Ganglion cyst of temporomandibular joint - A systematic review

Ganglion cyst of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an uncommon pathology with uncertain etiology. There is no consensus on their management. The current systematic review aimed to discuss the clinical and histopathological features of ganglion cysts of TMJ, to aid in appropriate treatment. A literature search was done and a total of 20 cases were retrieved from published databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. The cyst presented with swelling in all the cases followed by pain (50 %) and trismus (35 %) as other common symptoms. Though CT and MRI proved helpful in determining the location of the cyst, a histopathological examination was essential in concluding its final diagnosis. It is a pseudocyst lined by dense fibro-connective tissue with myxoid tissue degeneration. Histologically, it is essential to distinguish them from the clinically and radiographically similar true cyst of TMJ, synovial cyst. The lining of ganglion cyst is devoid of epithelium and synovial cells. Surgical excision was found to be the treatment of choice with minimal recurrence (10 %) being reported.

AN INTRATENDINOUS GANGLION CYST OF THE PATELLAR TENDON: A RARE CAUSE OF ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN

Ganglion cysts in the knee region can manifest as anterior knee pain. Unlike synovial cysts, these lesions lack synovial epithelial lining and occur secondary to mucoid degeneration of connective tissue because, often in response to chronic irritation and repetitive traumas. However, an intratendinous location is a rare finding. In the knee region, infrapatellar fat pad, the alar folds, and the anterior cruciate ligament are recognized to degenerate into ganglion. There are few case reports describing an involvement of the patellar tendon. We present the clinical case of a 72 years old male patient suffering from anterior knee pain attributed to an intratendinous ganglion cyst of the patellar tendon, obviously after a single traumatic event. After aspiration of the ganglion cyst the patient reported no complaints, and there has been no recurrence during the latest follow-up examination.

Temporomandibular joint synovial cysts: A systematic review of the literature and a report of two cases

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial cysts are rare, unlike peripheric locations like the wrist or the knee. They share similar presentations with ganglion cyst, benign and sometimes malignant lesions. Only histopathological analysis confirms diagnosis in some cases, finding a true cyst lined by synoviocytes containing synovial fluid. They seem to be related to an increased articular pressure following trauma. In this study we present two cases of TMJ synovial cyst and a systematic review of the literature. A total of 32 cases were retrieved from published literature in PubMed, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases using the search terms 'TMJ synovial cyst', 'temporomandibular synovial cyst', 'jaw joint synovial cyst'. Swelling (91.3%) and pain (78.3%) were the most common symptoms. MRI was the most commonly used imaging modality that was found to be beneficial for diagnosis. In almost all cases the cyst was removed under general anesthesia, allowing histopathological examination. Only two patients still had pain after removal of the cyst. No recurrence was observed .

Cervical myelopathy caused by ventrally located atlanto-axial synovial cysts: An open quest for the safest and most effective surgical management. Case series and systematic review of the literature

OF BACKGROUND DATA

Despite a good understanding of the natural history of spinal synovial cysts (SCs), a widespread agreement regarding their optimal management is still lacking. This is particularly true for SCs occurring at the C1-C2 level, which are rare, but oftentimes lead to a rapidly evolving cervical myelopathy.

METHODS

We report a series of 4 patients (M:F ratio=1:1; mean age 63.5 years) presenting with progressive cervical myelopathy secondary to ventrally located C1-C2 SCs. All patients underwent a postero-lateral facet-sparing intradural approach with total excision of the SCs. Functional status was assessed pre- and postoperatively with Nurick scale and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic association grading. Furthermore we conducted a systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines of pertinent literature to contextualize the options for surgical management of such lesions.

RESULTS

Complete excision of the SCs was confirmed radiologically and on histological analysis. All measures of functional status improved post-operatively, and no cyst recurrence or need for instrumented fusion were noted during follow up (range from 22 to 88 months).

CONCLUSION

Our experience suggests that the facet-sparing intradural approach provides excellent clinical outcomes without causing any C1-C2 instability. This is in keeping with the take home message emerging from our literature review, which confirms that treatment should aim at radical resection of SCs while minimizing the risk of postoperative instability.

Unprecedented recurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome by metaplastic synovial cyst in the carpal tunnel

Metaplastic synovial cyst (MSC) is a benign cystic lesion observed after surgical intervention and recurrent skin trauma. Because of its rarity, the etiology is not fully understood. The most emphasized etiologic factors are recurrent surgical procedures and cutaneous pathologies, which cause cutaneous fragility and abnormal wound formation. In the literature, MSC is exemplified as a mass that can be observed by the naked eye and palpated. All patients had a history of previous surgical procedures in the area. In the present case, we report a 48 -year-old woman with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome due to a MSC. This report showed that MSC can be detected at deeper locations than the regions described in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MSC causing carpal tunnel syndrome recurrence. It is thought that previous operations are the most important etiologic factor in MSC occurrence.

Compressive radial neuropathy by a synovial cyst during pregnancy: A clinical case report

RATIONALE

Compressive radial neuropathy by a synovial cyst in the radial tunnel during pregnancy is a rare occurrence. The management of radial nerve compression caused by a synovial cyst in a pregnant patient is a surgical dilemma owing to the fetal and maternal risks of treatment.

PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS

A 37-year-old pregnant woman presented with progressive forearm pain at the gestational age of 12 weeks. A cyst was identified via musculoskeletal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging examinations in the radiocapitellar joint causing radial compressive neuropathy.

