensions, and assigned relative weights. The pilot study collected and analyzed data from participating centers to determine priority levels and evaluate variable contributions. The study followed the Kaiser Permanente pyramid model, categorizing patients into three priority levels: Priority 1 (intensive PC, 90th percentile), Priority 2 (60th-90th percentiles), and Priority 3 (60th percentile). Cut-off points were determined based on this stratification. Participating centers recorded variables in an Excel sheet, calculating mean weight scores for each priority level and the total risk score. RESULTS The participants agreed to complete a questionnaire that comprised 22 variables grouped into 4 dimensions: demographic (maximum score =11); social and health variables and cognitive and functional status (maximum = 19); clinical and health services utilization (maximum = 25); and treatment-related (maximum = 41). From the results of applying the model to the 199 patients enrolled, the cutoff points for categorization were 28 or more points for priority 1, 16 to 27 points for priority 2 and less than 16 for priority 3; more than 80% of the total score was based on the dimensions of 'clinical and health services utilization' and 'treatment-related'. Interventions based on the pharmaceutical care model were recommended for patients with solid or hematological neoplasms, according to their prioritization level. CONCLUSION This stratification model enables the identification of cancer patients requiring a higher level of pharmaceutical care and facilitates the adjustment of care capacity. Validation of the model in a representative population is necessary to establish its effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bernardez
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España; Unidad de Farmacia Oncológica, Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España; Grupo de Farmacología, Instituto de Investigación Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, España.
| | - Irene Mangues-Bafalluy
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Lleida, España; Grupo de Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacodinamia, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, IRBLleida, Lleida, España
| | - Virginia Martínez Callejo
- Unidad de Farmacia Oncológica, Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taggart K, Kennedy M, O'Connor SK, Van Gilder D. Using the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate a sepsis escape room for advanced pharmacy learners. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:352-362. [PMID: 38503571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use the first three levels of the Kirkpatrick Model to evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation center-based escape room activity designed to positively influence student learning. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING In this simulation, learners solve puzzles related to care of a critically ill patient. This activity was assessed via an assessment questionnaire (Kirkpatrick level 1), a pre/post learner knowledge quiz and learner self-assessment of skills and attitudes (Kirkpatrick level 2), and unstructured observation of learners upon return to the clinical environment (Kirkpatrick level 3). FINDINGS Average learner knowledge assessment scores (Kirkpatrick level 2) improved from 80% (pre-) to 90.5% (post-) and learners identified an increased confidence in disease state diagnosis and expression of recommendations (Kirkpatrick level 2). Learner perception of the activity (Kirkpatrick level 1) was positive but also included areas for improvement. Anecdotal reporting supports learners transfer of the knowledge and skills reviewed in the session to practice (Kirkpatrick level 3), but no formal data collection or analysis was completed. SUMMARY This study provides quantitative and qualitative evidence to support effectiveness of the activity according to Kirkpatrick's Levels 1 and 2, and anecdotal evidence to support effectiveness according to Kirkpatrick's Level 3. Learners had positive perspectives of this activity and demonstrated evidence of increased knowledge and self-reported confidence in skills and attitudes, suggesting this activity has a positive impact on learners in the short-term; however, the data is not robust enough to support conclusions that this activity influences learner practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Taggart
- Pharmacy Practice, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, 2400 S Minnesota Ave, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States of America; Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, 1305 S Cliff Ave., Sioux Falls, SD 57117, United States of America.
| | - Mary Kennedy
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, 1305 S Cliff Ave., Sioux Falls, SD 57117, United States of America.
| | - Shanna K O'Connor
- Pharmacy Practice, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, 2400 S Minnesota Ave, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States of America.
| | - Deidra Van Gilder
- Pharmacy Practice, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, 2400 S Minnesota Ave, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morillo-Verdugo R, Lizeaga-Cundin G. [Translated article] Precision pharmaceutical care in oncohematology. Farm Hosp 2024; 48:T91-T92. [PMID: 38705827 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Morillo-Verdugo
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital de Valme, Coordinador del proyecto Mapa Estratégico de Atención al paciente externo de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (MAPEX-SEFH), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Garbiñe Lizeaga-Cundin
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Coordinadora Grupo GEDEFO-SEFH, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu F, Reid S, Smith W, Ochoa P. APPE unreadiness - The other side of the coin. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:297-299. [PMID: 38594169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Student readiness for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) has not been explicitly defined in literature or standards. Readiness for APPEs is a programmatic requirement of all schools and colleges of pharmacy (schools), leaving schools to determine their own assessments of APPE readiness. Current literature provides no consensus on the definition of APPE readiness nor the assessments or benchmarks used to evaluate APPE readiness. Schools have an opportunity to improve efforts to identify students at risk for poor APPE performance and provide early intervention. COMMENTARY Due to a lack of consensus, it may be easier to describe students who are not ready for APPEs than it is to describe students who are APPE ready. APPE unreadiness is defined by the authors as those who require significant preceptor instruction on foundational competencies such as knowledge, skills, and/or attitudes and therefore are unable to meaningfully engage in application-based patient care activities. By adding focus to APPE unreadiness within APPE readiness programs, pharmacy schools may be able to more readily identify and remediate students who are at risk of failing one or more APPE rotations. IMPLICATIONS We provide four recommendations for schools to consider. These are focused on assessing APPE readiness to qualify and quantify APPE unready students. By assessing APPE unreadiness, schools can make continuous quality improvement to ensure that preceptors, sites, students, and faculty can have the ongoing confidence that APPE students are all ready to meaningfully engage on rotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Yu
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, United States of America.
| | - Stacy Reid
- Medical College of Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America.
| | - Winter Smith
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, United States of America.
| | - Pamella Ochoa
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morillo-Verdugo R, Lizeaga-Cundin G. Precision pharmaceutical care in oncohematology. Farm Hosp 2024; 48:91-92. [PMID: 38658254 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Morillo-Verdugo
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital de Valme, Proyecto Mapa Estratégico de Atención al Paciente Externo de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (MAPEX-SEFH), Sevilla, España.
