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Jeong I, Patel AY, Zhang Z, Patil PB, Nadella ST, Nair S, Ralston L, Hoormann JK, Fisher JS. Role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated in insulin signalling of muscle-derived cell lines and mouse soleus. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 198:465-75. [PMID: 20003097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) reportedly plays a role in insulin-stimulated activation of Akt in some cell types but not in others. The role of ATM in insulin signalling has not been firmly resolved for skeletal muscle cells, for which Akt phosphorylation is a pivotal step in stimulation of glucose transport. Accordingly, our aim was to determine the role of ATM in insulin effects for cell lines derived from skeletal muscle and for skeletal muscle. METHODS We examined insulin effects in L6 myotubes, mouse soleus, C2C12 myotubes and differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells in the presence and absence of a low concentration (1 microm) of the ATM inhibitor KU55933. We also compared insulin signalling in C2C12 cells expressing shRNA against ATM and control cell lines (empty vector; cells expressing non-targeting shRNA). RESULTS In L6 myotubes and mouse soleus muscle, KU55933 inhibited insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the 160 kDa substrate of Akt (AS160) despite no effect on Akt. In contrast, KU55933 prevented insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, C2C12 myotubes expressing shRNA against ATM displayed reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation compared to controls. KU55933 also decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in differentiated RD cells. CONCLUSION These model-dependent differences in the role of ATM in insulin action demonstrate a role of ATM in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (in C2C12 and RD cells) but also allow the elucidation of a novel, Akt-independent role of ATM (in L6 myotubes and mouse soleus, at the level of AS160) in insulin signalling.
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Song Y, Kamphuis MMJ, Zhang Z, Sterk LMT, Vermes I, Poot AA, Feijen J, Grijpma DW. Flexible and elastic porous poly(trimethylene carbonate) structures for use in vascular tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1269-77. [PMID: 19818420 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible and elastic porous tubular structures based on poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate), PTMC, were developed as scaffolds for tissue engineering of small-diameter blood vessels. High-molecular-weight PTMC (M(n) = 4.37 x 10(5)) was cross-linked by gamma-irradiation in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting networks (50-70% gel content) were elastic and creep resistant. The PTMC materials were highly biocompatible as determined by cell adhesion and proliferation studies using various relevant cell types (human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)). Dimensionally stable tubular scaffolds with an interconnected pore network were prepared by particulate leaching. Different cross-linked porous PTMC specimens with average pore sizes ranging between 55 and 116 microm, and porosities ranging from 59% to 83% were prepared. These scaffolds were highly compliant and flexible, with high elongations at break. Furthermore, their resistance to creep was excellent and under cyclic loading conditions (20 deformation cycles to 30% elongation) no permanent deformation occurred. Seeding of SMCs into the wall of the tubular structures was done by carefully perfusing cell suspensions with syringes from the lumen through the wall. The cells were then cultured for 7 days. Upon proliferation of the SMCs, the formed blood vessel constructs had excellent mechanical properties. Their radial tensile strengths had increased from 0.23 to 0.78 MPa, which is close to those of natural blood vessels.
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2478
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Lohr MA, Alsayed AM, Chen BG, Zhang Z, Kamien RD, Yodh AG. Helical packings and phase transformations of soft spheres in cylinders. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:040401. [PMID: 20481667 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior of helical packings of thermoresponsive microspheres inside glass capillaries is studied as a function of the volume fraction. Stable packings with long-range orientational order appear to evolve abruptly to disordered states as the particle volume fraction is reduced, consistent with recent hard-sphere simulations. We quantify this transition using correlations and susceptibilities of the orientational order parameter psi6. The emergence of coexisting metastable packings, as well as coexisting ordered and disordered states, is also observed. These findings support the notion of phase-transition-like behavior in quasi-one-dimensional systems.
