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Mehdi M, Jiang W, Zeng Q, Thebo KH, Kim IS, Khatri Z, Wang H, Hu J, Zhang KQ. Regenerated Silk Nanofibers for Robust and Cyclic Adsorption-Desorption on Anionic Dyes. Langmuir 2022; 38:6376-6386. [PMID: 35561306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, adsorption-based membranes have been widely investigated to remove and separate textile pollutants. However, cyclic adsorption-desorption to reuse a single adsorbent and clear scientific evidence for the adsorption-desorption mechanism remains challenging. Herein, silk nanofibers were used to assess the adsorption potential for the typical anionic dyes from an aqueous medium, and they show great potential toward the removal of acid dyes from the aqueous solution with an adsorption rate of ∼98% in a 1 min interaction. Further, we measured the filtration proficiency of a silk nanofiber membrane in order to propose a continuous mechanism for the removal of acid blue dye, and a complete rejection was observed with a maximum permeability rate of ∼360 ± 5 L·m-2·h-1. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies demonstrate that this fast adsorption occurs due to multiple interactions between the dye molecule and the adsorbent substrate. The as-prepared material also shows remarkable results in desorption. A 50-time cycle exhibits complete adsorption and desorption ability, which not only facilitates high removal aptitude but also produces less solid waste than other conventional adsorbents. Additionally, fluorescent 2-bromo-2-methyl-propionic acid (abbreviated as EtOxPY)-silk nanofibers can facilitate to illustrate a clear adsorption and desorption mechanism. Therefore, the above-prescribed results make electrospun silk nanofibers a suitable choice for removing anionic dyes in real-time applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Mehdi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wangkai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingping Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ick-Soo Kim
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano Prefecture 386-8567, Japan
| | - Zeeshan Khatri
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Materials, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan
| | - Huifen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Spacecraft Equipment, 251 Huaning Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianchen Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Karimi H, Khamforoosh K, Maihami V. Improvement of DBR routing protocol in underwater wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic and bloom filter. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263418. [PMID: 35130300 PMCID: PMC8820626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) and underwater Internet of Things (IoT_UWSN) networks have expanded significantly. DBR routing protocol is one of the most critical routing protocols in UWSNs. In this routing protocol, the energy consumption of the nodes, the rate of loss of sent packets, and the rate of drop of routing packets due to node shutdown have created significant challenges. For this purpose, in a new scenario called FB-DBR, clustering is performed, and fuzzy logic and bloom filter are used in each cluster’s new routing protocol in underwater wireless sensor networks. Due to the fuzzy nature of the parameters used in DBR, better results are obtained and bloom filters are used in routing tables to compensate for the deceleration. as the average number of accesses to routing table entries, dead nodes, Number of Packets Sent to Base Station (BS), Number of Packets Received at BS, Packet Dropped, and Remaining Energy has improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Karimi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Keyhan Khamforoosh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Vafa Maihami
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Song L, Zhou J, Wang C, Meng G, Li Y, Jarin M, Wu Z, Xie X. Airborne pathogenic microorganisms and air cleaning technology development: A review. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127429. [PMID: 34688006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of pathogens through air is a critical pathway for the spread of airborne diseases, as airborne pathogenic microorganisms cause several harmful infections. This review summarizes the occurrence, transmission, and adverse impacts of airborne pathogenic microorganisms that spread over large distances via bioaerosols. Air cleaning technologies have demonstrated great potential to prevent and reduce the spread of airborne diseases. The recent advances in air cleaning technologies are summarized on the basis of their advantages, disadvantages, and adverse health effects with regard to the inactivation mechanisms. The application scope and energy consumption of different technologies are compared, and the characteristics of air cleaners in the market are discussed. The development of high-efficiency, low-cost, dynamic air cleaning technology is identified as the leading research direction of air cleaning. Furthermore, future research perspectives are discussed and further development of current air cleaning technologies is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA
| | - Can Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Ge Meng
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mourin Jarin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA
| | - Ziyan Wu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA
| | - Xing Xie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michaels
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ezekiel J Emanuel
- Perelman School of Medicine and The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Zhang L, Zhao H, Zhou Z, Jia M, Zhang L, Jiang J, Gao F. Improving spatial resolution with an edge-enhancement model for low-dose propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography. Opt Express 2021; 29:37399-37417. [PMID: 34808812 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PB-PCCT) has been increasingly popular for distinguishing low contrast tissues. Phase retrieval is an important step to quantitatively obtain the phase information before the tomographic reconstructions, while typical phase retrieval methods in PB-PCCT, such as homogenous transport of intensity equation (TIE-Hom), are essentially low-pass filters and thus improve the signal to noise ratio at the expense of the reduced spatial resolution of the reconstructed image. To improve the reconstructed spatial resolution, measured phase contrast projections with high edge enhancement and the phase projections retrieved by TIE-Hom were weighted summed and fed into an iterative tomographic algorithm within the framework of the adaptive steepest descent projections onto convex sets (ASD-POCS), which was employed for suppressing the image noise in low dose reconstructions because of the sparse-view scanning strategy or low exposure time for single phase contrast projection. The merging strategy decreases the accuracy of the linear model of PB-PCCT and would finally lead to the reconstruction failure in iterative reconstructions. Therefore, the additive median root prior is also introduced in the algorithm to partly increase the model accuracy. The reconstructed spatial resolution and noise performance can be flexibly balanced by a pair of antagonistic hyper-parameters. Validations were performed by the established phase-contrast Feldkamp-Davis-Kress, phase-retrieved Feldkamp-Davis-Kress, conventional ASD-POCS and the proposed enhanced ASD-POCS with a numerical phantom dataset and experimental biomaterial dataset. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional ASD-POCS in spatial evaluation assessments such as root mean square error (a ratio of 9.78%), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) (a ratio of 7.46%), and also frequency evaluation assessments such as modulation transfer function (a ratio of 66.48% of MTF50% (50% MTF value)), noise power spectrum (a ratio of 35.25% of f50% (50% value of the Nyquist frequency)) and noise equivalent quanta (1-2 orders of magnitude at high frequencies). Experimental results again confirm the superiority of proposed strategy relative to the conventional one in terms of edge sharpness and CNR (an average increase of 67.35%).
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Snopkowski C, Salinas T, Li C, Stryjniak G, Ding R, Sharma V, Suthanthiran M. Urinary cell mRNA profiling of kidney allograft recipients: A systematic investigation of a filtration based protocol for the simplification of urine processing. J Immunol Methods 2021; 498:113132. [PMID: 34464607 PMCID: PMC8487946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is a life-restorative therapy, but immune rejection undermines allograft survival. Urinary cell mRNA profiles offer a noninvasive means of diagnosing kidney allograft rejection, but urine processing protocols have logistical constraints. We aimed to determine whether the centrifugation-based method for urinary cell mRNA profiling could be replaced with a simpler filtration-based method without undermining quality. METHODS We isolated RNA from urine collected from kidney allograft recipients using the Cornell centrifugation-based protocol (CCBP) or the Zymo filter-based protocol (ZFBP) and compared RNA purity and yield using a spectrophotometer or a fluorometer and measured absolute copy number of transcripts using customized real-time quantitative PCR assays. We investigated the performance characteristics of RNA isolated using ZFBP and stored either at -80 °C or at ambient temperature for 2 to 4 days and also when shipped to our Gene Expression Monitoring (GEM) Core at ambient temperature. We examined the feasibility of initial processing of urine samples by kidney allograft recipients trained by the GEM Core staff and the diagnostic utility for acute rejection, of urine processed using the ZFBP. RESULTS RNA purity (P = 0.0007, Wilcoxon matched paired signed-ranks test) and yield (P < 0.0001) were higher with ZFBP vs. CCBP, and absolute copy number of 18S rRNA was similar (P = 0.79) following normalization of RNA yield by reverse transcribing a constant amount of RNA isolated using either protocol. RNA purity, yield, and absolute copy numbers of 18S rRNA, TGF-β1 mRNA and microRNA-26a were not different (P > 0.05) in the filtrates containing RNA stored either at -80 °C or at ambient temperature for 2 to 4 days or shipped overnight at ambient temperature. RNA purity, yield, and absolute copy numbers of 18S rRNA and TGF-β1 mRNA were also not different (P > 0.05) between home processed and laboratory processed urine filtrates. Urinary cell levels of mRNA for granzyme B (P = 0.01) and perforin (P = 0.0002) in the filtrates were diagnostic of acute rejection in human kidney allografts. CONCLUSIONS Urinary cell mRNA profiling was simplified using the ZFBP without undermining RNA quality or diagnostic utility. Home processing by the kidney allograft recipients, the stability of RNA containing filtrates at ambient temperature, and the elimination of the need for centrifuges and freezers represent some of the advantages of ZFBP over the CCBP for urinary cell mRNA profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Snopkowski