| | - Garbiñe Lizeaga-Cundin
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Grupo Español para el Desarrollo de la Farmacia Oncológica, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria, (GEDEFO-SEFH), Sevilla, España
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meadors C, McPheeters C, Maier C, O'Reilly E. Health-system specialty pharmacy: Overview of a hybrid clinical model. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e256-e260. [PMID: 38146967 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of specialty pharmacies has grown, especially within the hospital setting. These pharmacies have shown benefits in the areas of patient education and adherence, financial support, and patient and provider satisfaction. Currently, there are gaps in literature describing use of a hybrid clinical model in health-system specialty pharmacies. SUMMARY The UofL Health - UofL Hospital Specialty Pharmacy (UofL Health SP) is attached to a retail pharmacy in a larger health system. Pharmacists in the UofL Health SP utilize a hybrid clinical model in which they split their time between working in a specialty clinic and staffing in the specialty pharmacy. The specialty pharmacy and its oncology satellite pharmacy each have a primary staffing pharmacist, and 5 other pharmacists participate in this hybrid clinical model. In addition to the specialty pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and patient care advocates support the operations of the specialty pharmacy and ensure financial access to medications for patients. CONCLUSION With the hybrid clinical model at UofL Health SP, there is increased workflow efficiency and better communication between specialty clinics and the specialty pharmacy, which results in a streamlined patient experience. Additionally, there has been an increase in specialty pharmacy prescriptions dispensed in the specialty pharmacy since the implementation of this hybrid clinical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Meadors
- UofL Health - UofL Hospital Specialty Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Maier
- UofL Health - UofL Hospital Specialty Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emily O'Reilly
- UofL Health - UofL Hospital Specialty Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arrona KL. Implementation of a technician success and onboarding coordinator to reduce technician turnover. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e249-e255. [PMID: 38141655 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article provides an overview of changes implemented at an academic medical center to reduce pharmacy technician turnover. SUMMARY Pharmacy technician turnover has been a problem for years. Technicians come and go; they move on to other positions, and continuous turnover is an avoidable expense. With greater focus on creating a successful onboarding experience for newly hired technicians, turnover should decrease and satisfaction and engagement should increase. When a newly hired technician leaves a department within the first year, it can have a negative impact on the engagement of the remaining technicians who spent time training new hires in how to complete tasks, mentoring them, and incorporating them into the team. Creating a positive onboarding experience will decrease expenses accrued and minimize wasted resources and staff time dedicated to a technician who will not be around in 6 months to 1 year. At M Health Fairview, a Minneapolis, MN-based health system, technician retention has been improved through a standardized approach to onboarding and orientation, including creation of the new staff role of technician success and onboarding coordinator (TSOC). CONCLUSION A standard approach to onboarding pharmacy technicians and integrating them into the pharmacy department has proven to be essential to technician retention at M Health Fairview. To get started, it is important to find the right person for the TSOC role to coordinate successful onboarding of newly hired pharmacy technicians. That person should be an individual with passion to engage and inspire newly hired technicians, with several years of experience, and with the ability to cascade knowledge.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan Q, Liu Y, Wei S. Design of a multi-category drug information integration platform for intelligent pharmacy management: A needs analysis study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37591. [PMID: 38608092 PMCID: PMC11018220 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A drug store was never just an area to fill personal solution. Patients considered drug specialists to be counsels, somebody who could help them pick an over-the-counter treatment or understanding the portion and directions for a solution. Drug stores, similar to the remainder of the medical services business, are going through changes. Nowadays, one of the main highlights of any structure is the board. The executives give the refinement needed to wrap up any responsibility in a particular way. The executive framework of a drug store can be utilized to deal with most drug store related errands. This report has provided data on the best way to fabricate and execute a Pharmacy Management System. The primary objective of this system is to expand exactness, just as security and proficiency, in the drug shop. This undertaking is focused on the drug store area, determined to offer engaging and reasonable programming answers to assist them with modernizing to rival shops (helping out other equal modules in a similar examination program). This study will clarify the system's thoughts concerning the board issues and arrangements of a drug store. Likewise, this study covers the main parts of the Pharmacy application's investigation, execution, and look.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Pan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Organization Department of the Party Committee, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Key laboratory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Xiong B. Intelligent supervision of PIVAS drug dispensing based on image recognition technology. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298109. [PMID: 38573999 PMCID: PMC10994394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services (PIVAS) are places dedicated to the centralized dispensing of intravenous drugs, usually managed and operated by professional pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, and are an integral part of modern healthcare. However, the workflow of PIVAS has some problems, such as low efficiency and error-prone. This study aims to improve the efficiency of drug dispensing, reduce the rate of manual misjudgment, and minimize drug errors by conducting an in-depth study of the entire workflow of PIVAS and applying image recognition technology to the drug checking and dispensing process. Firstly, through experimental comparison, a target detection model suitable for drug category recognition is selected in the drug-checking process of PIVAS, and it is improved to improve the recognition accuracy and speed of intravenous drug categories. Secondly, a corner detection model for drug dosage recognition was studied in the drug dispensing stage to further increase drug dispensing accuracy. Then the PIVAS drug category recognition system and PIVAS drug dosage recognition system were designed and implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Deng
- College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yuehan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Desselle SP. Pharmacy practice and social pharmacy forging ahead. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:377-378. [PMID: 38242764 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University, CA, 94592, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Begley KJ, Fuji KT. Enhancing application and long-term retention of clinical knowledge using an extracurricular non-credit course. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:263-269. [PMID: 38220514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Curricular overload in doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs is necessitating innovative approaches to support student learning. The purpose of this study was to describe the design, delivery, and assessment of a non-credit extracurricular course that reinforced foundational concepts through the application of learning in case-based activities. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A 14-week extracurricular course, designed using principles of spaced repetition and interleaving in the context of case-based exercises, was offered to third-year PharmD students. Content focused on Top 300 and over-the-counter medications, brown bag sessions/drug utilization review, and medication therapy management. Short-term course effectiveness was assessed through post-course focus groups. Longitudinal effectiveness was assessed nine months post-course using an online survey. Qualitative data were analyzed using a content analysis process with overarching themes identified. Clinical interventions identified in the post-course survey were analyzed descriptively. FINDINGS Twenty-four students completed the course and all assessments. Focus group themes were: (1) making connections to prior learning; (2) moving beyond memorizing facts; and (3) benefit from a low-stakes course. Students identified 162 course-linked clinical interventions during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) in 16 different settings. SUMMARY Student learning can be enhanced through integration of evidence-based teaching strategies both within and across the curriculum. This can be accomplished not only through introduction of an extracurricular course but through modification of existing courses. Providing additional opportunities for reinforcing core clinical knowledge and applying clinical decision-making in a low-stakes environment was well-received by students and helped them make clinical interventions during APPEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Begley
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
| | - Kevin T Fuji
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maes ML, Barnett SG, Porter AL. A Call to Action for Integrating Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences With Purpose. Am J Pharm Educ 2024; 88:100682. [PMID: 38460598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) are essential to exposing students to contemporary pharmacy practice and promoting advanced pharmacy practice experience readiness. An IPPE curriculum should be sequenced and progressive, with IPPE experiences built upon each other and coordinated with the didactic curriculum. Pharmacy programs are faced with several internal and external challenges that can influence the design and implementation of their IPPE curriculum. Periodic IPPE curricular review is imperative as new challenges arise and existing challenges abate. Pharmacy programs should use a systematic and holistic process to evaluate and revise their IPPE programs. It is an opportune time to begin this process, with new standards being released in 2024. This commentary describes common challenges associated with integrating a high-quality IPPE program into a Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum along with potential solutions, with the intention for individual programs to use this as a tool to guide IPPE evaluation and revision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Maes
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Susanne G Barnett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea L Porter
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, Madison, WI, USA; Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Putney K, Gupta V, Williams E, Unni E. Viewpoints of Residency Program Directors Regarding Depressive Symptoms in Pharmacy Residents. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:399-409. [PMID: 36251312 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221134647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Several publications have highlighted residency-specific factors being associated with depressive symptoms in pharmacy residents, but no studies have investigated the viewpoint of residency program directors (RPDs) regarding this issue. This study's primary objectives were to identify potential contributing factors, determine current resources, and outline possible solutions to decrease depressive symptoms among pharmacy residents from the point of view of RPDs. Methods: RPDs were asked to participate in a 45-60-minute semi-structured interview conducted via phone by the primary investigator, recorded, and transcribed using NVivo. Interviews were manually analyzed by study investigators to identify emerging themes. The investigators discussed findings and discrepancies to agree upon thematic interpretations of the transcripts. Results: Ten interviews were conducted between May 2019 and February 2020. RPD experience ranged from 2-15 years. Pharmacy practice PGY1 programs comprised 60% of interviews, 20% for community practice, and 10% each for managed care and ambulatory care. All RPDs indicated increased workload as a contributing factor to depressive symptoms in residents. The inability to accept and utilize constructive feedback and difficulties transitioning from student to resident were identified as contributing factors by 50% of the RPDs. Nine RPDs reported having employee assistance programs, stating the resource was underutilized, and identified the need for additional education regarding identification and triage, not necessarily management, to help residents. Conclusion: This study highlights consistency among RPDs regarding potential contributors to depressive symptoms in pharmacy residents and emphasizes the need for additional RPD and preceptor training to identify and help residents more effectively with these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Putney
