First-principles evaluation of dopant impact on structural deformability and processability of Li7La3Zr2O12

Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and related ceramic solid electrolytes feature excellent stability and reasonable ionic conductivity, but processing remains challenging. High-temperature co-sintering is required for successful integration with the electrode, which is energetically costly and can lead to unacceptable cathode degradation. The introduction of dopants can promote lower-temperature processing by improving deformability and disrupting lattice integrity; however, an unbiased, systematic study correlating these properties to the dopant chemistry and composition is lacking. Here, we rely on a set of static and dynamic metrics derived from first-principles simulations to estimate the impact of doping on LLZO processability by quantifying LLZO structural deformability. We considered three distinct dopants (Al, Ba, and Ta) as representatives of substitutional incorporation on Li, La, and Zr sites. Our descriptors indicate that doping in general positively impacts lattice deformability, although significant sensitivities to dopant identity and concentration are observed. Amongst the tested dopants, Al doping (on the Li site) appears to have the greatest impact, as signaled across nearly the entire set of computed features. We suggest that these proxy descriptors, once properly calibrated against well-controlled experiments, could enable the use of first-principles simulations to computationally screen new ceramic electrolyte compositions with improved processability.

Retinoids in the treatment of photoageing: A histological study of topical retinoid efficacy in black skin

BACKGROUND

Photoageing describes complex cutaneous changes that occur due to chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The 'gold standard' for the treatment of photoaged white skin is all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA); however, cosmetic retinol (ROL) has also proven efficacious. Recent work has identified that black skin is susceptible to photoageing, characterized by disintegration of fibrillin-rich microfibrils (FRMs) at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). However, the impact of topical retinoids for repair of black skin has not been well investigated.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the potential of retinoids to repair photoaged black skin.

METHODS

An exploratory intervention study was performed using an in vivo, short-term patch test protocol. Healthy but photoaged black volunteers (>45 years) were recruited to the study, and participant extensor forearms were occluded with either 0.025% ATRA (n = 6; 4-day application due to irritancy) or ROL (12-day treatment protocol for a cosmetic) at concentrations of 0.3% (n = 6) or 1% (n = 6). Punch biopsies from occluded but untreated control sites and retinoid-treated sites were processed for histological analyses of epidermal characteristics, melanin distribution and dermal remodelling.

RESULTS

Treatment with ATRA and ROL induced significant acanthosis (all p < 0.001) accompanied by a significant increase in keratinocyte proliferation (Ki67; all p < 0.01), dispersal of epidermal melanin and restoration of the FRMs at the DEJ (all p < 0.01), compared to untreated control.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms that topical ATRA has utility for the repair of photoaged black skin and that ROL induces comparable effects on epidermal and dermal remodelling, albeit over a longer timeframe. The effects of topical retinoids on black photoaged skin are similar to those reported for white photoaged skin and suggest conserved biology in relation to repair of UVR-induced damage. Further investigation of topical retinoid efficacy in daily use is warranted for black skin.

Casp11 Deficiency Alters Subgingival Microbiota and Attenuates Periodontitis

Periodontitis (PD) is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), a keystone pathogen, has been identified as a crucial contributor to this process. Pyroptosis activation in PD is acknowledged, with accumulating evidence underscoring the crucial role of Caspase-11 (described as Caspase-4/5 in humans)-mediated noncanonical pyroptosis. However, the mechanism behind its impact on PD remains unclear. In this study, we delved into the interplay between the Caspase-11-mediated noncanonical pyroptosis, subgingival microbiota alteration, and macrophage polarization. Clinical samples from PD patients revealed heightened expression of Caspase-4, gasdermin-D, and their active fragments, pointing to the activation of the noncanonical pyroptosis. Single-cell sequencing analysis linked Caspase-4 with gingival macrophages, emphasizing their involvement in PD. In vitro cell experiments confirmed that P.g-induced pyroptosis was activated in macrophages, with Casp11 deficiency attenuating these effects. In an experimental PD mouse model, Casp11 deficiency led to an alteration in subgingival microbiota composition and reduced alveolar bone resorption. Casp11-/- mice cohousing with wild-type mice confirmed the alteration of the subgingival microbiota and aggravated the alveolar bone resorption. Notably, Casp11 deficiency led to decreased M1-polarized macrophages, corresponding with reduced alveolar bone resorption, uncovering a connection between subgingival microbiota alteration, macrophage M1 polarization, and alveolar bone resorption. Taken together, we showed that Caspase-11 fulfilled a crucial role in the noncanonical pyroptosis in PD, potentially influencing the subgingival microbiota and linking to M1 polarization, which was associated with alveolar bone resorption. These findings underscored the pivotal role of the Caspase-11-mediated noncanonical pyroptosis in PD pathogenesis and may provide critical insights into potential therapeutic avenues for mitigating PD.