INTERVENTIONS

After regional nerve block and surgical removal of the cyst, the patient's forearm pain was alleviated without neurological deficits.

OUTCOME

symptoms from nerve compression were improved after surgical treatment LESSONS:: This report illustrates the case of a pregnant woman presenting a compressive neuropathy by an enlarged cyst possibly due to the unbalance of growth factors during pregnancy. With proper diagnosis and timely surgical intervention, such patients can achieve good neurologic recovery without maternal or fetal complications.

Uncommon etiology of knee pain: Lipoma arborescens

 Lipoma arborescens is a rare intra-articular benign tumor. It affects mostly the knee and the diagnosis is usually difficult due to resembling symptomatology of osteoarthritis.

CASES PRESENTATION

We report herein 3 new cases of lipoma arborescens of the knee in which a patient has synovitis associated. In 2 cases, the discovery was intraoperatively. We also report a tumor relapse 2 years after surgery.

Ganglion cyst of the cruciate ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation

BACKGROUND

Ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are rare and sometimes asymptomatic. The authors present three cases of ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation, which has rarely been reported previously.

METHODS

Generally, ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are reported as case reports. Several theories regarding the process of cyst formation and the development of treatment options have been described. However, trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst may be one of the options for treatment of this kind of disease.

RESULTS

A retrospective review of three patients, two female and one male patient, with a mean age of 68 years was conducted. The operation performed was a trans-oral decompression with cyst removal for all patients. Clinical outcomes were evaluated after the operation. All patients underwent trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst, followed by posterior fusion and pathologic examination of the cyst, revealing myxoid stroma with an absence of synovial linings.

CONCLUSION

The ganglion cysts and synovial cysts of the cruciate ligament are two different diseases with different presentation, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and pathologic findings.

Acute cauda equina syndrome secondary to a lumbar synovial cyst

Cauda equina syndrome is a well described state of neurologic compromise due to lumbosacral root compression. In most cases, it is due to a herniated disc, tumor, infection, or hematoma. We report a case of rapid lumbar synovial cyst expansion leading to acute cauda equina syndrome and compare it to similar cases in the literature. The patient is a 49-year-old woman with a history of chronic low back pain who developed cauda equina syndrome. Serial lumbar magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated a significant increase in the size of a lumbar synovial cyst over a 2 week interval. After an unsuccessful attempt to relieve her acute symptoms with computed tomography-guided cyst aspiration, an L4-5 posterior spinal decompression with excision of the synovial cyst was performed. Postoperatively the patient's perineal numbness, bladder incontinence, and associated pain complaints resolved. The only residual symptom at one month follow-up was continued numbness in the right lower limb in an L5 distribution. This report adds to 6 other well described similar cases found in the literature by illustrating several important points. First, a lumbar synovial cyst is a rare but possible cause of acute cauda equina syndrome. Second, magnetic resonance imaging is the test of choice to diagnose and characterize lumbar synovial cysts; serial imaging can detect fluctuations in cyst size. Third, percutaneous treatment of lumbar synovial cysts is variable in efficacy and proved to be unsuccessful in our patient. Finally, surgical management has shown high success rates for symptomatic cysts. Specifically, in the setting of acute cauda equina syndrome secondary to a lumbar synovial cyst, urgent surgical decompression has led to resolution of neurologic symptoms in most reported cases. A lumbar synovial cyst is an uncommon cause of acute cauda equina syndrome. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may lead to reduced morbidity associated with this condition.

Paralabral cysts of the hip: sonographic evaluation with magnetic resonance arthrographic correlation

This retrospective study demonstrates the sonographic appearance paralabral cysts of the hip with magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography as the reference standard. Consensus review by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists was used to assess the paralabral cysts and determine their characteristics. The 3 paralabral cysts seen on sonography and confirmed with MR arthrography in this study were anechoic or hypoechoic, lobulated, and filled with contrast on MR imaging. A labral tear was also noted in all cases on both sonography and MR arthrography. Sonographic assessment for an anterior hip paralabral cyst and labral tear may be of diagnostic benefit.

Masson's tumor: a soft tissue tumor simulating a tendon cyst: case report

INTRODUCTION

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangioma or Masson's tumor) is a benign vascular disease with an exuberant endothelial proliferation in normal blood vessels. Although relatively uncommon, its correct diagnosis is important because it can clinically be like both benign lesions and malignant neoplasms. We present a case of intravascular proliferative endothelial hyperplasia simulating a tendon cyst both clinically and on ultrasound.

CASE REPORT

A 74-year old Caucasian female presented with a 4-month history of soreness and swelling in the fourth finger of the right hand. Ultrasound showed an oval mass with fluid content, referred to a tendon cyst. A wide surgical excision was subsequently performed. The final histological diagnosis was Masson's tumor.

DISCUSSION

The pathogenesis of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is still unclear but the exuberant endothelial cell proliferation might be stimulated by an autocrine loop of endothelial basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion. There are three types of papillary endothelial hyperplasia: primary, or intravascular; secondary, or mixed; and extravascular. The main differential diagnosis is against pyogenic granuloma, Kaposi sarcoma, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma.