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2479
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Casagrande L, Demarco F, Zhang Z, Araujo F, Shi S, Nör J. Dentin-derived BMP-2 and Odontoblast Differentiation. J Dent Res 2010; 89:603-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510364487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) can be induced to differentiate into odontoblasts. However, the nature of dentin-derived morphogenic signals required for dental pulp stem cell differentiation remains unclear. The hypothesis underlying this work is that dentin-derived Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) are necessary for the differentiation of SHED into odontoblasts. We observed that SHED express markers of odontoblastic differentiation (DSPP, DMP-1, MEPE) when seeded in human tooth slice/scaffolds and cultured in vitro, or implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. In contrast, SHED cultured in deproteinized tooth slice/scaffolds, or scaffolds without a tooth slice, do not express these markers. SHED express the BMP receptors BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB, and BMPR-II. Notably, blockade of BMP-2 signaling inhibited the expression of markers of odontoblastic differentiation by SHED cultured in tooth slice/scaffolds. Collectively, this work demonstrates that dentin-derived BMP-2 is required to induce the differentiation of SHED into odontoblasts.
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2480
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Zhang Z, Cantor C, Schor C. Temporal Interaction in Perisaccadic Mislocalization. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.15.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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2481
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Pan JS, Tao JG, Huan CHA, Chiam SY, Zhang Z, Li DTH, Sun Y, Chai JW, Wang SJ, Sun CQ. Determination of atomic Ni interaction with TiO2 by XPS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2482
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Vaz CAF, Hoffman J, Segal Y, Reiner JW, Grober RD, Zhang Z, Ahn CH, Walker FJ. Origin of the magnetoelectric coupling effect in Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O{3}/La{0.8}Sr{0.2}MnO{3} Multiferroic heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:127202. [PMID: 20366560 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electronic valence state of Mn in Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O{3}/La{0.8}Sr{0.2}MnO{3} multiferroic heterostructures is probed by near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy as a function of the ferroelectric polarization. We observe a temperature independent shift in the absorption edge of Mn associated with a change in valency induced by charge carrier modulation in the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, demonstrating the electronic origin of the magnetoelectric effect. Spectroscopic, magnetic, and electric characterization shows that the large magnetoelectric response originates from a modified interfacial spin configuration, opening a new pathway to the electronic control of spin in complex oxide materials.
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Zhang Z, Yamamoto T, Wu XN, Moji K, Cai GX, Kuroiwa C. Educational intervention for preventing bloodborne infection among medical students in China. J Hosp Infect 2010; 75:47-51. [PMID: 20338670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although medical students are known to be at risk for bloodborne infections, there have been no systematic studies, effective intervention programmes, or guidelines for them in China. We developed prevention guidelines, implemented an intervention, and evaluated the effectiveness of knowledge among medical students. This study was designed as a cluster randomised controlled trial. All those who completed a consent form were randomly assigned either to an intervention or to a control group. The intervention group underwent an educational intervention programme consisting of a series of lectures and videos following a baseline survey. The control group completed the same intervention programme after the study was completed. A questionnaire of 25 items was sent to participants three months and nine months after the initial intervention programme. Outcomes measured before and after intervention included knowledge of transmission route, first-aid care, and post-exposure prophylaxis. Pearson's chi(2)-test was used, and the efficacy of students was analysed to control for bias. Intervention in the form of a one-time bloodborne pathogen educational prevention programme for Chinese medical students had little effect on knowledge.