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Vasudha Gupta
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Evan Williams
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Steeb DR, Cain J, Haines ST. Reconsidering Pharmacy: We Need to Turn Career Regret into Career Options. Am J Pharm Educ 2024; 88:100678. [PMID: 38430985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Declining interest in pharmacy as a career is a growing concern. This commentary investigates the factors contributing to career regret among pharmacy graduates, based on data from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy National Graduating Student Survey. We identify 3 key contributing factors: workplace environment, professional identity formation, and marketing of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree. We argue that students observe, in many work environments, a lack of autonomy, repetitive tasks, and unfulfilling work. This leads to diminished job satisfaction and disillusionment. Additionally, marketing tactics and curricular structures can inadvertently contribute to career regret. We propose potential interventions, emphasizing the need for improved working conditions, more versatile roles in pharmacy, and enhanced career development services within colleges/schools of pharmacy. Additional research is needed to fully understand career regret and the steps that academic institutions can proactively take to mitigate career dissatisfaction among their graduates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Steeb
- University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jeff Cain
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sakthong P, Soipitak P, Winit-Watjana W. Comparison of the sensitivities of pharmacotherapy-related and disease-specific quality of life measures in response to pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care for cancer outpatients: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:463-470. [PMID: 38240965 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No data were previously available regarding the sensitivities of pharmacotherapy-related and disease-specific quality of life measures to pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care (PC). AIM The aim was to compare the sensitivities of two health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures, i.e. the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measure of Pharmaceutical Therapy for Quality of Life (PROMPT-QoL) versus the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), in response to pharmacist-led PC for cancer outpatients. METHOD A randomised controlled trial was conducted on cancer outpatients of a tertiary Thai hospital. Eligible patients were randomly allocated to a PC group receiving PC interventions or a usual care (UC) group receiving pharmacist's standard care. The HRQoL of both groups was assessed using the PROMPT-QoL and the FACT-G before and after intervention. The sensitivities of the two measures were determined using standardised mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS A total of 237 patients in two arms (120 PC vs. 117 UC patients) completed the trial. With PC interventions, all eight PROMPT-QoL domains and 3 out of 4 FACT-G domains were significantly improved. The PROMPT-QoL yielded SMDs ranging from 0.24 to 1.68 that were considered moderate-to-high sensitivity, while the FACT-G provided moderate sensitivity with SMDs of 0.31-0.64. The average SMDs of four FACT-G domains was 0.50 and SMD of the total score was 0.80. Eight PROMPT-QoL domains had the average SMD of 0.60 and the total score SMD was 1.40. CONCLUSION The PROMPT-QoL is more sensitive to detect HRQoL when delivering pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care to cancer outpatients. TRIAL REGISTRATION TCTR20210809008.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phantipa Sakthong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Porntip Soipitak
- Pharmacy Unit, Samutprakarn Hospital, Samutprakarn Province, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez Sesmero JM, Margusino Framiñan L, Gimeno Gracia M, Áreas Del Águila V, Navarro Aznares H, Huertas Fernández MJ, Molina Cuadrado E, Díaz Ruiz P, Martin Conde MT, Alonso Grandes E, Lázaro López A, Morillo Verdugo R. [Comparison of quality of life in patients living with HIV infection through pharmaceutical care according to CMO methodology vs. conventional follow-up. MAS-VIH project]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2024; 37:149-157. [PMID: 38240196 PMCID: PMC10945106 DOI: 10.37201/req/105.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare quality of life, in patients living with HIV infection with pharmaceutical care according to the CMO methodology: capacity, motivation and opportunity versus conventional follow-up. METHODS Longitudinal, prospective, multicenter, health intervention study, conducted between October 2019 and November 2021 in 14 centers throughout Spain. Patients over 18 years of age, receiving antiretroviral treatment and attending the consultations of the participating Pharmacy Services for 1 year were included. Patients who did not have the autonomy to complete the planned questionnaires were excluded. At baseline, participating centers were randomized to continue using the same systematics of work (traditional follow-up) or to implement the CMO model using patient stratification models, goal setting in relation to pharmacotherapy, use of motivational interviewing, as well as longitudinal follow-up enabled by new technologies. The main variable was the difference in the number of dimensions positively affected in each follow-up arm at 24 weeks of follow-up according to the MOS-HIV questionnaire. In the CMO group, the interventions performed the most frequently were recorded. RESULTS 151 patients were included. The median age was 51.35 years. A significant improvement in quality of life was found at the end of follow-up in the CMO group, reducing the number of patients with negatively affected dimensions (2/11 vs 8/11). The most frequent interventions carried out in the CMO group, according to the taxonomy, were Motivation (51,7%) and review and validation (49,4%). CONCLUSIONS The quality of life of patients is higher in those centers that develop Pharmaceutical Care based on the CMO methodology compared to traditional follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A Lázaro López
- Alicia Lázaro López. FEA Farmacia Hospitalaria. Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara. C/ Donante de Sangre s/n CP: 19002.Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schuff Zimmerman MM, Maclean SJ, DeringAnderson AM, Alexander ED, Maeda BTY, Tran ATQ, Hoff KL, Majid SJ, Stukenholtz KL, Hansen HL. Discussion of an approach to starting a JEDI inventory in a College of Pharmacy. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:244-254. [PMID: 38423845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Problem description\The University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy is interested in conducting and learning from an inventory of Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI) within the college. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT METHODS An extensive literature review was undertaken to define the terms included in JEDI and to craft a listing of ideal inventory components. RESULTS OF CQI INQUIRY The terms used in JEDI were defined and a list of 148 ideal inventory components was created. This list is further segmented by the JEDI components themselves and by five assessment factors including: representation, curriculum & education, policies & procedures, support & resources, and college climate. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION The attempt to create an ideal listing of JEDI inventory components resulted in an unusably large number of potential items. This occurred intentionally to allow the next steps in the longitudinal creation of a workable, quantifiable, and evaluative JEDI inventory process. Describing these preliminary efforts are important in the ultimate acceptance of the results of the JEDI inventory. CONCLUSION Deliberate and extensive listing of initial aspirations for a JEDI inventory of a College of Pharmacy or any institution allows for sufficient input and breadth to help assure that no significant factor is overlooked as the process is refined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Schuff Zimmerman
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Skyler J Maclean
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Allison M DeringAnderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, 986145 Medical Center, PDD 2055, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Emma D Alexander
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Brooke Taylor Y Maeda
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Anh T Q Tran
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Karen L Hoff
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Sonoor J Majid
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Kaitlyn L Stukenholtz
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| | - Hannah L Hansen
- University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy, 986145 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6145, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Murry LT, Desselle SP. Barriers to person-centered service design in pharmacy practice: examples, lessons, and potential solutions. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:542-547. [PMID: 38194008 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to, and frameworks conceptualizing person-centered care, systematic, organizational, and provider-level barriers continue to discourage the development and delivery of person-centered care (PCC) in pharmacy practice and beyond. This commentary describes existing pharmacy-specific literature related to PCC, barriers to PCC within the context of pharmacy practice, and potential solutions to increase person-centeredness in pharmacy services. Literature to substantiate and describe barriers and potential solutions was identified from 2008 to 2023, a period where the emphasis on PCC in pharmacy practice dramatically increased. Overall, pharmacy-specific literature was identified describing four key barriers to PCC. Several potential solutions were identified, including: using innovative and theory-informed approaches to collecting individual need and preference information, employing processes and equipping providers to facilitate trust, changing organizational culture, and aligning quality metrics and financial incentives with PCC. Identified solutions may be used to address individual, organizational, and systematic barriers to promote PCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, 60603, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hunter BD, Brown-Gentry KD, Santilli MA, Prasla K. Combining zip code-based population data and pharmacy administrative claims data to create measures of social determinants of health. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:364-375. [PMID: 38555626 PMCID: PMC10982573 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDoH) are key factors that impact health outcomes. However, there are many barriers to collecting SDoH data (eg, cost of data collection, technological barriers, and lack of standardized measures). Population data may provide an accessible alternative to collecting SDoH data for patients. OBJECTIVE To explain how population data can be leveraged to create SDoH measures, assess the association of population SDoH measures with diabetic medication adherence, and discuss how understanding a patient's SDoH can inform care plans and patient engagement. METHODS A nationally representative commercial sample of patients who were aged 18 years and older and met Pharmacy Quality Alliance inclusion criteria for diabetes mellitus were analyzed (N = 37,789). US Census and North American Industry Classification System data were combined with pharmacy administrative claims data to create SDoH measures. Derived measures represent 2 SDoH domains: (1) economic stability (housing density, housing relocation, jobs per resident, and average salary) and (2) health care access and quality (urban/rural classification, distance traveled to prescriber and pharmacy, use of a primary care provider [PCP], and residents per PCP). The association of population SDoH measures with diabetic medication adherence (proportion of days covered) was assessed via logistic regression, which included covariates (eg, sex, age, comorbidities, and prescription plan attributes). RESULTS As housing density (houses per resident) increased, so did the likelihood of adherence (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.21-1.97, P = 0.001). Relative to patients who did not move, patients who moved once had 0.87 (95% CI = 0.81-0.93, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent, and patients who moved 2 or more times had 0.82 (95% CI = 0.71-0.95, P = 0.008) the odds of being adherent. Compared with areas with fewer jobs per resident, patients living within a zip code with 0.16 to 0.26 jobs per resident were 1.12 (95% CI = 1.04-1.20, P = 0.002) times more likely to be adherent. Patients who lived in an urban cluster were 1.11 (95% CI = 1.01-1.22, P = 0.037) times more likely to be adherent than patients living in a rural area. Patients who travel at least 25 miles to their prescriber had 0.82 (95% CI = 0.77-0.86, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent. Community pharmacy users had 0.65 (95% CI = 0.59-0.71, P < 0.001) the odds of being adherent compared with mail order pharmacy users. Patients who had a PCP were 1.26 (95% CI = 1.18-1.34, P < 0.001) times more likely to be adherent to their medication. CONCLUSIONS Leveraging publicly available population data to create SDoH measures is an accessible option to overcome barriers to SDoH data collection. Derived measures can be used to increase equity in care received by identifying patients who could benefit from assistance with medication adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karim Prasla
- Magellan Rx Management, a Prime Therapeutics company, Eagan, MN
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Russell M, McCoy H, Platt T, Zeltner M, Rhudy C. Comparison of time to treatment initiation of specialty medications between an integrated health system specialty pharmacy and external specialty pharmacies. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:352-362. [PMID: 38555622 PMCID: PMC10982575 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialty medications are commonly dispensed through specialty pharmacies equipped to meet unique monitoring and dispensing requirements. Integrated health system specialty pharmacies (HSSPs) coordinate with health system providers to deliver specialty medications to patients and ameliorate barriers to care. However, payors may restrict specialty medication fills to specialty pharmacies external to the health system, potentially leading to delayed treatment. OBJECTIVE To compare time to treatment initiation among patients whose specialty medications were transferred to external pharmacies and patients whose medications were filled at an internal HSSP. METHODS This was a retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study examining time to treatment initiation in patients with a specialty medication referral to the University of Kentucky HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy between July 1, 2021, and July 1, 2022. Patients were classified into cohorts by receipt of dispensing services from the internal HSSP or an external specialty pharmacy. Data collected via chart review included insurance type, reason for prescription transfer, dates of service (including prescription order, transfer, and receipt of medication), and whether a prior authorization or clinical intervention was performed. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients requiring a prior authorization or clinical intervention. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess for statistically significant differences in time to treatment initiation between cohorts. RESULTS A total of 560 patients with external transfers were identified for inclusion into the study, and after exclusion criteria were applied, 408 external transfer patients were propensity matched 1:1 to 408 patients with internal fills (total n = 816). Time to treatment initiation was significantly longer in the external transfer cohort as compared with the internal fill cohort, (18 days vs 12 days; P < 0.0001). The internal fill cohort had a greater mean days from provider order to the medication being ready to fill compared with the external transfer cohort (10 days vs 6 days; P < 0.0001). The internal fill cohort had fewer mean days from the medication being ready to fill to patient receipt of the medication as compared with the external transfer cohort (2 days vs 12 days; P < 0.0001). Similar findings were observed in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS Average time to treatment initiation was 6 days shorter for patients whose specialty medications were filled at this HSSP compared with externally transferred patients. Delays in therapy can cause a negative impact on patient care and disease state management, with increased concern for specialty populations. The results of this study highlight the need for continued discussion about policies that limit patient choice to in-network pharmacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Russell
- UK HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy and Infusion Services, Lexington
| | - Heather McCoy
- UK HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy and Infusion Services, Lexington
| | - Thom Platt
- UK HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy and Infusion Services, Lexington
| | - Matthew Zeltner
- UK HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy and Infusion Services, Lexington
| | - Christian Rhudy
- UK HealthCare Specialty Pharmacy and Infusion Services, Lexington
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kogut SJ. A primer on quality measurement and reporting in pharmacy benefit plans. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:386-396. [PMID: 38427331 PMCID: PMC10981972 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacy benefit plans in the United States are evaluated on quality measures and other requirements of the government and accrediting organizations. This primer describes the roles of key organizations involved in measuring and reporting quality in pharmacy benefit plans and explains the methods that pharmacy benefit plans use to promote quality of medication use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Kogut
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deyhim N, Dunne IE, Nguyen PA, Fasoranti OO, Crew CM, Liebl MG. Process and outcomes from systemization of a longitudinal advanced pharmacy practice experience (LAPPE) program. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e186-e192. [PMID: 38070199 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Longitudinal models for completing advanced pharmacy practice experiences were implemented to enhance experiential training efficiency through extracurricular experiences and to offer high-quality learning continuously. Through multihospital expansion of an established single-site longitudinal advanced pharmacy practice experience (LAPPE) program, the expanded collaborative opportunities support the development of new concepts that enhance integrated learning. METHODS An observational study was designed to describe the approach for constructing a LAPPE program integrated across a multihospital system, to assess the professional skills gained by the program graduates, and to evaluate program impact on graduates' professional career. A questionnaire was developed for current students to assess the program's impact across 5 domains. Value-added benefits for the health system and challenges to implementation of a systemized program were reviewed as guidance for institutions interested in implementing such a model. RESULTS Expansion of a single-site LAPPE program across a multihospital health system requires significant coordination from leadership, especially during the recruitment and interview process. Additionally, integration of preceptors across sites bolsters student experiences for various professional activities offered in a LAPPE program. This program's questionnaire results pointed toward an increase in students' knowledge and skills in preparation for postgraduate training. For students entering the ASHP Resident Matching Program, there was a 100% residency match rate before and after program systemization. CONCLUSION The expansion of a LAPPE program across a multihospital system offers intangible benefits to an institution, expands self-reported competencies, and establishes a foundation for postgraduate success. This model may be utilized at institutions with similar interest to implement, expand, or systemize a LAPPE program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Deyhim
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ian E Dunne
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Phuoc Anne Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist West Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oyejoke O Fasoranti
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist Willowbrook Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassie M Crew
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist The Woodlands Hospital, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Michael G Liebl
- System Clinical Pharmacy Services, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dalton H, Hinely MT, Kostelic EM. Evaluation of the impact of a pharmacy transitions of care program. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e180-e185. [PMID: 38070166 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacist-driven transitions of care interventions have been shown to improve patient clinical outcomes. However, the evidence in the literature on the impact of pharmacy transitions of care services on hospitalization and emergency department visit rates is inconclusive. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of a pharmacist-driven transitions of care program on hospitalization and emergency department visit rates at an academic medical center. METHODS This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted via pre- and postintervention analyses. The data collection period included 30 days before the date of pharmacist intervention and 30 days after the date of intervention. The study evaluated patients who were enrolled in the Transitional Inpatient Rounding Experience (TIRE) program at Wake Forest Baptist Health between August 2017 and September 2020. Patients excluded were less than 18 years old, in hospice care, discharged to long-term care, or did not have a hospitalization within 90 days of intervention. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was utilized to analyze continuous data. Standard descriptive statistics were used for categorical data. RESULTS One hundred patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. For the primary outcome, the TIRE intervention resulted in a reduction of 31 hospitalizations, or 50% (62 prior hospitalizations in the 30 days before the intervention vs 31 admissions in the 30 days after the intervention; P < 0.001). There were significant reductions in the secondary outcomes of 90-day hospitalizations (24% fewer with intervention; P = 0.028) and 30-day emergency department visits (65% fewer with intervention; P =0.006). For the outcome of 90-day emergency department visits, there was a 36% reduction (P = 0.240). CONCLUSION The results of the study demonstrate that a pharmacy transitions of care program may lead to a reduction in hospitalization and emergency department visit rates. The study also found potential cost savings associated with a pharmacy transitions of care program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Dalton
- Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Molly T Hinely
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tillman J. Crystal Ball project provides roadmap for protecting pharmacy's future. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e153. [PMID: 38365986 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
|
28
|