CONCLUSIONS

Masson's tumor can be like both benign lesions and malignant neoplasms clinically and on ultrasound. For this reason, the right diagnosis can be made only by histology, which reveals a papillary growth composed of hyperplastic endothelial cells supported by delicate fibrous stalks entirely confined within the vascular lumen.

RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS IN DORSAL AND VOLAR WRIST GANGLIA ARTHROSCOPIC RESECTION

The authors present the procedure and results of five years of arthroscopic treatment of wrist radiocarpal and midcarpal ganglia. Thirty cases of dorsal ganglia and seventeen cases of volar ganglia were operated on arthroscopically. The technique was easy to perform in all the radiocarpal ganglia, not easy in midcarpal dorsal ganglia and very difficult in midcarpal volar ganglia. The results were recorded with a mean follow-up of 15 months. Twenty-seven cases of dorsal ganglia and twelve cases of volar ganglia had excellent results with active motion recovery, no complications, absence of scars and no recurrence. Two cases had a recurrence. There were four complications: a case of injury of a radial artery branch, a case of extensive haematoma, and two cases of neuropraxia. In three cases the procedure was converted into open surgery: they had a longer time of healing and a residual scar. The arthroscopic resection has been in our experience effective and safe for the treatment of all radiocarpal ganglia. Good results have been obtained also in the treatment of dorsal midcarpal ganglia. Concerning the uncommon cases of volar midcarpal (STT) ganglia, an open approach seems still indicated.

Ganglionectomy without repairing the bursal defect: long-term results in a series of 124 wrist ganglia

BACKGROUND

Some surgeons consider the abscission of a part of the articular bursa around the point of the input of ganglion's nape (average 1-2 cm diameter) to be very important with excellent results. However, a literature search revealed disagreement as to whether it is essential to repair a bursa defect. This study examined the effectiveness of this method without repairing the articular defect. An attempt was made to identify the anatomical origin of wrist ganglia during the surgical procedure.

METHODS

This study evaluated 124 wrist ganglia that had been treated surgically during 2004-2009 using this technique and without repairing the bursa defect (1-2 cm in diameter). The variables studied were age, gender, time from the occurrence till abscission of the ganglia, former surgical interventions, preoperative and postoperative pain, insertion of the ganglion's nape and complications. Sixty-six patients with a mean follow-up of 42 months and minimum 12 months were examined.

RESULTS

At the time of the follow-up, 80.3% had no pain whereas 92.2% showed a remarkable improvement. Seven cases of recurrence (10.6%) were found 2 to 85 months after surgery, of which most appeared during the first year (71.4%). It is important to mention that the majority of the dorsal ganglia (42.8%) originated from the capitate-lunate joint. None of the patients presented with scapholunate or other instability.

CONCLUSIONS

This surgical method is a simple and safe with excellent long-term results and a lower recurrence rate compared to other surgical approaches. Overall, repair of the articular bursa is unnecessary.

Percutaneous therapy for symptomatic synovial cysts

Synovial cysts have long been known to create radicular pain in the spine, with the clinical effect mimicking a disk herniation. These cysts have traditionally been treated with open surgical therapy. Now a minimally invasive, image-guided approach to treatment is available to relieve this problem, using a simple percutaneous needle stick and injection. This article describes the technical aspects and precautions needed for this intervention.

Cervical synovial cyst: case report and review of literature

Synovial cysts, typically observed in the lumbar spine eventually associated with degenerative changes of the facet joints, only rarely present in the cervical spine. Up to now, only 28 symptomatic cases are described in literature. Typically, the treatment of these cases is a decompressive laminectomy followed by complete surgical removal of the lesion. The authors present the case of an 84-year-old man with a symptomatic synovial cyst involving the space between C7 and T1.

[Juxta facet cyst of the lumbar spine: an uncommon cause of lumbar radiculopathy]

Lumbar juxta facet cysts (JFC) are an uncommon cause of radiculopathy. Spontaneous regression of symptomatic JFC has not often been reported. We describe 2 patients, a 59-year-old man and a 55-year-old man, with radiculopathy of the 5th lumbar nerve root due to a JFC at L4-5. The first patient recovered spontaneously. After 8 months, the JFC had clearly reduced on MRI. In the second patient the JFC was surgically resected due to progressive pain, after which the patient remained without symptoms. In the literature it is suggested that surgical removal of the JFC should be the treatment of choice. However, of the 5 patients who were diagnosed with a JFC in our department, 3 recovered spontaneously and 2 after surgery. In our opinion further studies on the course and management of symptomatic lumbar JFC are warranted.

A complex cyst characterized into its individual components: a shared pathogenesis from the superior tibiofibular joint

In a patient with a peroneal neuropathy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed characterization of a complex para-articular cyst into three different types of cysts, all derived from the superior tibiofibular joint: 1) an intraneural cyst extending along the articular branch to the common peroneal nerve; an interconnected intraneural component extending within the extensor digitorum muscle neural branch, penetrating the fascia of the anterior compartment, and reaching the subcutaneous tissues; 2) an intraosseous cyst isolated to the fibular head and neck, and 3) an extraneural cyst heading toward the tibial nerve and vessels. Joint resection and articular branch disconnection led to excellent functional recovery; an MRI confirmed no cyst recurrence. This case illustrates that different types of cysts can derive from a single joint of origin and extend in various locations and that the articular (synovial) theory is versatile for demonstrating a joint connection, even in unusual appearing combinations of cysts.