Detection of novel drug-adverse drug reaction signals in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: analysis of Korean real-world biologics registry data

This study aimed to detect signals of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Utilizing the KOrean College of Rheumatology BIOlogics & Targeted Therapy Registry (KOBIO) data, we calculated relative risks, excluded previously reported drug-ADR pairs, and externally validated remaining pairs using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and single centre's electronic health records (EHR) data. Analyzing data from 2279 RA and 1940 AS patients, we identified 35 significant drug-ADR pairs in RA and 26 in AS, previously unreported in drug labels. Among the novel drug-ADR pairs from KOBIO, 15 were also significant in the FAERS data. Additionally, 2 significant drug-laboratory abnormality pairs were found in RA using CDM MetaLAB analysis. Our findings contribute to the identification of 14 novel drug-ADR signals, expanding our understanding of potential adverse effects related to biological DMARDs and targeted therapies in RA and AS. These results emphasize the importance of ongoing pharmacovigilance for patient safety and optimal therapeutic interventions.

Effectiveness of next-generation sequencing for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a population-based registry study

BACKGROUND

Despite the growing use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is little evidence that its use leads to improved clinical outcomes. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of NGS with that of single-gene testing (SGT) alone in patients with advanced NSCLC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study conducted on patients diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma between 2017 and 2018 from a nationwide, population-based database. We identified patients who had SGT exclusively (SGT group) or underwent upfront NGS or NGS following SGT as an initial evaluation (NGS group). Patients were followed up until death or the end of the study (31 December 2019). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for death was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. The factors affecting the adoption of NGS were identified.

RESULTS

Of 8566 patients diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, 402 and 6932 patients were assigned to the NGS and SGT groups, respectively. More NGS was carried out in younger patients, those with higher incomes, and those living in urban areas. After balancing these confounders through matching, no difference was observed in the median overall survival and risk of death between the NGS and SGT groups [18.5 versus 19.7 months, log-rank P = 0.783; aHR 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-1.14, respectively]. Only in a subgroup for whom epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors were not indicated, NGS was associated with better survival outcomes (14.1 versus 9.0 months, log-rank P = 0.006; aHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.97).

CONCLUSIONS

In the real world, NGS for all-comers in patients with advanced NSCLC did not increase survival outcomes. When health care resources to support equal access to NGS are limited, upfront SGT followed by NGS may be a more efficient strategy.

Potential application of peripheral blood biomarkers in intracranial aneurysms

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) counts are increasing yearly, with a high mortality and disability after rupture. Current diagnosis and treatment rely on costly equipment, lacking effective indicators for progression prediction and specific drugs for treatment. Recently, peripheral blood biomarkers, as common clinical test samples, reflecting the immune and inflammatory state of the body in real-time, have shown promise in providing additional information for risk stratification and treatment in IA patients, which may improve their outcomes after aneurysm rupture through anti-inflammatory therapy. Therefore, this paper reviewed the progress of potential biomarkers of IAs, including inflammatory blood indicators, cytokines, and blood lipids, aiming to aid individual management and therapy of aneurysms in clinical practices.

Influence of Contrast Materials on Dose Accuracy of MR-Linac in Patients with SBRT Liver Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Objective: Intravenous injection of contrast agent during CT scanning can improve the accuracy of target area contouring, however the contrast agent will cause dose bias due to the high relative electron density. This study aims to explore the influence of contrast agent on the accuracy of dose calculation of the planning system during SBRT based on MRI-Linac for liver cancer treatment.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Methods: In this study, 20 patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver cancer were selected, and their complete unenhanced CT, contrast-enhanced CT, and corresponding structures were imported into Monaco V.5.4. The target and organs at risk (OARs) in the unenhanced CT and contrast-enhanced CT were additionally contoured according to the target contouring guidelines and OARs were ranked. The average relative electron densities of OARs (lung, spinal cord, heart, rib, etc.) were calculated with Monaco TPS. The reference plan is based on unenhanced CT for plan calculation (plan1). To compare the dosimetry errors caused by the synthetic CT, the average relative electron density of all structures in unenhanced CT was forced and the plans were recalculated (plan2). To investigate dosimetric differences caused by the changes of relative electron density due to the contrast agent, the average relative electron density of all structures in contrast-enhanced CT was forced and the plans were recalculated(plan3). The dosimetric differences in groups A (plan 1 and plan2), B (plan 1 and plan3), and C (plan2 and plan3) were compared, respectively.