Plewka B, Waszyk-Nowaczyk M, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Przymuszała P, Osmałek T. Perception of Polish pharmacy students on simulation exercise in pharmaceutical care for diabetes-a pilot study. BMC Med Educ 2024; 24:283. [PMID: 38486206 PMCID: PMC10941357 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transformation of a pharmacist's role from that of a drug dispenser to an advisor and patient educator, partially accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, requires a thorough change in the pharmacy curriculum. Preparation for the provision of modern pharmaceutical services requires the use of the most advanced teaching methods, such as pharmaceutical simulation. Knowledge alone does not guarantee students' readiness and motivation to take on new challenges in their professional work, but it seems crucial that graduates of medical faculties have the ability to practically apply their knowledge, including in new and nonstandard situations. Therefore, in our study, we proposed an intervention using a simulation method (peer role play) in teaching pharmaceutical care, and we assessed its impact on students' levels of self-perceived confidence and self-efficacy in accordance with Bandura's theory. The aim of the study was to verify whether the introduction of these types of classes could be a useful element of pharmacy curriculum renewal. METHODS The questionnaire-based study was conducted during pharmaceutical care peer role-playing classes in a simulation environment with a debriefing session among 85 final-year pharmacy students at Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. The questionnaire consisted of two surveys: the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and a pre-post self-assessment and self-efficacy questionnaire. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between the GSE score and self-efficacy (R = 0.52, p < 0.0001). A statistically significant increase in the post-self-assessment of all the skills and competencies included in the survey in the field of pharmaceutical care of a patient with diabetes compared to the pre-values was also observed (p < 0.001). Additionally, the students' self-efficacy in terms of communicating with patients was greater following the class than before the class (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The peer role-play active teaching method was found to be a cost-effective method allowing for an increase in the self-assessment and self-efficacy of pharmacy students in diabetic patient pharmaceutical care. However, further in-depth research is needed to fully confirm the effectiveness of simulation exercises for teaching pharmacy undergraduates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Plewka
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Waszyk-Nowaczyk
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerbin-Koczorowska
- Edinburgh Medical School: Medical Education, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Piotr Przymuszała
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tillman J. Residency programs are key to developing a resilient pharmacy workforce. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:165-166. [PMID: 38365921 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
|
30
|
MacKinnon T, Schaeffler K, Kent S, Clark JS. Program for advancing supervisor skills among pharmacy technicians. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:235-240. [PMID: 38070490 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This publication outlines the development and implementation of a leadership enhancement program for pharmacy technician supervisors at University of Michigan Health (UMH). The program aims to equip these supervisors with the skills and knowledge necessary to excel as leaders in the pharmacy field, addressing the pressing need for strong leaders in healthcare. SUMMARY UMH recognized the need to cultivate effective leaders within its pharmacy department due to the impending shortage of pharmacy leaders and the rising demand for technicians and future pharmacists. To meet this need, a leadership enhancement program was introduced, offering flexibility and a comprehensive framework for enhancing the skills of pharmacy technician supervisors. The program covers annual, biennial, and flexible rotating topics and offers a structured monthly format for active participation. Additionally, the program utilizes a rigorous selection process for training resources and continuous quality improvement efforts to ensure effectiveness. Through developing leadership skills among technician supervisors, the organization aims to achieve tangible benefits, including decreased turnover rates and increased employee satisfaction. CONCLUSION The program for enhancing supervisor skills at UMH is a flexible and adaptable framework for leadership development in pharmacy. Its success in enhancing leadership skills for future pharmacy leaders is crucial in the evolving healthcare landscape and supports the growth of leaders in this domain. By acknowledging the value and expertise that pharmacy technicians bring, organizations can harness their potential and, in turn, benefit the entire healthcare system. This program's principles are transferable to other organizations seeking to empower their employees with tools to thrive in new leadership roles, thus contributing to their growth and success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor MacKinnon
- Clinical & Operational Services, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, and University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen Schaeffler
- Sterile Products & OR Pharmacy, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, and University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stan Kent
- University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, and University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John S Clark
- University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI, and University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grube P, Nichols H, Ferrell S, Gilham D, Gaylor A, Dunkelberger K. Implementing services for pediatric cystic fibrosis treatment in a community hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:219-225. [PMID: 37982450 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our community hospital was recently charged with providing care for pediatric people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). Pediatric PwCF generally need a higher level of care than is required by other pediatric patients cared for at our institution. This project aimed to prepare the pharmacy department to care for this specialized population safely and efficiently. SUMMARY The implementation process was divided into 3 phases to accomplish the larger purpose. These phases were as follows: (1) creating order sets and protocols; (2) providing staff and clinical pharmacists with training and resources; and (3) creating and managing clinical decision support. The central aspect of preparing inpatient pharmacy staff to care for PwCF was the development of antibiotic dosing protocols and order sets comprised of intravenous and oral antibiotics as well as aminoglycoside and vancomycin pharmacokinetic guides. A pharmacokinetic calculator was created to assist with aminoglycoside dosing and monitoring. During phase 2, pharmacist education modules were created to provide guidance on cystic fibrosis and medications commonly used to treat it. As the newly designed protocols were enacted, education was provided on how to use them. Phase 3 occurred concurrently, as clinical decision support was vital to completing phases 1 and 2. CONCLUSION The phased approach was imperative to the project's success and kept individual components on track. All parts were completed in just over one year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Grube
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Sarah Ferrell
- Parkview Regional Medical Center, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Denise Gilham
- Pediatric Pulmonary, CF, and Abnormal Newborn Screen Program, Parkview Regional Medical Center, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Traynor K. California pharmacy icon David Adler dies at 79. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:166-167. [PMID: 38346102 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
|
33
|
Bradley F, Hammond M, Braund R. Career outlook and satisfaction in the presence of workload intensification-a survey of early career pharmacists. Int J Pharm Pract 2024; 32:164-169. [PMID: 38180803 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demographics of the pharmacy workforce is changing with an increased proportion of pharmacists less than 30 years old (early career pharmacists-ECPs). In parallel, the profession has experienced workload intensification and workforce attrition. It is important to understand ECPs career satisfaction to retain this section of the pharmacy profession. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to collect data on the current career satisfaction of ECPs, and identify workplace factors that were most important to this group. Further, to use these findings to inform sector recommendations. METHODS A steering group of ECPs in Aotearoa New Zealand developed a survey based on one used previously. An invitation email was sent to all pharmacists who had been registered for less than 10 years and were members of the Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand. RESULTS A total of 1418 ECPs were identified and invited to participate, and responses were received by 416 of these. While 90% believe that they are making a useful contribution to the health of their patients, over half are unhappy and discontented, with over a third dissatisfied with their careers. A large proportion (44%) were considering leaving the profession in the next 5 years. The top three factors for career satisfaction were ability to progress and learn new skills, the people they work with, and the remuneration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a starting point for understanding the current environment and level of dissatisfaction of young pharmacists. There are several areas of concern that need to be addressed if a strong vibrant viable pharmacy profession is to be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bradley
- The Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand, PO Box 11640, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Hammond
- Te Whatu Ora-Health New Zealand, PO Box 93-503, Auckland/Waitematā, New Zealand
- New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhiannon Braund
- The Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand, PO Box 11640, Wellington, New Zealand
- New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Augusti JV, Silva SN. Management of pharmaceutical services in the fight against COVID-19 in universal public health systems: a rapid review. Int J Pharm Pract 2024; 32:109-119. [PMID: 38233348 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought new challenges and lessons were learnt for health services. In the field of pharmaceutical care, several interventions have been proposed to optimize and expand the response capacity of services. OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize interventions performed in the management of pharmaceutical services during the COVID-19 pandemic in universal public health systems. METHODS A rapid literature review was conducted and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022360902). Systematic searches in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and Virtual Health Library databases were conducted to identify interventions and practices adopted for the management of pharmaceutical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Thirteen articles reporting interventions developed in six countries were included. The interventions were summarized under three major themes: actions for continuous access to medicines, logistical measures for acquisition and storage, and organizational strategies. Telepharmacy services stand out as a typical action adopted in different services, which highlights the use and consolidation of digital technologies in these services. Strategies for process management were described and focused on the reorganization of the internal service of pharmacies, flow of services, and people management. CONCLUSIONS Many interventions were developed during the pandemic, some of which have already been incorporated into routine service delivery. Although the studies did not measure the effect of each intervention, the strategies developed are a source of information for the future delivery of care. Studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential of similar interventions in other health emergency contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vasconcellos Augusti
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-90 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sarah Nascimento Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachou, Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alderman C. Telehealth and Pharmaceutical Care for Older People: Today and Tomorrow. Sr Care Pharm 2024; 39:93-94. [PMID: 38379139 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2024.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
As pointed out in pieces published in this edition of The Senior Care Pharmacist, although health care services have been provided remotely for a long time, it was only with the advent of the internet
that health care practitioners and their patients had the means to conduct virtual consultations. Even more sophisticated processes such as remote health monitoring have become available, and indeed to a degree,
expected, by patients.