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2484
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Edwards-Bennett S, Jacks L, Moskowitz C, Wu E, Zhang Z, Noy A, Portlock C, Straus D, Zelenetz A, Yahalom J. Stanford V program for locally extensive and advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Ann Oncol 2010; 21:574-581. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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2485
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Xia C, Lu M, Zhang Z, Meng Z, Zhang Z, Shi C. TLRs antiviral effect on hepatitis B virus in HepG2 cells. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 105:1720-7. [PMID: 19149768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A hepatoma cell line, HepG2, was used as a model system to detect Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in hepatocytes and examine the antiviral effect on hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS AND RESULTS Toll-like receptor expression was detected in HepG2 cells by RT-PCR. The TLRs, which were strongly expressed in HepG2 cells, were stimulated with specific ligands. Interferon (IFN) response was evaluated poststimulation with Western blotting for signal transduction and activators of transcription-1. Furthermore, HepG2 cells were transiently transfected with wild-type HBV 1.3-fold over-length plasmid and treated with specific ligands at indicated times. Replication of HBV DNA, transcription of HBV RNA intermediate and expression of HBV antigens were respectively detected by Southern blotting, real time PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. Activation of different TLRs induced antiviral effects on HBV to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS The TLRs, which were strongly expressed in HepG2 cells, could be stimulated with specific ligands. Activation of TLRs induced apparent production of antiviral cytokines such as IFN-alpha/beta and inhibited HBV lifecycle in the hepatocyte cell model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Expression of TLRs in hepatocytes may be related to local immunity of liver and participate in the outcome of viral hepatitis.
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Goldberg J, Chou J, Jakubowski A, Arcila M, Teruya-Feldstein J, Horwitz S, Barker J, Boulad F, Castro-Malaspina H, Hsu K, Jenq R, Kernan N, Koehne G, O'Reilly R, Prockop S, Scaradavou A, Small T, van den Brink M, Young J, Zhang Z, Papadopoulos E, Perales MA. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Experience With Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation For T Cell Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2487
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Bermudez D, Herdrich B, Allukian M, Chin B, Zhang Z, Soslowsky L, Liechty K. The Change from Scarless Regeneration to Scar Formation with Increased Fetal Tendon Wound Size Is Associated with Significant Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes. J Surg Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.11.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kanesue T, Okamura M, Kondo K, Tamura J, Kashiwagi H, Zhang Z. Drift distance survey in direct plasma injection scheme for high current beam production. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:02B723. [PMID: 20192463 DOI: 10.1063/1.3298845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In a laser ion source, plasma drift distance is one of the most important design parameters. Ion current density and beam pulse width are defined by plasma drift distance between a laser target and beam extraction position. In direct plasma injection scheme, which uses a laser ion source and a radio frequency quadrupole linac, we can apply relatively higher electric field at beam extraction due to the unique shape of a positively biased electrode. However, when we aim at very high current acceleration such as several tens of milliamperes, we observed mismatched beam extraction conditions. We tested three different ion current at ion extraction region by changing plasma drift distance to study better extraction condition. In this experiment, C(6+) beam was accelerated. We confirmed that matching condition can be improved by controlling plasma drift distance.
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Zheng J, Wang G, Yang GY, Wang D, Luo X, Chen C, Zhang Z, Li Q, Xu W, Li Z, Wang D. Induction Chemotherapy with Nedaplatin with 5-FU Followed by Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy Concurrent with Chemotherapy for Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40:425-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyp183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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2490
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Wang S, Tang J, Wang M, Yuan L, Zhang Z. Genetic variation in PSCA and bladder cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:621-4. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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2491
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Pearson L, Kim JW, Zhang Z, Ibsen M, Sahu JK, Clarkson WA. High-power linearly-polarized single-frequency thulium-doped fiber Master-Oscillator Power-Amplifier. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:1607-12. [PMID: 20173987 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a high power narrow-linewidth source at approximately 2 microm based on a Tm-doped fiber distributed-feedback master-oscillator and three Tm fiber amplifier stages. The master-oscillator and first two amplifier stages were in-band pumped by Er,Yb fiber lasers operating at 1565 nm, and the final stage amplifier was cladding-pumped at 795 nm by two spatially-combined diode-stacks. The MOPA yielded 100 W of single frequency output at 1943 nm with a beam propagation factor (M(2)) of 1.25 and with a polarization extinction ratio of >94%. The output power was limited by thermally-induced damage in the final amplifier stage. The prospects for further power scaling are considered.