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thalia Salinas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Transplantation Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Stryjniak
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruchuang Ding
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manikkam Suthanthiran
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Transplantation Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Qiao Y, Yang M, Marabella IA, McGee DA, Olson BA, Torremorell M, Hogan CJ. Wind tunnel-based testing of a photoelectrochemical oxidative filter-based air purification unit in coronavirus and influenza aerosol removal and inactivation. Indoor Air 2021; 31:2058-2069. [PMID: 33960547 PMCID: PMC8242653 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recirculating air purification technologies are employed as potential means of reducing exposure to aerosol particles and airborne viruses. Toward improved testing of recirculating air purification units, we developed and applied a medium-scale single-pass wind tunnel test to examine the size-dependent collection of particles and the collection and inactivation of viable bovine coronavirus (BCoV, a betacoronavirus), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV, an alphacoronavirus), and influenza A virus (IAV), by a commercial air purification unit. The tested unit, the Molekule Air Mini, incorporates a MERV 16 filter as well as a photoelectrochemical oxidating layer. It was found to have a collection efficiency above 95.8% for all tested particle diameters and flow rates, with collection efficiencies above 99% for supermicrometer particles with the minimum collection efficiency for particles smaller than 100 nm. For all three tested viruses, the physical tracer-based log reduction was near 2.0 (99% removal). Conversely, the viable virus log reductions were found to be near 4.0 for IAV, 3.0 for BCoV, and 2.5 for PRCV, suggesting additional inactivation in a virus family- and genus-specific manner. In total, this work describes a suite of test methods which can be used to rigorously evaluate the efficacy of recirculating air purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Qiao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Science and EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Ian A. Marabella
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Science and EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Devin A.J. McGee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Science and EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Bernard A. Olson
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Science and EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Science and EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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Song J, Zhao Q, Meng C, Meng J, Chen Z, Li J. Hierarchical Porous Recycled PET Nanofibers for High-Efficiency Aerosols and Virus Capturing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49380-49389. [PMID: 34613694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic crisis, especially for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles, has been one of the greatest challenges for the earth and human beings. Processing recycled PET (rPET) into functional materials has the dual significance of both sustainable development and economy. Providing more possibilities for the engineered application of rPET, porous PET fibers can further enhance the high specific surface area of electrospun membranes. Here, we use a two-step strategy of electrospinning and postprocessing to successfully control the surface morphology of rPET fibers. Through a series of optical and thermal characterizations, the porous morphology formation mechanism and crystallinity induced by solvents of rPET fibers were discussed. Then, this work further investigated both PM2.5 air pollutants and protein filtration performance of rPET fibrous membrane. The high capture capability of rPET membrane demonstrated its potential application as an integrated high-efficiency aerosol filtering solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Chen Meng
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jinmin Meng
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Zhongda Chen
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Abstract