Collapse
|
36
|
Oar C. eviQ Education releases free pharmacy anti-cancer drug course for cancer pharmacists. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2024; 30:422-424. [PMID: 38150658 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231222215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Oar
- Subject Matter Expert - Pharmacy, Cancer Institute New South Wales, eviQ Education, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
De Guzman KR, Gavanescu D, Smith AC, Snoswell CL. Economic evaluations of telepharmacy services in non-cancer settings: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:246-254. [PMID: 38195343 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telepharmacy is the provision of pharmacy services from a distance to a patient using telecommunications and other technologies. There has been limited research investigating the cost-effectiveness of telepharmacy services. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive review and narrative synthesis of the available economic evidence on telepharmacy services in non-cancer settings. METHOD A systematic literature search of four databases including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and EconLit was undertaken to identify economic evaluations comparing telepharmacy services to standard pharmacy care. Abstracts and full texts were screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion against the eligibility criteria. Key economic findings were extracted from included articles to determine the cost-effectiveness of the reported telepharmacy services. RESULTS The review included six studies; two were cost-minimisation analyses, three were cost effectiveness analyses (CEA) and one study conducted both a CEA and cost-utility analysis. Telepharmacy services predominantly relied upon telephone modes of communication, with three that used remote patient monitoring. These services managed a variety of clinical situations which included newly initiated antibiotics, antiretroviral therapy management, and medications for chronic conditions, as well as hypertension management. Articles were of relatively high reporting quality, scoring an average of 83% on the Consolidated Health Economics Reporting Standards checklist. Four of the six studies reported that telepharmacy was less costly than usual care, with two that reported telepharmacy as cost-effective to the healthcare system according to a specified cost-effectiveness threshold. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review demonstrates that there is emerging evidence that telepharmacy services can be cost-effective compared with standard care in non-cancer settings. Further research is needed to complement these findings, particularly reflecting the increased uptake of telehealth and telepharmacy services since the onset of the Coronavirus disease pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshia R De Guzman
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Danielle Gavanescu
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony C Smith
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Innovative Medical Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Centaine L Snoswell
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McDonough RP, Fish H, Satterfield J, Roberts K, Clifton CL, Doucette WR. Determining essential elements and functionalities for a patient record system in community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:499-505. [PMID: 37940093 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As community-based pharmacy continues to evolve from a focus on product distribution to a practice focused on patient care, a key requirement is for pharmacists to document their patient care activities. Some community-based pharmacies are working to routinely use the Pharmacist eCare Plan standard in documenting their new care activities. OBJECTIVES With the need for a robust patient record in community-based pharmacies, the purpose of this study was to identify key elements and functionalities for a community-based pharmacy patient record. METHODS An expert panel of 26 individuals participated in 3 rounds of surveys using an online Delphi method to develop consensus about the key data elements and functionalities for a pharmacy patient record system. RESULTS A total of 46 items reached consensus: 16 as essential elements for a longitudinal pharmacy patient record, 7 as essential elements for a patient encounter, and 23 functionalities for a pharmacy patient record system. A rubric was developed to assess community-based pharmacy patient record systems. CONCLUSION The functionalities can support pharmacists in fully adopting a standard care process and providing and documenting patient care, while coordinating and improving communication with patients, providers, and payers. Pharmacists are encouraged to use the rubric in evaluating software for their practices.
Collapse
|
39
|
Vordenberg SE, Fusco NM, Ward KE, Darley A, Brady JH, Culhane NS, Habib MJ, Hernandez E, Moye PM, Munusamy S, Painter JT, Pope N, Stevenson TL, Vanderboll K, Chase PA, Matsumoto RR. An Integrative Review of Micro-Credentials and Digital Badges for Pharmacy Educators. Am J Pharm Educ 2024; 88:100660. [PMID: 38272238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Micro-credentials (MCs) and digital badges (DBs) have gained popularity in recent years as a means to supplement traditional degrees and certifications. MCs and DBs can play a significant role in supporting student-centered learning by offering personalized and flexible learning pathways, emphasizing real-world relevance and practical skills, and fostering a culture of continuous learning and growth. However, barriers currently exist within health professions education, including pharmacy education, that could limit the full adoption and implementation of MCs and DBs. Research on the use of MCs and DBs in Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs is sparse. In this integrative review, literature on the use of MCs and DBs in health professions education is reviewed, and perspectives on the benefits, issues, and potential future uses within Doctor of Pharmacy degree programs are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Fusco
- University at Buffalo, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Kristina E Ward
- University of Rhode Island, College of Pharmacy, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Darley
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica H Brady
- University of Louisiana Monroe, College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Nicole S Culhane
- Notre Dame of Maryland University, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eliud Hernandez
- University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Pamela M Moye
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shankar Munusamy
- Drake University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Jacob T Painter
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nathan Pope
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | - T Lynn Stevenson
- Auburn University, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kathryn Vanderboll
- University of Michigan, Taubman Health Sciences Library, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia A Chase
- Oregon State University, College of Pharmacy, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- University of the Pacific, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hasan HE, Jaber D, Al Tabbah S, Lawand N, Habib HA, Farahat NM. Knowledge, attitude and practice among pharmacy students and faculty members towards artificial intelligence in pharmacy practice: A multinational cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296884. [PMID: 38427639 PMCID: PMC10906880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern patient care depends on the continuous improvement of community and clinical pharmacy services, and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to play a key role in this evolution. Although AI has been increasingly implemented in various fields of pharmacy, little is known about the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pharmacy students and faculty members towards this technology. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to investigate the KAP of pharmacy students and faculty members regarding AI in six countries in the Middle East as well as to identify the predictive factors behind the understanding of the principles and practical applications of AI in healthcare processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A total of 875 pharmacy students and faculty members in the faculty of pharmacy in Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Libya participated in the study. Data was collected through an online electronic questionnaire. The data collected included information about socio-demographics, understanding of AI basic principles, participants' attitudes toward AI, the participants' AI practices. RESULTS Most participants (92.6%) reported having heard of AI technology in their practice, but only a small proportion (39.5%) had a good understanding of its concepts. The overall level of knowledge about AI among the study participants was moderate, with the mean knowledge score being 42.3 ± 21.8 out of 100 and students having a significantly higher knowledge score than faculty members. The attitude towards AI among pharmacy students and faculty members was positive, but there were still concerns about the impact of AI on job security and patient safety. Pharmacy students and faculty members had limited experience using AI tools in their practice. The majority of respondents (96.2%) believed that AI could improve patient care and pharmacy services. However, only a minority (18.6%) reported having received education or training on AI technology. High income, a strong educational level and background, and previous experience with technologies were predictors of KAP toward using AI in pharmacy practice. Finally, there was a positive correlation between knowledge about AI and attitudes towards AI as well as a significant positive correlation between AI knowledge and overall KAP scores. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that while there is a growing awareness of AI technology among pharmacy professionals in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, there are still significant gaps in understanding and adopting AI in pharmacy Practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham E. Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Deema Jaber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Samaa Al Tabbah