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Murphy C, Bashiruddin JB, Quan M, Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. Foot-and-mouth disease viral loads in pigs in the early, acute stage of disease. Vet Rec 2010; 166:10-4. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2493
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Ye X, Tong Z, Dang Y, Tu Q, Weng Y, Liu J, Zhang Z. Effects of blood glucose fluctuation on skin biophysical properties, structure and antioxidant status in an animal model. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:78-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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2494
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Russell TB, Eroglu Y, Zhang Z, Kurre P. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria clones are part of the immune dysregulation in hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31:164-5. [PMID: 20002033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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2495
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Zhang Z, Pan JS, Zhang J, Tok ES. Kinetics of Ge diffusion, desorption and pit formation dynamics during annealing of Si0.8Ge0.2/Si(001) virtual substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7171-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b927274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2496
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Diao G, Li L, Zhang Z. The electrochemical reduction of fullerenes, C60 and C70. Talanta 2009; 43:1633-7. [PMID: 18966645 DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(96)01879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1995] [Revised: 01/08/1996] [Accepted: 01/17/1996] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The hexaanion of fullerene, C(60)(6-), was obtained in 1:5 (v/v) acetonitrile-toluene mixture with a mercury hemispherical ultramicroelectrode as a working electrode at a temperature of up to 30 degrees C. The C(70)(6-) ion also can be observed under the same conditions. The differences between the redox potentials of C(60) relative to C(70) indicate that it is easier to add electrons to C(70) and its anions compared to the counterparts of C(60). The results show that the mercury electrode is very suitable for investigation of the properties of the electrochemical reduction for the fullerenes, particularly C(60), at room temperature.
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Zhang Z, Song Q, Lin M, Ding Y, Kang X, Yao Z. Immunomodulated signaling in macrophages: Studies on activation of Raf-1, MAPK, cPLA(2) and secretion of IL-12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:583-92. [PMID: 18726282 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1997] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism and signal transduction by LPS-mediated immunomodulation of murine peritoneal macrophages. It is found that the signal molecules of the down-stream of Ras, Raf-1, MAPK p44, and MAPK p42 are phosphorylated, and cPLA(2) is activated with a significant increase of the release of [ H(3) ] AA by macrophages in response to LPS and PMA. Compared with the very recent finding that LPS and PMA trigger the activation and translocation of PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon, these findings suggest that there is a connection between PKC signaling pathway and the Raf-1/MAPK pathway and that the activation of these main signaling events may be closely related to the secretion of IL-12 during LPS-induced modulation of macrophages.
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Xu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W. Raman spectroscopic characteristics of microcosmic and photosensitive damage on space structure of liposomes sensitized by hypocrellin and its derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:459-64. [PMID: 18726226 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1997] [Revised: 02/01/1998] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman spect-pic characteristics of microcosmic and photosensitive damage on space structure of DP-PC liposomes sensitized by hypocrellin and its derivatives are obvious. The trans conformation decreased and the gauche conformation increased. The longitudinal order-parameter in chains and the lateral order-parameter between chains decreased in different degrees. The lateral packing became loose. Photodamage on the liposomes sensitized by 5-Br-hypocrellin B was stronger than that by hypocrellins A and B.
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Joyce D, He S, Cao J, Lv P. EFFECTS OF POSTHARVEST NANO-SILVER TREATMENTS ON CUT-FLOWERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2009.847.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2500
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Zhang Z, Weber-Bargioni A, Wu SW, Dhuey S, Cabrini S, Schuck PJ. Manipulating nanoscale light fields with the asymmetric bowtie nano-colorsorter. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:4505-4509. [PMID: 19899744 DOI: 10.1021/nl902850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a class of devices called Asymmetric Bowtie nano-Colorsorters. These devices are specifically engineered to not only capture and confine optical fields, but also to spectrally filter and steer them while maintaining nanoscale field distributions. We show that spectral properties and localized spatial mode distributions can be readily tuned by controlled asymmetry. Nano-Colorsorters can control light's spatial and spectral distributions at the nanoscale and thus significantly impact applications ranging from broadband light harvesting to ultrafast wavelength-selective photodetection.
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