Arthroscopic aspiration and labral repair for treatment of spinoglenoid notch cysts

Spinoglenoid notch cysts are a relatively uncommon cause of shoulder pain and weakness, are often associated with labral tears, and commonly result in compression of the suprascapular nerve. Open and arthroscopic treatments have been described. In an attempt to limit potential suprascapular nerve injury during arthroscopic excision, we have used a technique of arthroscopic cyst aspiration followed by labral repair. Routine glenohumeral arthroscopy is performed in preparation for superior labral repair. A 17-gauge spinal needle is then inserted 1 cm lateral to the posterior portal directed just lateral to the labrum in the region of the cyst (usually posterior-superior quadrant of glenoid). The cyst material is aspirated (commonly 5-15 mL), and the labral tear is repaired without violating the glenohumeral capsule. For all 4 patients described in this report, magnetic resonance imaging showed complete cyst resolution at a minimum of 6 months after surgery. Cyst aspiration followed by labral repair limits the potential for nerve injury while increasing the likelihood of complete cyst resolution during arthroscopic treatment of spinoglenoid notch cysts.

Conservative treatment of an atlantoaxial degenerative articular cyst: case report

BACKGROUND

Atlantoaxial degenerative articular cysts are rare lesions that can cause extradural compression of the cervicomedullary junction. When symptomatic, they usually require surgical treatment. We report an unusual case of spontaneous regression of an atlantoaxial degenerative articular cyst after conservative treatment with an external cervical brace along with a systemic therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids. We also discuss the potential pathogenetic mechanisms involved.

PURPOSE

To describe a case of significant volume reduction of an atlantoaxial articular degenerative cyst in a patient treated with a Philadelphia collar and anti-inflammatory drugs.

STUDY DESIGN

Case report with analysis of the literature.

METHODS

A 80-year-old patient was admitted to our institution with a history of progressive tetraparesis, ataxic gait, and cervical pain. A cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed an extradural mass lesion behind the dens of C2 causing significant compression of the cervicomedullary junction, suggesting the diagnosis of atlantoaxial degenerative articular cyst. The patient refused surgery in favour of a conservative treatment with a Philadelphia collar and a short-term course of NSAIDs and corticosteroids.

RESULTS

After 6 weeks, the patient's neurological condition improved, and a 6-month follow-up cervical spine MRI scan revealed an almost complete regression of the atlantoaxial cystic lesion. At a 1-year follow-up, his clinical condition was further improved.

CONCLUSIONS

Atlantoaxial articular degenerative cysts are rare lesions that should be included in the differential diagnosis of those extradural lesions that can cause a ventral or ventrolateral compression of the cervicomedullary junction. They most commonly occur in elderly female patients affected by diffuse arthrosic degeneration of the cervical spine, with or without clear radiological signs of atlantoaxial instability, and have a typical appearance on MRI imaging. Surgery, with direct excision of the cyst and/or a C1-C2 fusion, is the first treatment of choice. Nevertheless, our report points out the possibility of a significant spontaneous regression of these lesions following a simple conservative strategy based on the use of an external cervical brace together with a systemic anti-inflammatory therapy.

Management of spinal synovial cysts

OBJECTIVE

The report aimed to present the outcome of surgical management of spinal synovial cyst.

METHODS

The study was a retrospective review of six patients surgically treated between January 2005 and September 2007. The patients were evaluated in preoperative and postoperative periods. Evaluation was done by questionnaire scoring system. According to this system, categories were; excellent,good, fair, and poor.

RESULTS

The duration of follow-up ranged between 3 months and 42 months (mean: 23.3 months; SD: 13.0). Synovial cysts were located in the lumbar spine in 4 of 6 patients. In the other 2 patients, they were in the cervical and thoracal regions. Three patients were female, and three were male. The results of the lumbar group were better than those of the other groups in early period. The findings of the follow-up evaluations were better than those determined in the early postoperative period in all the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgery is an effective treatment for spinal synovial cysts, especially for lumbar synovial cysts.

The significance of increased fluid signal on magnetic resonance imaging in lumbar facets in relationship to degenerative spondylolisthesis

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective radiographic review of consecutive patients with universally applied standard.

OBJECTIVES

To define MRI findings at the facet joints that may suggest abnormal sagittal plane translation seen on standing lateral flexion-extension (SLFE) radiographs.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

MRI findings, including facet joint orientation, facet joint osteoarthritis, and the presence of synovial cysts, have all been linked with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). MRI can also detect facet joint effusion; however, there has not been a study specifically addressing the association of facet fluid signal to degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS).

METHODS

MRI and SLFE films of all patients seen at a single institution for an orthopedic spine consultation over a 2-year period were analyzed. The presence of facet effusions, synovial cysts, increased intensity within the interspinous ligament, degenerative changes at the facets, and anterior sagittal plane translation were all recorded. The data were analyzed to determine if there was a significant association between the presence of DS and the following: facet effusion, degenerative changes of the facets, synovial cysts, increased signal in the interspinous ligament, age, and gender.

RESULTS

There were 139 patients without DS at (NegDS) and 54 with DS (PosDS) on SLFE films at L4-L5 (n = 193). PosDS patients were more likely to be older (P < 0.0001), female (P = 0.0042), have synovial cysts (P < 0.0001), have higher osteoarthritis grade (P < 0.0001), and have larger facet effusion size (P < 0.0001). For both groups, facet joint effusions were also found to be significantly larger in patients with Grade 2 or less osteoarthritis, than in patients with Grade 3 osteoarthritis. Twenty-two percent of the listheses were not detectable on supine MRI.