Face masks are a primary preventive measure against airborne pathogens. Thus, they have become one of the keys to controlling the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Common examples, including N95 masks, surgical masks, and face coverings, are passive devices that minimize the spread of suspended pathogens by inserting an aerosol-filtering barrier between the user's nasal and oral cavities and the environment. However, the filtering process does not adapt to changing pathogen levels or other environmental factors, which reduces its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the limitations of passive masks by proposing ADAPT, a smart IoT-enabled "active mask". This wearable device contains a real-time closed-loop control system that senses airborne particles of different sizes near the mask by using an on-board particulate matter (PM) sensor. It then intelligently mitigates the threat by using mist spray, generated by a piezoelectric actuator, to load nearby aerosol particles such that they rapidly fall to the ground. The system is controlled by an on-board micro-controller unit that collects sensor data, analyzes it, and activates the mist generator as necessary. A custom smartphone application enables the user to remotely control the device and also receive real-time alerts related to recharging, refilling, and/or decontamination of the mask before reuse. Experimental results on a working prototype confirm that aerosol clouds rapidly fall to the ground when the mask is activated, thus significantly reducing PM counts near the user. Also, usage of the mask significantly increases local relative humidity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Naren Vikram Raj Masna
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Swarup Bhunia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Duncan S, Bodurtha P, Naqvi S. The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258191. [PMID: 34614026 PMCID: PMC8494377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Face coverings are a key component of preventive health measure strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses. In this study five groups of masks were investigated that are of particular relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: re-usable, fabric two-layer and multi-layer masks, disposable procedure/surgical masks, KN95 and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Experimental work focussed on the particle penetration through mask materials as a function of particle diameter, and the total inward leakage protection performance of the mask system. Geometric mean fabric protection factors varied from 1.78 to 144.5 for the fabric two-layer and KN95 materials, corresponding to overall filtration efficiencies of 43.8% and 99.3% using a flow rate of 17 L/min, equivalent to a breathing expiration rate for a person in a sedentary or standing position conversing with another individual. Geometric mean total inward leakage protection factors for the 2-layer, multi-layer and procedure masks were <2.3, while 6.2 was achieved for the KN95 masks. The highest values were measured for the N95 group at 165.7. Mask performance is dominated by face seal leakage. Despite the additional filtering layers added to cloth masks, and the higher filtration efficiency of the materials used in disposable procedure and KN95 masks, the total inward leakage protection factor was only marginally improved. N95 FFRs were the only mask group investigated that provided not only high filtration efficiency but high total inward leakage protection, and remain the best option to protect individuals from exposure to aerosol in high risk settings. The Mask Quality Factor and total inward leakage performance are very useful to determine the best options for masking. However, it is highly recommended that testing is undertaken on prospective products, or guidance is sought from impartial authorities, to confirm they meet any implied standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Duncan
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Bodurtha
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Syed Naqvi
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Chemical Threat Defence Section, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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Lu J, Xue Q, Bai H, Wang N. Design of a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy system and research on microplastics detection. Appl Opt 2021; 60:8375-8383. [PMID: 34612936 DOI: 10.1364/ao.433256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional micro-Raman spectroscopy technology has the disadvantages of a weak signal and low signal-to-noise ratio. To fix these issues, a cost-effective and rigorous design method is proposed in this paper, whereby a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy system is designed and built, and a low-cost reflector and high-pass filter are introduced into the Raman signal-receiving module. The Raman light incident is fully perpendicular to the coupling lens by adjusting the reflection angle of the mirror, making the focus of the coupling lens highly conjugate with the focus of the microscope objective, to enhance the intensity of the Raman signal and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In order to better apply this technology to the detection and study of microplastics in offshore sediments, a reflective illumination light path is used to avoid the visual interference caused by the capillary structure and opacity of the glass cellulose filter membrane. The detection and analysis of the microplastics on the glass cellulose filter membrane have been carried out by the confocal micro-Raman system designed, which is low cost and capable of obtaining good detection results and meeting the requirements of microplastics detection. The system designed in this paper is expected to be applied to the research and development of Raman detection equipment for microplastics in marine sediments, which is beneficial to promote the development of marine microplastic monitoring technology in the world.