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nabih Lawand
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A. Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Noureldin M. Farahat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kiles TM, Nonyel NP, Higgins M, Campbell HE. White coats, Black lives-racial trauma in Black pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:450-456. [PMID: 38143040 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race-based traumatic stress, or racial trauma, can negatively impact the health and wellbeing of Black health professionals. However, the effects of racial trauma among Black pharmacists have not been thoroughly explored. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore Black pharmacist experiences of race-based traumatic stress and its effects in the workplace. METHODS This qualitative study utilized focus groups among a convenience sample of Black pharmacist attendees of a national convention for an organization dedicated to serving underserved communities and minoritized pharmacy professionals. The data were analyzed with inductive coding and thematic analysis as proposed by Braun and Clark. RESULTS Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 22 participants. The majority of participants were female (77%), and the average age of the participants was 48.3 years old. Three themes related to racial trauma were identified. The participants described racial trauma as an ever-present phenomenon, tension with coworkers and institutions, and internal and external structures of support. The Black pharmacists in this study provided context and recommendations for employers to support their wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS An awareness of the hidden wounds that Black pharmacists carry with them to work every day is an important factor in creating diverse and inclusive workplaces. The results of this study give Black pharmacists a voice and a chance to share with colleagues their distinct realities. Employers and institutions should assess individual needs and implement strategies to support Black pharmacists in creating more inclusive work and professional environments.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sharareh N, Zheutlin AR, Qato DM, Guadamuz J, Bress A, Vos RO. Access to community pharmacies based on drive time and by rurality across the contiguous United States. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:476-482. [PMID: 38215823 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering that mail-order pharmacy use remains low in the United States, geographic accessibility of community pharmacies (pharmacy access) can have an outsized impact on a community's access to services and care, especially among rural residents. However, previous measurements of pharmacy access rely on methods that do not capture all aspects of geographic access. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to measure pharmacy access across the contiguous United States and by rural, suburban, and urban areas using drive-time analysis and an improved methodological approach. METHODS The 2-step floating catchment area method was used to measure pharmacy access by considering the supply capacity of pharmacies, population demand for pharmacies, and the interaction between them within a reasonable travel time range. This method is a methodologically improved approach compared with previous methods for measuring geographic access. Network analysis was used to measure drive time from the population-weighted centroids of census tracts to the geocoded location of community pharmacies. Census tract-level pharmacy access was measured using a 10- and 20-minute drive time. Census tracts were also categorized based on population per square mile as rural (< 1000), suburban (1000-3000), and urban (> 3000). RESULTS Across the contiguous United States, 79.9% and 91.1% of census tracts had access to at least 1 pharmacy per 10,000 people within a 10- and 20-minute drive time, respectively. Rural census tracts had the lowest share of access to at least 1 pharmacy per 10,000 people compared with suburban and urban tracts and for both drive times. CONCLUSION Community pharmacies are highly accessible health care access points, specifically in urban and suburban areas. Pharmacies should be considered to expand access to services with limited geographic accessibility such as treatment programs for opioid use disorders, primary care, and healthy foods.
Collapse
|
43
|
Doctor N, G Elder K, Hafling B, F Leslie K. Impact of Pharmacy-Related Memes on Students' Professional Identity Formation. Am J Pharm Educ 2024; 88:100657. [PMID: 38244778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Professional identity formation (PIF) is the process which one internalizes the values and norms of a profession, ultimately becoming a member of that profession. The objective of this study was to determine the perceived professional identities of pharmacists in memes and how pharmacy-related memes affect students' PIF. METHODS Student pharmacists from a single academic institution participated in focus groups to discuss the concept of professional identity, view self-submitted pharmacy-related memes, and reflect on the memes' impact on their PIF. An inductive, thematic content analysis was performed, and a theoretical model was developed to illustrate the themes observed. RESULTS Twenty-six student pharmacists participated in the study. Before exposure to the self-submitted memes, the participants described the professional identity of a pharmacist in a more idealistic way, noting pharmacist roles such as medication expert, educator, and patient care provider. After exposure to the memes, the participants' responses reflected a pharmacist identity based on feelings of being antagonized, overwhelmed, and misperceived. Despite these challenges, the participants noted the importance of remaining professional. CONCLUSION When exposed to pharmacy-related memes, the students' perceptions of the pharmacist identity changed from one based on idealistic roles to an identity based on negative feelings and interactions. Owing to memes' ability to reflect one's experiences, it is important to recognize the impact memes may have on PIF. Further research is needed to determine how pharmacy educators can help students navigate identity dissonances that arise from the students' pharmacy experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Doctor
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, USA.
| | - Kimberly G Elder
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Brooke Hafling
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Katie F Leslie
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grube PM, Autry EB, Kormelink LN, Young DC, Zobell JT, Bhakta ZN, Schadler AD, Kuhn RJ. A decade of change: The evolution of pharmacy services at U.S. cystic fibrosis centers. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:652-661. [PMID: 38050809 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) require a multidisciplinary care team due to disease complexity. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) notes that pharmacists are recommended, while other organizations consider pharmacists required. In 2016, the CFF initiated a grant program for CFF-accredited care centers and affiliate programs (CFF-ACCAP) to implement outpatient pharmacy services. The primary objective of this study was to compare surveys regarding pharmacy involvement in CFF-ACCAP pre- and post-grant implementation. METHODS This was an IRB-approved, survey-based study. The surveys were distributed via the CF pharmacist-pharmacy technician and center director e-mail exchanges. RESULTS There are currently 244 CFF-ACCAP and 158 pharmacists. Forty-two pharmacists completed the 2013 survey and 77 completed the 2023 survey. Practice site shifted from primarily the inpatient (58.5%) to outpatient settings (67.5%; p < .001). Most positions were created in the past 7 years (81%) with 50% currently or previously funded by the CFF grant program. CFF center director response decreased from 2013 to 2023 (106 vs. 48) but centers with a dedicated CF pharmacist increased from 2013 to 2023 (66%-86%; p = .014). In the 2023 survey, we received responses from 17 pharmacy technicians, who were newly included. Most of these technicians (64%) reported working in outpatient clinics. CONCLUSIONS Since 2013, pharmacy presence has grown at CFF-ACCAP, partly due to the CFF grant program. Despite pharmacists not being required members of the multidisciplinary care team, their presence is notable in 65% of CFF-ACCAP centers, where they contribute significantly to improving the care provided for pwCF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Grube
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky Healthcare Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Autry
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky Healthcare Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lauren N Kormelink
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David C Young
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffery T Zobell
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Intermountain Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Zubin N Bhakta
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Aric D Schadler
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert J Kuhn
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kremer LJ, Smith A, Tahitahi KA, Mapusua T, Anwar M, Rutherford G, Cho H, Guy W. Ko au tēnei: This is me - Exploring the lived experience of underrepresented groups with pharmacy services to inform the development of pharmacy case-based learning. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:167-173. [PMID: 38331625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demographic and social characteristics of underrepresented groups are often poorly described in pharmacy case-based learning, leading to poor representation of these groups in the pharmacy curriculum. This research project aimed to understand the lived experience of underrepresented groups with pharmacy services and to use this to inform the development of pharmacy case-based student learning materials. METHODS This was a single centre, grounded theory, qualitative study. Focus groups were undertaken with six underrepresented groups: Māori, Pacific, Asian, LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual), disability, and refugee. These focus groups were conducted in Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand from July to August 2022. Focus group sessions were recorded and analysed to identify beliefs, ideas, and themes shared between participants and groups. FINDINGS Participants in all focus groups had a strong desire to be seen and represented in pharmacy cases, however this was conditional on the learning being delivered in a way that upholds their beliefs, values, and voices. From these lived experiences, cultural, environmental, personal, and social factors were identified as being critical for inclusion in pharmacy case-based learning materials. CONCLUSIONS The lived experience of underrepresented populations provides critical insights that will enhance pharmacy case-based learning. The key factors that could be included in case-based learning are: ethnicity, personal beliefs, language, disability, gender identity, sexual identity, and family. To achieve health equity and improve cultural awareness and intelligence of our future pharmacy workforce, these experiences need to become more present in curricula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kremer