CONCLUSION

Large (> 1.5 mm) facet effusions are highly predictive of degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 in the absence of measurable anterolisthesis on supine MRI. A clinically measurable facet effusion (> or = 1 mm) suggests the need for SLFE films to diagnose degenerative spondylolisthesis that can be missed with supine positioning on MRI.

The Frequency and Etiology of Intraoperative Dural Tears in 110 Predominantly Geriatric Patients Undergoing Multilevel Laminectomy With Noninstrumented Fusions

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective analysis of the frequency and etiology of dural tears (DT), defined as an unintended incidental intraoperative durotomy, occurring in 110 predominantly geriatric patients undergoing multilevel laminectomies with noninstrumented fusions.

OBJECTIVE

To document the frequency and etiology of DT occurring in these older patients.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

The frequency and etiology of DT occurring in older patients are not well documented.

METHODS

The clinical (including comorbidities), neurodiagnostic, surgical procedures, and Short-Form 36 outcomes (questionnaires administered preoperatively, and 3, 6, 12 mo postoperatively) were retrospectively analyzed for these 110 patients with/without DT.

RESULTS

Intraoperative DT occurred in 10 of 110 patients. These patients were typically older (average 74 y with fistulas vs. 69 y old without fistulas), included a higher percentage of females (90% vs. 76%), and had undergone somewhat more extensive laminectomies (5.5 vs. 5.0 levels) with noninstrumented fusions (1.8 vs. 1.6 levels). Three factors seemed to contribute to DT. Marked ossification of the yellow ligament (OYL), documented in all 10 patients with DT, extended to and through the dura in 3 patients. For the 100 patients without DT, 57 exhibited moderate/hypertrophied yellow ligament and 22 showed marked OYL. Synovial cysts with marked OYL were observed in 5 of 10 patients with DT, whereas only 8 of 100 without DT had synovial cysts. Prior surgical scar, originally anticipated to be a major contributing factor to DT, was found in only 2 of 10 patients with DT (also with marked OYL) compared with 10% without DT. Short-Form 36 outcome data revealed improvement on 4 or 5 Health Scales over the first postoperative year for both populations.

CONCLUSIONS

Ten of 110 patients undergoing multilevel laminectomies and noninstrumented fusions developed unintended incidental DT attributed to OYL extending to/through the dura (3 patients), postoperative scar/marked OYL (2 patients), and synovial cysts/marked OYL (5 patients).

Lumbar synovial joint hematoma in a patient on anticoagulation treatment

STUDY DESIGN

Case report.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a case of spinal epidural hematoma arising from the synovial joint due to anticoagulation therapy.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a rarity in the literature with a variety of etiologies. In 1 study, it was reported to originate from a synovial joint due to osteoarthritis of the joint.

METHODS

A case of hematoma of the lumber synovial joint is presented.

RESULTS

A 67-year-old man who was on anticoagulation therapy presented with progressive neurologic symptoms in the right lower limb. Magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed what was thought to be a L4-L5 synovial joint cyst. During surgery, it was proven to be an epidural hematoma originating from the synovial joint. Microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis and excluded the possibility of spinal synovial cyst. After spinal decompression, neurologic symptoms improved completely in 2 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report of a synovial cyst hematoma due to anticoagulation therapy. Its magnetic resonance imaging features can be similar to synovial cyst, especially when it is hemorrhagic. Spinal decompression was the definitive treatment.

Recurrent cutaneous metaplastic synovial cyst

Reported here is the first case of a recurrent cutaneous metaplastic synovial cyst (CMSC). The CMSC is a recently described lesion that is histologically characterized by a cystic cavity lined by cells resembling metaplastic synovium overlying villous connective tissue cores. The lesion clinically appears as a tender subcutaneous nodule and may often be misdiagnosed as a suture granuloma. Although the actual cause is unclear, a history of trauma usually precedes its onset. Here we present a case of CMSC in a 34-year-old white male, which recurred at the same site following excision of an epidermoid cyst. CMSCs are unique lesions that should be included in the differential diagnosis of tender subcutaneous swellings following surgical trauma.

"Juxtafacet cysts", a misleading name for cystic formations of mobile spine (CYFMOS)