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Yu X, Su Y, Song X, Wang F, Gao B, Yu Y. Batch fabrication and compact integration of customized multispectral filter arrays towards snapshot imaging. Opt Express 2021; 29:30655-30665. [PMID: 34614786 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Snapshot multispectral imaging (MSI) has been widely employed in the rapid visual inspection by virtues of the non-invasive detection mode and short integration time. As the critical functional elements of snapshot MSI, narrowband, customizable, and pixel-level multispectral filter arrays (MSFAs) that are compatible with imaging sensors are difficult to be efficiently manufactured. Meanwhile, monolithically integrating MSFAs into snapshot multispectral imagers still remains challenging considering the strict alignment precision. Here, we propose a cost-efficient, wafer-level, and customized approach for fabricating transmissive MSFAs based on Fabry-Perot structures, both in the pixel-level and window-tiled configuration, by utilizing the conventional lithography combined with the deposition method. The MSFA chips own a total dimension covering the area of 4.8 mm × 3.6 mm with 4 × 4 bands, possessing the capability to maintain narrow line widths (∼25 nm) across the whole visible frequencies. After the compact integration with the imaging sensor, the MSFAs are validated to be effective in filtering and target identification. Our proposed fabrication method and imaging mode show great potentials to be an alternative to MSFAs production and MSI, by reducing both complexity and cost of manufacturing, while increasing flexibility and customization of imaging system.
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Badri SH, SaeidNahaei S, Kim JS. Hybrid plasmonic slot waveguide with a metallic grating for on-chip biosensing applications. Appl Opt 2021; 60:7828-7833. [PMID: 34613258 DOI: 10.1364/ao.434927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing reliable and compact integrated biosensors with high sensitivity is crucial for lab-on-a-chip applications. We present a bandpass optical filter, as a label-free biosensor, based on a hybrid slot waveguide on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The designed hybrid waveguide consists of a narrow silicon strip, a gap, and a metallic Bragg grating with a phase-shifted cavity. The hybrid waveguide is coupled to a conventional silicon strip waveguide with a taper. The effect of geometrical parameters on the performance of the filter is investigated by 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. The proposed hybrid waveguide has potential for sensing applications since the optical field is pulled into the gap and outside of the silicon core, thus increasing the modal overlap with the sensing region. This biosensor offers a sensitivity of 270 nm/RIU, while it only occupies a compact footprint of 1.03µm×17.6µm.
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Peer P, Janalikova M, Sedlarikova J, Pleva P, Filip P, Zelenkova J, Siskova AO. Antibacterial Filtration Membranes Based on PVDF- co-HFP Nanofibers with the Addition of Medium-Chain 1-Monoacylglycerols. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:41021-41033. [PMID: 34405995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of filtration membranes is substantially lowered by bacterial attachments and potential fouling processes, which reduce their durability and lifecycle. The antibacterial and antifouling properties exhibited by the added materials play a substantial role in their application. We tested a material poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PDVF-co-HFP) based on an electrospun copolymer, where an agent was incorporated with a small amount of ester of glycerol consecutively with caprylic, capric, and lauric acids. Each of these three materials differing in the esters (1-monoacylglycerol, 1-MAG) used was prepared with three weighted concentrations of 1-MAG (1, 2, and 3 wt %). The presence of 1-MAG with an amphiphilic structure resulted in the hydrophilic character of the prepared materials that contributed to the filtration performance. The tested materials (membranes) were characterized with rheological, optical (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other methods to evaluate antibacterial and antifouling activities. The pure water flux was 6 times higher than that of the neat PVDF-co-HFP membrane when the added 1-MAG attained only 1 wt %. It was experimentally shown that the PVDF-co-HFP/1-MAG membrane with high wettability improved antibacterial activity and antifouling ability. This membrane is highly promising for water treatment due to the safety of antibacterial 1-MAG additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peer
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Janalikova
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sedlarikova
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Filip
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zelenkova