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alesha Smith
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Kelly-Ann Tahitahi
- University of Otago Office of Māori Development, 87 Saint David Street, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Talai Mapusua
- University of Otago Centre for Pacific Health (Va'a o Tautai), 71 Frederick Street, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Mudassir Anwar
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Gill Rutherford
- University of Otago College of Education, 145 Union Street East, Central Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Hyunah Cho
- University of Otago College of Education, 145 Union Street East, Central Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - William Guy
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moon JY, Westberg SM, Sorensen TD. Reconsidering the residency training pathway for ambulatory care pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:372-376. [PMID: 38246273 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ambulatory care, commonly found in primary care settings, is a growing area of pharmacy practice supported by an expanding number of residency training opportunities in this setting. As this practice expands, the profession has chosen to adopt structures that define it as a specialty practice area, a departure from the medical profession. A key example of this definition is the profession's alignment of residency training for this setting within postgraduate year 2 standards. In this commentary, we explore the implications of this approach and share experience from more than 20 years of statewide ambulatory care residency training in Minnesota. We question whether current training expectations are rooted in an objective evaluation of the knowledge and skills required for ambulatory care pharmacy practice. Ultimately, we call on practice leaders to take account of the impact on current training expectations for learners and pharmacy workforce development and seek a rationalization of the training pathway for ambulatory care practice.
Collapse
|
47
|
Griffin SP, Signorelli JR, Lasko A, Andrick BJ, Doan D, Hough S, Riebandt G, Harnicar S. Oncology pharmacy practice in the United States: Results of a comprehensive, nationwide survey. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2024; 30:332-341. [PMID: 37194276 PMCID: PMC10943602 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231174858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study was designed to describe the landscape of oncology pharmacy practice at patient facing institutional healthcare organizations throughout the United States. Methods: The Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association (HOPA) Practice Outcomes and Professional Benchmarking Committee conducted a multi-organization, voluntary survey of HOPA members between March 2021 and January 2022. Four overarching domains were targeted: institutional description, job function, staffing, and training/certification. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 68 responses were analyzed including 59% and 41% who self-identified their organization as academic and community centers, respectively. The median number of infusion chairs and annual infusion visits were 49 (interquartile range (IQR): 32-92) and 23,500 (IQR: 8300-300,000), respectively. Pharmacy departments reported to a business leader, physician leader, and nursing leader 57%, 24%, and 10% of the time, respectively. The median oncology pharmacy full-time equivalents was 16 (IQR: 5-60). At academic centers, 50% (IQR: 26-60) of inpatient and 30% (IQR: 21-38) of ambulatory pharmacist FTEs were dedicated to clinical activities. At community centers, 45% (IQR: 26-65) of inpatient and 50% (IQR: 42-58) of ambulatory pharmacist FTEs were dedicated to clinical activities. As many as 18% and 65% of organizations required or encouraged certification for oncology pharmacists, respectively. The median number of Board-Certified Oncology Pharmacists was 4 (IQR: 2-15). Conclusion: As the number of patients with cancer rises, the oncology workforce must grow to support this expanding population. These results describe the practice landscape of oncology pharmacy at US healthcare institutions to serve as a foundation for future research evaluating metrics and benchmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Griffin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Aubrey Lasko
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Andrick
- Enterprise Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacy Innovations & Outcomes, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David Doan
- Department of Pharmacy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Grazyna Riebandt
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Services, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Harnicar
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cantarero-Arevalo L, Kaae S, Jacobsen R, Nielsen A, Slyngborg L, Smistrup N, Kastrup LM, Hämeen-Anttila K, Strömberg A, Stig Nørgaard L. Empowering patients as co-researchers in social pharmacy: Lessons learned and practical tips for meaningful partnership and impact. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:372-376. [PMID: 38158303 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Engaging patients as co-researchers in health service research, involving them in the design, planning, and implementation rather than treating them as mere participants, can yield positive outcomes and generate value for patients' health. It also increases patients' health literacy and empowerment, leading to more meaningful studies and substantial research impact. However, deeper levels of engagement as partners throughout the research lifecycle come with ethical and methodological challenges. This commentary provides actionable advice for Patient Engagement and Involvement (PEI) in social pharmacy research through a rapid review of models, frameworks, and guidelines and by gathering lessons from four recent social pharmacy research initiatives conducted in Nordic settings. It also identifies and discusses ethical and methodological challenges to conducting authentic and sustained patient-driven research. Deeper levels of engagement where patients take the lead in shaping the social pharmacy research question(s) are rare due to the intensity of resources required. With these 24 tips and the lessons learned, we aim to make this approach more accessible to social pharmacy researchers interested in PEI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Cantarero-Arevalo
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Kaae
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lotte Stig Nørgaard
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in the Patient Perspective on Medicine Use, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Blind JE, Leary J. IDS pharmacists: Bridging the translational research gap for pharmacy practice. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:335-336. [PMID: 38185240 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
|
50
|
Draime JA, Anthony AL, Moser HM. Descriptive analysis of the legal ramifications of medication diversion by pharmacy employees. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:402-407. [PMID: 37952845 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication diversion, the act of illegally redirecting prescription drugs from their intended path, is a growing problem in the United States, with significant implications for patient safety and the integrity of the health care system. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to link reported diversion cases from state boards of pharmacy to state court docket records to describe the legal ramifications of medication diversion. METHODS A retrospective analysis of state board of pharmacy records and state court docket records from six states between 2016 and 2021 was completed. RESULTS A total of 207 medication diversion cases were identified and 61 of these cases were able to be linked to state court cases. The study found that pharmacy technicians were involved in the majority of cases (77.3%). The study found that medication diversion frequently occurred in community pharmacies (59.2%), involving controlled medications (87.4%). The primary reasons for medication diversion were personal use (43.7%) and undetermined motives (48.5%). Of the 61 cases linked to court cases, prevalent disciplinary actions included "misdemeanor or felony charges" (21.4%) and "jail time, suspended" (9.2%). The findings underscore the need for robust systems and protocols within health care facilities to prevent medication diversion, particularly in pharmacy settings. Measures such as implementing physical and electronic controls, addressing flaws in operations, and conducting thorough background checks during the hiring process are crucial for minimizing the risk of diversion. Furthermore, the study reveals inconsistencies in the disciplinary actions taken by state boards of pharmacy and state legal systems, indicating the need for more standardized and consistent processes for prosecuting medication diversion cases. Future research should aim to include a broader sample size and develop standardized data collection methods to further explore medication diversion and its legal implications. CONCLUSION In conclusion, addressing medication diversion requires a collaborative effort between health care facilities and regulatory bodies. By prioritizing prevention strategies and aligning disciplinary actions, the health care system can ensure patient safety, uphold professional integrity, and effectively combat medication diversion.
Collapse
|