To present 58 cystic space-occupying formations of the spinal canal in 53 cases; these formations are called "juxtafacet cysts". Fifty-Three patients (33 women and 20 men, with an average age of 60.8 years) were evaluated retrospectively by neurosurgery. All of the patients had received simple X-P, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. The neurological findings were evaluated on admission and in a follow-up review. Surgical intervention was performed on all patients and they underwent gross-total cyst removal. During surgery, the origin of a cyst was well observed. Follow-up data ranged from 6 to 46 months. Patient outcome was graded on a scale of excellent, good, or poor. Histological findings were evaluated. In 53 patients 58 cysts were identified. Four of the patients had multiple cysts. All cysts were associated with mobile spine. Fifty-five cysts were found in the lumbo-sacral region, two cysts were found in the cervico-thoracic region and one cyst in the thoracic region. Forty-two patients presented back pain and 52 patients presented radicular pain. Four patients had a cauda equina syndrome. Sensory disturbance was observed in 24 cases and motor weakness was observed in 21 cases. Claudication was observed in 19 cases. All cases with cervico-thoracic or thoracic cysts presented myelopathy. The duration of these clinical symptoms ranged from 10 days to 10 years. After surgery there was no case of a recurrent cyst during the follow-up period. Thirty-four cases had an excellent outcome, 18 a good outcome, and one a poor outcome. Out of 58 cysts 32 were joint cysts (11 synovial cysts, 21 ganglion cysts). A further 19 were flavum cysts, one was a posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) cyst and six others were unknown pseudo cysts. In 34 of the cysts we found hemosiderin deposits and in eight amyloid deposits. Present investigation and findings in literature show a clear comparison of these cystic formations and the mobile part of the spine. An anatomical relation to a vertebral joint ("facet") is only found in some of the cases (32 of 58). Further to that, the name "cyst" is not correct either, because most of the cystic formations are presented without a cell lining on their internal wall and therefore they are pseudo-cystic. We think that these cystic formations should be called "cystic formations of mobile spine" (CYFMOS) rather than "juxtafacet cysts". A surgical intervention is the best treatment for these cysts if they cause a compression of nerve roots or/and of the spinal cord.

Haemorrhagic synovial cyst of the posterior cruciate ligament: a case report

Cystic lesions arising in relation to the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint may become symptomatic and they can cause restriction of joint movement. We report here on a case of haemorrhagic synovial cyst arising from the posterior cruciate ligament with extension into the posterior compartment of the knee joint. We treated this lesion using the arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation technique. The histopathological findings of the synovial cyst were also verified. We would like to suggest that the posterior cruciate ligament synovial cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions that arise from the posterior compartment of the knee joint.

Non-traumatic peroneal nerve palsy: MRI findings

AIM

To present magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of non-traumatic peroneal nerve palsy and to evaluate the usefulness of MRI in patients with non-traumatic peroneal nerve palsy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a retrospective study, 11 consecutive patients presenting with peroneal nerve palsy were included. MR images of the lower leg and electrophysiological examinations were also reviewed. The cause of peroneal nerve palsy was determined on the basis of MRI findings and was evaluated using electrophysiological data. Nine patients with causative lesions detected on MRI, underwent surgery.

RESULTS

Clinical examination and electromyography (EMG) disclosed 11 peroneal lesions. MRI and EMG revealed three types of signal intensity change, i.e. deep peroneal nerve palsy type, common peroneal nerve palsy type, and superficial peroneal nerve palsy type. The MRI and EMG findings were in agreement in seven (65%) of the 11 study patients. In nine patients the causative lesions were identified using MRI, including ganglion cyst (n=6), osteochondroma (n=1), synovial cyst (n=1), and aneurysm (n=1).

CONCLUSION

Ganglion cyst is the most common cause of non-traumatic peroneal nerve palsy. MRI offers a noninvasive method for obtaining useful information to assess, localize, and monitor peripheral peroneal nerve palsy.

Arthroscopic meniscal repair and needle aspiration for meniscal tear with meniscal cyst

Treatment of patients with meniscal cysts of the meniscus usually requires surgery. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy of the involved torn meniscus with intra-articular cyst drainage has become the accepted intervention. However, if the meniscal tear is peripheral, a lot of healthy meniscal tissue is needlessly sacrificed with subtotal meniscectomy. Moreover, the meniscal cyst is not a true cyst, so it may be treated more conservatively after the underlying disease has been corrected. We report a case of a meniscal cyst arising from the anterior segment of the lateral torn meniscus that was arthroscopically repaired with an outside-in technique. With the use of a 19-gauge long needle to penetrate the peripheral rim inframeniscally, a nonabsorbable No. 3-0 nylon suture was passed into the joint and brought out suprameniscally to loop the meniscal fragment. The second suture was passed and was used to secure the meniscal rim and fragment by the same means approximately 8 to 10 mm from the first one. Then the cyst was aspirated. A good result was obtained, and no recurrence of the cyst or mechanical problems occurred after a follow-up of 14 months.

Peripheral Neuropathies Associated With Rheumatoid Synovial Cysts of the Elbow Joint

We present 3 cases with peripheral neuropathies of the median, posterior interosseous, and ulnar nerves associated with rheumatoid synovial cysts of the elbow joint. Magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological examination led to the final diagnosis of the relation to synovial cysts of the elbow joint. All patients underwent surgical decompression of these nerves and synovectomy of the elbow joint. Functional recovery was excellent in the 2 patients with median and posterior interosseous nerve palsy but incomplete in the patient with ulnar nerve palsy. Such neuropathies require consideration in the differential diagnosis of wrist and hand disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This awareness should enhance early diagnosis and treatment by surgical decompression.

[Arthroscopic treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia]

Incidentally discovered in 1987, arthroscopic treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia is based on our knowledge of their physiopathology which in turn benefits from the arthroscopic wrist evaluation. Dorsal wrist ganglia arise in the radiocarpal space from the dorsal part of the scapholunate ligament and migrate along the dorsal wrist capsule. According to their position above or under the dorsal intercarpal ligament, their cutaneous projection may vary. The basis of the arthroscopic treatment of wrist ganglia is, as with open surgery, the capsular resection in front of their origin. Arthroscopic resection is made either from dorsal radio-carpal or midcarpal approaches with little morbidity. Scars are unnoticeable, wrist mobility and strength close to normal by three months, which is the delay for dorsal wrist pain, always very limited, to disappear. The recurrence rate is however still debatable. Close to zero in some series, we had almost 20% recurrence rate in our series, with half of patients who reccur after two years follow-up. This variability in the recurrence rate also exists with open techniques. The only prospective and randomized study available to date found no differences between the two techniques, according to the recurrence rate.