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Opalkova Siskova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ma Y, Wisuthiphaet N, Nitin N, Sun G. A Novel N-Halamine Biocidal Nanofibrous Membrane for Chlorine Rechargeable Rapid Water Disinfection Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:41056-41065. [PMID: 34412464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfecting pathogenic contaminated water rapidly and effectively on sites is one of the critical challenges at point-of-use (POU) situations. Currently available technologies are still suffering from irreversible depletion of disinfectants, generation of toxic by-products, and potential biofouling problems. Herein, we developed a chlorine rechargeable biocidal nanofibrous membrane, poly(acrylonitrile-co-5-methyl-5-(4'-vinylphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione) (P(AN-VAPH)), via a combination of a free radical copolymerization reaction and electrospun technology. The copolymer exhibits good electrospinnability and desirable mechanical properties. Also, the 5-methyl-5-(4'-vinylphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (VAPH) moieties containing unique hydantoin structures are able to be chlorinated and converted to halamine structures, enabling the P(AN-VAPH) nanofibrous membrane with rapid and durable biocidal activity. The chlorinated P(AN-VAPH) nanofibrous membranes showed intriguing features of unique 3D morphological structures with large specific surface area, good mechanical performance, rechargeable chlorination capacity (>5000 ppm), long-term durability, and desirable biocidal activity against both bacteria and viruses (>99.9999% within 2 min of contact). With these attributes, the chlorinated P(AN-VAPH) membranes demonstrated promising disinfecting efficiency against concentrated bacteria-contaminated water during direct filtration applications with superior killing capacity and high flowing flux (5000 L m-2 h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicharee Wisuthiphaet
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Mansour A, Decouture B, Roussel M, Lefevre C, Skreko L, Picard V, Ouattara A, Bachelot-Loza C, Gaussem P, Nesseler N, Gouin-Thibault I. Combined Platelet and Erythrocyte Salvage: Evaluation of a New Filtration-based Autotransfusion Device. Anesthesiology 2021; 135:246-257. [PMID: 33984126 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SAME device (i-SEP, France) is an innovative filtration-based autotransfusion device able to salvage and wash both red blood cells and platelets. This study evaluated the device performances using human whole blood with the hypothesis that the device will be able to salvage platelets while achieving a erythrocyte yield of 80% and removal ratios of 90% for heparin and 80% for major plasma proteins without inducing signification activation of salvaged cells. METHODS Thirty healthy human whole blood units (median volume, 478 ml) were diluted, heparinized, and processed by the device in two consecutive treatment cycles. Samples from the collection reservoir and the concentrated blood were analyzed. Complete blood count was performed to measure blood cell recovery rates. Flow cytometry evaluated the activation state and function of platelets and leukocytes. Heparin and plasma proteins were measured to assess washing performance. RESULTS The global erythrocyte yield was 88.1% (84.1 to 91.1%; median [25th to 75th]) with posttreatment hematocrits of 48.9% (44.8 to 51.4%) and 51.4% (48.4 to 53.2%) for the first and second cycles, respectively. Ektacytometry did not show evidence of erythrocyte alteration. Platelet recovery was 36.8% (26.3 to 43.4%), with posttreatment counts of 88 × 109/l (73 to 101 × 109/l) and 115 × 109/l (95 to 135 × 109/l) for the first and second cycles, respectively. Recovered platelets showed a low basal P-selectin expression at 10.8% (8.1 to 15.2%) and a strong response to thrombin-activating peptide. Leukocyte yield was 93.0% (90.1 to 95.7%) with no activation or cell death. Global removal ratios were 98.3% (97.8 to 98.9%), 98.2% (96.9 to 98.8%), and 88.3% (86.6 to 90.7%) for heparin, albumin, and fibrinogen, respectively. The processing times were 4.4 min (4.2 to 4.6 min) and 4.4 min (4.2 to 4.7 min) for the first and second cycles, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the performance of the SAME device. Platelets and red blood cells were salvaged without significant impact on cell integrity and function. In the meantime, leukocytes were not activated, and the washing quality of the device prevented reinfusion of high concentrations of heparin and plasma proteins. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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17
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Burut-Archanai S, Ubertino D, Chumtong P, Mhuantong W, Powtongsook S, Piyapattanakorn S. Dynamics of Microbial Community During Nitrification Biofilter Acclimation with Low and High Ammonia. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:671-681. [PMID: 34414527 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation of a nitrifying biofilter is a crucial and time-consuming task for setting up a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Gaining a better understanding of the dynamics of the microbial community during the acclimation period in the system could be useful for the development of mature nitrifying biofilters. In this study, high-throughput DNA sequencing was applied to monitor the microbial communities on a biofilter during the acclimation period (7 weeks) in high (100 mg N/L) and low (5 mg N/L) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatments. Both treatments were successful for developing a mature nitrifying biofilter, dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Nitrospirae. Complete nitrification was found after 7 days of biofilter acclimation as indicated by decreasing TAN concentration, increasing nitrate concentration, and high abundances of the nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospiraceae. The beta diversity analysis of microbial communities showed different clustering of the samples between high and low TAN treatment groups. A greater abundance of nitrifying bacteria was found in the high TAN treatments (27-51%) than in the low TAN treatment (15-29%). The bacterial diversity in biofilters acclimated at high TAN concentration (Shannon's index 5.40-6.15) were lower than those found at low TAN treatment levels (Shannon's index 6.40-7.01). The higher diversity in biofilters acclimated at low TAN concentrations, consisting of Planctomycetes and Archaea, might benefit the nutrient recycling in the system. Although nitrification activity was observed from the first week of the acclimation period, the acclimation period should be taken as at least 6 weeks for full development of nitrifying biofilm. Moreover, the reduction of potentially pathogenic Vibrio on biofilters was found at that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachet Burut-Archanai
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Déborah Ubertino
- University of Clermont Auvergne, 49 bd Francois Mitterrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Parichat Chumtong
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, 12120, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sorawit Powtongsook
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanit Piyapattanakorn
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Agrawal A, Bor J, Syphers D. Construction and validation of UV-C decontamination cabinets for filtering facepiece respirators: comment. Appl Opt 2021; 60:6288-6289. [PMID: 34613295 DOI: 10.1364/ao.419243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In their September 2020 paper [Appl. Opt.59, 7585 (2020)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.401602], Purschke et al. report UV-C transmittance measurements of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), including the 3M 1860, which is one of the most widely used FFRs. We have also measured the transmittance of this FFR in our two separate laboratories with multiple FFR samples, and we have obtained transmittance values similar to one another, but very different from what Purschke et al. reported for two of the four FFR layers.
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19
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Reutman SR, Reponen T, Yermakov M, A Grinshpun S. Homemade facemasks: particle filtration, breathability, fit, and other performance characteristics. J Occup Environ Hyg 2021; 18:334-344. [PMID: 34080950 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1925124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Homemade cloth masks and other improvised face coverings have become widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic driven by severe shortages of personal protective equipment. In this study, various alternative (mostly common household) materials, which have not traditionally been used in respiratory protective devices, were tested for particle filtration performance and breathability. Most of these materials were found of some-but rather limited-utility in facemasks. At a breathing flow rate of 30 L min-1, 17 out of 19 tested materials demonstrated collection efficiency below 50%; at 85 L min-1, only one material featured particle collection efficiency above 50%. Pressure drop values were mostly below 4 mm w.g. (observed in 89% of cases for the two flow rates), which provides comfortable breathing. Only for one fabric material (silk) tested at 85 L min-1 did the pressure drop reach 11 mm w.g. Based on these results, a three-layer facemask prototype was designed and fabricated comprised of the best performing materials. Additional tests were conducted to examine possible particle detachment/shedding from the materials used in the newly developed facemask, but no such phenomenon was observed. The prototype was evaluated on 10 human subjects using the standard OSHA-approved quantitative fit testing protocol. The mask protection level, determined as an adopted fit factor, was found to lie between that of the two commercial surgical/medical masks tested for comparison. A 10-cycle washing of the mask prototype lowered its collection efficiency across the particle size range; however, washing did not substantially affect mask breathability. The study revealed that although homemade masks offer a certain level of protection to a wearer, one should not expect them to provide the same respiratory protection as high-end commercial surgical/medical masks or-by any means-NIOSH-certified N95 filtering facepieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Reutman
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michel Yermakov
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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20