RESULTS

There were not significant difference between three groups in the affected lung, heart, liver, blood, all within 3%. However, differences were significantly different in the group B. The maximum deviation of spinal cord Dmax reached 4.78%. In addition, the deviation of the dose parameters in the target area was small, except that the maximum deviation of the CI value in group B was 3.23%.

CONCLUSION

For SBRT planning of liver cancer based on magnetic resonance accelerator, synthetic CT has little influence on the calculation of planned dose. The dose difference caused by contrast materials is also relatively small, although the deviation of the CI value of the target area exceeds 3%, which is also within the clinical acceptance range. However, the deviation of the maximum value of the spinal cord is relatively large, exceeding the clinically acceptable range. Therefore, when optimizing the SBRT plan for liver cancer, attention should be paid to important organs such as the spinal cord, and should be avoided as far as possible when setting the fields.

Effectiveness of Bladder Filling Control during Online MR-Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy for Rectum Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART) treatment sessions at MR-Linac are time-consuming and changes in bladder filling during the session can impact the treatment dosimetry. In this work, we present the procedure implemented in the clinical workflow to stabilize bladder filling during the MR based adaptive radiotherapy sessions and evaluate its effectiveness and the resulting dosimetric impact on the adaptive plan.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Twenty-five rectum cancer patients treated at 1.5T MR-Linac with a short course radiotherapy (25 Gy in 5 fractions of 5 Gy each) were included in this retrospective study. Patients were treated with the adapt-to-shape workflow consisting of a plan adaptation based on the MRI acquired in each session and optimized on the corresponding MR-based synthetic CT. Considering the significant interval time between the acquisition of the first daily MRI used for plan adaptation, and the beam delivery, a bladder catheter was used to stabilize the bladder filling; the procedure consists of emptying the bladder and refilling it with a well-known amount of physiological solution before each MRI acquisition. Two MRIs were acquired at each session: the first was used for plan adaptation and the second was acquired while approving the adapted plan, to be rigidly registered with the first to ensure the appropriateness of the isodoses on the ongoing delivery treatment. A total of 125 sessions and 250 MRI images and bladder contours were analyzed; for each fraction, the time interval between the first and second MRI and the corresponding bladder volumes were recorded; the consistency of bladder volumes and shapes along each online session was assessed with the dice similarity index (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD); the impact on plan dosimetry was evaluated by comparing target and bladder DVH cut off points of the plan on the two different MRI datasets.

RESULTS

The time interval between the first and second MRI, averaged over the 125 sessions is 39.0 min, range (18.6-75.8) min. The changes in bladder volumes, DSC index, HD, and the differences between the bladder and target DVH cut-off points are shown in the table below. The DSC and HD are comparable to inter-observer variability in manual contour segmentation, with an average DSC of 0.91 and average HD of 2.13 mm; the average differences in bladder and target dosimetry remain under 0.63% and 0.10%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The use of a procedure in the clinical workflow of MRgART to stabilize the bladder filling throughout the online session may be helpful to guarantee the accuracy of the ongoing delivered treatment.

Search for a τ^{+}τ^{-} Resonance in e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}τ^{+}τ^{-} Events with the Belle II Experiment

We report the first search for a nonstandard-model resonance decaying into τ pairs in e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}τ^{+}τ^{-} events in the 3.6-10  GeV/c^{2} mass range. We use a 62.8  fb^{-1} sample of e^{+}e^{-} collisions collected at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider. The analysis probes three different models predicting a spin-1 particle coupling only to the heavier lepton families, a Higgs-like spin-0 particle that couples preferentially to charged leptons (leptophilic scalar), and an axionlike particle, respectively. We observe no evidence for a signal and set exclusion limits at 90% confidence level on the product of cross section and branching fraction into τ pairs, ranging from 0.7 to 24 fb, and on the couplings of these processes. We obtain world-leading constraints on the couplings for the leptophilic scalar model for masses above 6.5  GeV/c^{2} and for the axionlike particle model over the entire mass range.