Regression of an atlantoaxial degenerative articular cyst associated with subluxation during conservative treatment

✓ The presence of an atlantoaxial degenerative articular cyst is rare; when present this lesion extends posteriorly to the dens, causing cervicomedullary compressive myelopathy. The authors describe a symptomatic case of this lesion associated with atlantoaxial subluxation in a 76-year-old man. The patient’s neurological symptoms resolved and corresponded to a reduction in the size of the cyst. After 8 months of continued conservative treatment, in which the patient wore a Philadelphia collar, the cyst spontaneously regressed. Subsequently, a C1–2 posterior fusion was performed to treat the atlantoaxial subluxation.

Lumbar foraminal and far lateral juxtafacet cyst of intraspinal origin

BACKGROUND

Symptomatic lumbar juxtafacet cysts (JFC) arise from the facet joint and almost exclusively are located in the posterolateral spinal canal. A foraminal and far lateral JFC of intraspinal origin is an exceptional finding. We report the unique case of a lumbar intra-, trans-, and extraforaminal JFC to illustrate the rare location and unusual presentation and discuss its anatomical variants, diagnostic difficulties, and therapeutic consequences.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A patient presented with a left L3 radiculopathy. Computed tomography revealed an intraspinal cystic posterolateral mass at level L3-L4, accompanied by an intra- and extraforaminal lesion compressing the upper nerve root. Based on these findings, a JFC and an additional extraforaminal disc herniation were suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the intraforaminal and extraspinal mass communicated with the intraspinal lesion and was cystic as well. The patient was treated successfully by combining an interlaminar and paraisthmic access. Microsurgery disclosed a JFC, which had a small intraspinal, panforaminal, and large extraspinal part.

CONCLUSION

An unusual case of a JFC originating intraspinally and extending through the neuroforamen to become a symptomatic extraspinal lesion with compression of the upper nerve root is reported. The patient's excellent response to operative treatment confirmed the effectiveness of the combined microsurgical approach applied. The occurrence of JFC should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis of both intra- and extraspinal and foraminal lumbar lesions.

A mutilating arthropathy, "rhupus hands" associated with multiple synovial cysts in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

"Rhupus hands" is a phrase coined to describe one of the deforming arthropathies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), because the clinical features are indistinguishable from those of rheumatoid arthritis. Herein, we report a case of rhupus hands with multiple synovial cysts arising in a 60-year-old woman with SLE.

Suprascapular intraneural ganglia and glenohumeral joint connections

OBJECT

Unlike the more commonly noted paralabral cysts (extraneural ganglia), which are well known to result in suprascapular nerve compression, only four cases of suprascapular intraneural ganglia have been reported. Because of their rarity, the pathogenesis of suprascapular intraneural ganglia has been poorly understood and a pathoanatomical explanation has not been provided. In view of the growing literature demonstrating strong associations between paralabral cysts and labral (capsular) pathology, joint connections, and joint communications, the authors retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies and postoperative results in the two featured patients to test a hypothesis that suprascapular intraneural ganglia would have analogous findings.

METHODS

Two patients who presented with suprascapular neuropathy were found to have intraneural ganglia. Connections to the glenohumeral joint could be established in both patients through posterior labrocapsular complex tears. In neither patient was the joint connection identified preoperatively or intraoperatively, and cyst decompression was performed by itself without attention to the labral tear. The suprascapular intraneural ganglia extended from the glenohumeral joint as far proximally as the level of the nerves' origin from the upper trunk in the supraclavicular fossa. Although both patients experienced symptomatic improvement after surgery, neurological recovery was incomplete. In both cases, postoperative MR images revealed cyst persistence. In addition, previously unrecognized superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) Type II lesions (tears of the superior labrum extending anteroposterior and involving the biceps anchor at the labrum without actual extension into the tendon) were visualized. In one patient with a persistent cyst, an MR arthrogram was obtained and demonstrated a communication between the joint and the cyst.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings in these two patients support the synovial theory for intraneural ganglia. Based on their experience with intraneural ganglia at other sites, the authors believe that suprascapular intraneural ganglia arise from the glenohumeral joint, egress through a superior (posterior) labral tear, and dissect within the epineurium along an articular branch into the main nerve, following the path of least resistance. Furthermore, these two cases of intraneural ganglia with SLAP lesions are directly analogous to the many cases of paralabral cysts associated with these types of labral tears. By better understanding the origin of this unusual type of ganglia and drawing analogies to the more common extraneural cysts, surgical strategies can be formulated to address the underlying pathoanatomy, improve operative outcomes, and prevent recurrences.

Skin excision and osteophyte removal is not required in the surgical treatment of digital myxoid cysts

BACKGROUND

Digital myxoid cysts (DMCs) are ganglia of the adjacent distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) caused by leakage of fluid from the joint into the surrounding tissues. The connection between the DIPJ and the cyst can be identified by the injection of methylene blue into the DIPJ. However, the injection of methylene blue into the DIPJ is difficult and time-consuming. Based on this understanding of the cause of DMCs, we have used a surgical technique to treat DMCs without the need for skin excision. Herein, we have adapted the technique and demonstrated that precise leakage point identification is not required for treatment success, thus reducing the potential postoperative morbidity, reducing the operative time, and simplifying the surgical technique.