Measurement of CP Violation in B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}π^{0} Decays at Belle II

We report a measurement of the CP-violating parameters C and S in B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}π^{0} decays at Belle II using a sample of 387×10^{6}  BB[over ¯] events recorded in e^{+}e^{-} collisions at a center-of-mass energy corresponding to the ϒ(4S) resonance. These parameters are determined by fitting the proper decay-time distribution of a sample of 415 signal events. We obtain C=-0.04_{-0.15}^{+0.14}±0.05 and S=0.75_{-0.23}^{+0.20}±0.04, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.

Delayed immune-mediated hepatitis after three cycles of pembrolizumab for the treatment of sinonasal melanoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that induce the anti-tumor effects of T cells by targeting co-inhibitory immune checkpoints. The development of ICIs has revolutionized the clinical practice of oncology, leading to significant improvements in outcomes; therefore, ICIs are now standard care for various types of solid cancers. Immune-related adverse events, the unique toxicity profiles of ICIs, usually develop 4-12 weeks after initiation of ICI treatment; however, some cases can occur >3 months after cessation of ICI treatment. To date, there have been limited reports about delayed immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH) and histopathologic findings. Herein, we present a case of delayed IMH that occurred 3 months after the last dose of pembrolizumab, including histopathologic findings of the liver. This case suggests that ongoing surveillance for immune-related adverse events is required, even after cessation of ICI treatment.

Search for an Invisible Z^{'} in a Final State with Two Muons and Missing Energy at Belle II

The L_{μ}-L_{τ} extension of the standard model predicts the existence of a lepton-flavor-universality-violating Z^{'} boson that couples only to the heavier lepton families. We search for such a Z^{'} through its invisible decay in the process e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}Z^{'}. We use a sample of electron-positron collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV collected by the Belle II experiment in 2019-2020, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 79.7  fb^{-1}. We find no excess over the expected standard-model background. We set 90%-confidence-level upper limits on the cross section for this process as well as on the coupling of the model, which ranges from 3×10^{-3} at low Z^{'} masses to 1 at Z^{'} masses of 8  GeV/c^{2}.

Search for Lepton-Flavor-Violating τ Decays to a Lepton and an Invisible Boson at Belle II

We search for lepton-flavor-violating τ^{-}→e^{-}α and τ^{-}→μ^{-}α decays, where α is an invisible spin-0 boson. The search uses electron-positron collisions at 10.58 GeV center-of-mass energy with an integrated luminosity of 62.8  fb^{-1}, produced by the SuperKEKB collider and collected with the Belle II detector. We search for an excess in the lepton-energy spectrum of the known τ^{-}→e^{-}ν[over ¯]_{e}ν_{τ} and τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ} decays. We report 95% confidence-level upper limits on the branching-fraction ratio B(τ^{-}→e^{-}α)/B(τ^{-}→e^{-}ν[over ¯]_{e}ν_{τ}) in the range (1.1-9.7)×10^{-3} and on B(τ^{-}→μ^{-}α)/B(τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ}) in the range (0.7-12.2)×10^{-3} for α masses between 0 and 1.6  GeV/c^{2}. These results provide the most stringent bounds on invisible boson production from τ decays.

Effects of an Acidic Environment on the Strength and Chemical Changes of Resin-based Composites

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aging effects of long-term exposure to acidic beverages on the flexural strength (FS) and chemical reactions of two resin-based composites (RBCs) and one giomer. The FS of composite specimen bars (2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm) was measured using a universal testing machine at various levels of thermocycling (TC; 0, 10,000, 50,000, and 100,000 cycles) in two beverages with different pH values (distilled water [DW], pH 7.0; Coca-Cola, pH 2.4-2.8). The FS data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey test and t-test at a significance level of a=0.05. In DW, the FS of an RBC and a giomer did not decrease until 10,000 cycles. The other RBC, Z250, decreased rapidly until 50,000 cycles (p<0.05), followed by no additional decrease until 100,000 cycles. In Coca-Cola, the FS of two RBCs and a giomer decreased more rapidly than in DW from 10,000 cycles (t-test, p<0.05). In Coca-Cola, the increased porosity observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the changes of the hydroxyl peak at 3340 cm-1 and ester peak at 1730-1700 cm-1 in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) spectra, and the continuous increase of the Si-O/Si-C peak height ratio from 10,000 cycles to 100,000 cycles in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested an increased loss of silane-carbon bond between the matrix and fillers of the Z250 RBC, compared to those in DW. In conclusion, when TC was performed in DW, unreacted monomers and a coupling agent were washed out, which caused porosity and reduced FS. In Coca-Cola, acidic conditions accelerated the removal of the matrix through the hydrolysis reaction at the ester groups, resulting in more porosity and a faster decrease in FS than in DW.

Dual-layer spectral detector CT (SDCT) can improve the detection of mixed ground-glass lung nodules

BACKGROUND

Mixed ground-glass lung nodules are a high-risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to analyze the value of SDCT electron density imaging in the detection of mixed ground-glass lung nodules (GGNs).

METHOD

150 patients with GGNs confirmed by chest SDCT and surgical pathology were retrospectively analyzed. GGNs were screened by two senior radiologists by the double-blind method based on conventional CT and SDCT electron density images. Average CT values and electron density (ED) values of GGNs were measured for all, solid and ground-glass.

RESULT

Thirty pGGN cases determined by conventional CT were found to be mGGN on electron density images, including 23 in the invasive adenocarcinoma group (detection rate of 35.38%), which was significantly higher than that of the PGL group (14.89%, P < 0.05). In electron density images, average CT values and ED values in the PGL and invasive adenocarcinoma groups with pGGNs were no difference. The average CT value and ED value were significantly higher in the mGGN invasive adenocarcinoma group compared with the PGL group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, ROC curve analysis of average CT value and ED value revealed AUC values for mGGN infiltration of 0.759 and 0.752.

CONCLUSION

SDCT can improve GGN visualization and increase the detection rate of mGGN compared with conventional CT. Attention should be paid to invasive adenocarcinoma for lung GGNs detected as mGGNs with high average CT value or ED value.

Effect of food additives on key bacterial taxa and the mucosa-associated microbiota in Crohn's disease. The ENIGMA study

Food additives have been linked to the pro-inflammatory microbial dysbiosis associated with Crohn's disease (CD) but the underlying ecological dynamics are unknown. Here, we examine how selection of food additives affects the growth of multiple strains of a key beneficial bacterium (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii), axenic clinical isolates of proinflammatory bacteria from CD patients (Proteus, Morganella, and Klebsiella spp.), and the consortia of mucosa-associated microbiota recovered from multiple Crohn's disease patients. Bacterial growth of the axenic isolates was evaluated using a habitat-simulating medium supplemented with either sodium sulfite, aluminum silicate, carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate 80, saccharin, sucralose, or aspartame, intended to approximate concentrations found in food. The microbial consortia recovered from post-operative CD patient mucosal biopsy samples were challenged with either carboxymethylcellulose and/or polysorbate 80, and the bacterial communities compared to unchallenged consortia by 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling. Growth of all F. prausnitzii strains was arrested when either sodium sulfite or polysorbate 80 was added to cultures at baseline or mid-exponential phase of growth, and the inhibitory effects on the Gram-negative bacteria by sodium sulfite were conditional on oxygen availability. The effects from polysorbate 80, saccharin, carrageenan, and/or carboxymethylcellulose on these bacteria were strain-specific. In addition to their direct effects on bacterial growth, polysorbate 80 and/or carboxymethylcellulose can drive profound changes in the CD mucosa-associated microbiota via niche expansion of Proteus and/or Veillonellaceae - both implicated in early Crohn's disease recurrence. These studies on the interaction of food additives with the enteric microbiota provide a basis for dietary management in Crohn's disease.

OS10.6.A What is the initial cell in the subventricular zone for human glioblastoma genesis?

Background

We all have a fundamental question about why glioblastoma (GBM) develops. In order to find the answer to this fundamental question, if you find out what the first cell is, you will get closer to the answer. GBM arises from the subventricular zone (SVZ). GBM is one of the most devastating tumour of human brain as the most optimal treatment barely prolongs the survival, and it does not cure the disease. As the majority of GBM tissues show copy number variations (CNV) of co-altered chromosomal 7 gain and 10 loss, we hypothesized the origin cell (Oc) of SVZ may be traced back with these markers. The cellular identity of the Oc is still unknown and it is different from the tumour-derived progenitor-like cells. We aimed to define these cells from the SVZ that have a potential to get activated into GBM.