DESIGN

This was a prospective, open, nonrandomized trial of therapy. A skin flap was designed to include the cyst and tissues from the cyst to the DIPJ. No skin excision was required, and no osteophyte removal was attempted.

SETTING

University dermatology department.

PATIENTS

Thirty-two consecutive symptomatic subjects with 26 finger DMCs and 6 toe DMCs. No patient had been previously treated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Clinical assessment postoperatively and recurrence rate after a minimum follow-up of 8 months.

RESULTS

Of the 26 finger DMCs, 24 (92.3%) remained healed at 8 months; and of the 6 toe DMCs, 2 (33.3%) remained healed at 8 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Digital myxoid cysts are caused by leakage of joint fluid from the DIPJ to the cyst. The leakage point is sealed in the healing process that occurs after a flap is raised and re-sited. The flap must be designed to include the undersurface of the cyst and the tissues between the DIPJ and the cyst. No skin excision or osteophyte removal is required. The procedure is not recommended for DMCs of the toes.

Use of routine histologic evaluation of carpal ganglions

PURPOSE

Although histologic evaluation is performed routinely on tissue removed during the excision of carpal ganglions, the necessity of this evaluation is uncertain. We evaluated the use of routine histologic evaluation of excised carpal ganglions and performed a cost-benefit analysis.

METHODS

A retrospective review identified 160 consecutive carpal ganglion (102 dorsal, 58 volar) excisions performed over the past 7 years by 2 surgeons. The preoperative evaluation, surgical findings, and results of the pathologic assessment were evaluated for patients treated with a typical carpal ganglion excision.

RESULTS

In 156 of 160 patients the preoperative and intraoperative data were highly suggestive of a carpal ganglion; the pathology reports confirmed the diagnosis in all of these patients. No new information was provided by pathologic assessment. In 4 patients the preoperative and intraoperative assessments were less certain; the pathologic assessments in these patients also were equivocal. No malignancy or condition requiring additional treatment was identified. At our institution the total cost of pathologic evaluation for a carpal ganglion including processing and interpretation fees is $352.

CONCLUSIONS

Routine histologic examination of excised dorsal and volar carpal ganglions may be unnecessary if the preoperative and intraoperative evaluations are consistent with a diagnosis of carpal ganglion.

TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic, Level IV.

[Ganglion cyst of the distal forearm mimicking a malignant tumour--a case report]

A case of tumour localized in the distal forearm is described. CT imaging of the lesion mimicked a malignancy because of it's heterogeneous structure. Primary intended for open diagnostic biopsy, intraoperatively a lesion was recognized as a polycystic ganglion growing from the wrist joint. The tumour was resected completely and histopathology confirmed its benign nature. Authors touch the diagnostic difficulties in atypical clinical presentations of the ganglions and when they mimic a malignancy at imaging.

Intraspinal synovial cysts: A retrospective study

BACKGROUND

We report the clinical presentation, radiographic studies, intraoperative findings, histopathological analysis, and post-treatment outcome in 26 patients diagnosed with spinal synovial cysts (SSCs).

AIMS

To describe the clinical presentation, radiographic studies, operative findings, and postoperative follow-up in 26 patients with SSCs.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

The study was retrospective in design, involving chart review. Individual patient data was tabulated and patterns were recognized.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The charts for 26 patients who underwent surgical extirpation of SSC between April 1993 and October 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Specifically, initial clinical presentation, pertinent radiographs (X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), intraoperative findings, histopathology, and postoperative follow-up were noted.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED

Patient data was tabulated and analyzed for patterns in demographics, symptoms and histopathology.

RESULTS

SSCs were more common in females than males (17:9 ratio). Presenting symptoms were back pain with radiculopathy in 13 (50%), radicular pain in the absence of back pain in 10 (38%), and back pain without radicular pain in three (11%). In addition, 17 patients (65%) had sensory deficit, and 9 (35%) had motor deficit. Most SSCs occurred at the lumbar (19/26) or lumbosacral (5/26) regions, with only 2 (2/26) in the thoracic region. One patient had bilateral SSC at the L4-5 level. Intraoperatively, each cyst was located adjacent to a degenerated facet joint. These lesions could grossly be identified intraoperatively and histopathological confirmation was achieved in all the cases.

CONCLUSIONS

SSCs are important lesions to consider in the differential diagnosis of lumbar epidural masses and surgical resection leads to significant improvement in the majority of cases.

[Symptomatic lumbar intraspinal synovial cyst: a case report]

Synovial and ganglion cysts, also known as juxta-facet cysts, are intraspinal lesions that may mimic disc herniations and cause radicular symptoms. A 75-year-old male patient presented with a 6-month history of left leg pain and numbness in the foot that increased in severity within the past week. Physical examination showed motor deficit of the left extensor hallucis longus muscle (4/5) and hypoesthesia on the left L4-5 dermatomes. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intraspinal cyst originating from the L4-5 facet joint. Medial facetectomy and cyst excision were performed, which provided immediate relief of pain. He had no loss of strength of the extensor hallucis longus muscle and his neurologic examination was normal during the first postoperative year.