Material and Methods

We compared bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data of IDHwt GBM tumor tissue (n=122), tumor free SVZ from GBM patients (n=40), tumor-free control SVZ of non-glial tumor (n=9). Pared single nucleus RNAseq (snRNAseq) or single cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) samples of tumor free SVZ (n=11) and GBM tumor (n=8), were done to see cell specific CNVs. We developed genetically engineered mouse models for GBM genesis introducing three driver mutations (TP53, PTEN, and EGFRviii) into SVZ to isolate mouse Oc (mOc) and mouse cancer cells (mCc). The biological characteristics of separated mOc and mCc were compared. Bulk RNAseq and scRNAseq were performed on these cells (mOc, mCc), and their cellular state was compared with the human gene set.

Results

In this work, we found two types of the Oc in the RNA sequencing of 60 human tumour free-SVZ samples. Furthermore, single-cell level analysis revealed that two Oc types in SVZ harbor ongoing patterns of CNV co-alterations from Oc1 to Oc2, and finally to GBM. The Oc1 type cells contained the CNV signature of Oc2 ancestor with neural progenitor cell (NPC) signature. Oc2 type cells expressed a high level of EGFR than other cells with astrocyte-like cell signature. Both of these cells expressed oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC)-like signatures in the SVZ. We validated the human-based findings by using the P53/PTEN/EGFR-mutant mouse model with EGFR/tdTomato overexpression and P53/PTEN knockout in the SVZ cells. As a result, non-tumourigenic and highly motile Oc-like cell-states are found in the mouse models, supporting the firework-like migration pattern from the SVZ.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate how members of Oc preoccupy the SVZ, known as the stem cell niche and give rise to the tumour. We anticipate that a new therapy may emerge by targeting the Oc in the SVZ.

P12.04.A Exosomes from glioma associated sphere forming cells induce a transition of invasive phenotype via transfer of EMP2 and CA9

Background

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) mostly occurs local recurrence at normal parenchyme adjacent tumor despite of conventional treatment. Glioma stem like cells (GSC) forming intratumoral heterogeneity within the GBM acquired the microenvironmental adaptation by inter-exosomal contents exchange between heterogenic cells. In addition, GSC has an invasive potential as like human GBM. Therefore, we investigate whether exosomal proteins of GSC affect the normal tissue invasion in GBM.

Material and Methods

Exosomes were isolated by Size-Exclusion method from conditioned media and validated by Electron microscope and Immunoblot assay. Exosomal proteomics were examined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). To produce the fluorescent exosome, bi-cistron vectors were cloned with shRNA and CD63-GFP. To identify the effect of tranfected exosome, the isolated exosomes were treated to recipient cells and examined the invasion by 3D invasion assay and mouse intracranial model.

Results

Firstly, we dichotomized two groups following tumor invasion at matrigel assay and GSC derived orthotopic mouse model. CSC2 and X01 GSCs revealed highly invasive phenotype whereas 83NS and 528NS GSCs did not. Exosome was isolated in each group and identified by CD63 expression or electron microscopy. In proteomics analysis, hypoxia, extracellular matrix organization, GTPase cycle related proteins were enriched in highly invasive cell’s exosome. Among them, we focused the carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) and the epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) on its permissive role to glioblastoma invasion respectively. CA9 and EMP2 mRNA and protein levels were verified in GSCs and their exosomes and the high expression levels were detected in CSC2 and X01 compared to the low one in 83NS and 528NS GSCs. To evaluate the effects of CA9 and EMP2 on exosome mediated invasion potential, viral bi-cistron vectors was composed with the target gene knockdown and the CD63 fluorescence was used to detect intracellular exosome transfer. Interestingly, the decreased expression of phosphorylated FAK, a key invasive marker, was observed after Lentiviral mediated CA9- and EMP2-knockdown in highly invasive CSC2. To identify whether CA9 and EMP2 proteins are the intracellular effector protein responsible for exosome mediated glioma invasion, the donor exosomes (Exo-CSC2-sh-CA9 and Exo-CSC2-EMP2, after Lentiviral transfection to CSC2s) were isolated and treated to the non invasive 528NS cells as recipient cells. In 3D invasion assay, Exo-CSC2-shCA9 or Exo-CSC2-shEMP2 mediated tumor invasion was significantly decreased at 528NS GSCs compared to Exo-CSC2-shEV. These features were found at mouse intracranial model as well.

Conclusion

Together with these, we conclude that exosome derived from GSCs induces a transition of invasive phenotype via transfer of EMP2 and CA9 proteins.