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Singh S, Downie LE, Anderson AJ. Do Blue-blocking Lenses Reduce Eye Strain From Extended Screen Time? A Double-Masked Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 226:243-251. [PMID: 33587901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if blue-blocking lenses are effective in reducing the ocular signs and symptoms of eye strain associated with computer use. DESIGN Double-masked, randomized controlled trial. METHODS A total of 120 symptomatic computer users were randomly assigned (1:1) into a "positive" or "negative" advocacy arm (ie, a clinician either advocating or not advocating for the intervention via a prerecorded video). Participants were further sub-randomized (1:1) to receive either clear (placebo) or blue-blocking spectacles. All participants were led to believe they had received an active intervention. Participants performed a 2-hour computer task while wearing their assigned spectacle intervention. The prespecified primary outcome measures were the mean change (post- minus pre-computer task) in eye strain symptom score and critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF, an objective measure of eye strain). The study also investigated whether clinician advocacy of the intervention (in a positive or negative light) modulated clinical outcomes. RESULTS All participants completed the study. In the primary analysis, for CFF, no significant effect was found for advocacy type (positive or negative, p = .164) and spectacle intervention type (blue-blocking or clear lens, p = .304). Likewise, for eye strain symptom score, no differences were found for advocacy (p = .410) or spectacle lens types (p = .394). No adverse events were documented. CONCLUSIONS Blue-blocking lenses did not alter signs or symptoms of eye strain with computer use relative to standard clear lenses. Clinician advocacy type had no bearing on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeer Singh
- From the Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- From the Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Anderson
- From the Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia..
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Allen
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Ibrahim
- Department of Surgery, Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- HOK Architects, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Pedrão PG, de Carvalho AC, Possati-Resende JC, de Paula Cury F, Campanella NC, de Oliveira CM, Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani JH. DNA Recovery Using Ethanol-Based Liquid Medium from FTA Card-Stored Samples for HPV Detection. Acta Cytol 2021; 65:264-271. [PMID: 33951624 DOI: 10.1159/000515913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alternative methods of dry storage and transportation may be a viable alternative to the use of liquid storage medium for cervical samples, especially for screening programs in places with few resources. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to verify the viability and efficacy of human papillomavirus DNA (HPV-DNA) detection in cervical cell samples collected and stored on a Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) card (Whatman Indicating FTA® Elute Micro Card) and subsequently recovered in ethanol-based liquid medium and to compare the results to those obtained using samples stored directly in ethanol-based liquid medium. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-four women submitted to ETZ (excision of the transformation zone of the cervix) were included in this study. Before ETZ, 2 samples of exfoliated cervical cells were collected from each woman by a doctor and stored in ethanol-based liquid medium and on an FTA card. DNA recovery from FTA samples was performed using ethanol-based liquid medium. Detection of HPV-DNA in the samples was performed using the Cobas® 4800 HPV Test Platform. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The HPV-DNA detection positivity rates were 70.6% for the samples collected directly in liquid medium and 64.7% for the samples stored on the FTA card, with high detection accuracy in the DNA samples recovered from the FTA card (area under the curve = 0.958; 95% confidence interval = 0.890-1.000). The concordance between the results obtained using the 2 storage media was 94.1% (Kappa = 0.866). These preliminary results suggest that collection of cervical material on an FTA card may be an alternative to storage in liquid medium since the liquid medium has some limitations. In addition, DNA recovery from the card using ethanol-based liquid medium streamlines the workflow in the laboratory and reduces the cost associated with reagents, thereby facilitating access to the HPV test in places with few resources and potentially improving cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Grecca Pedrão
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nathália C Campanella
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mendes de Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
- DASA Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Detailed understanding of ionic behavior in the region near a charged surface is important for the enhancement of water filtration mechanisms. In this study, a highly charged membrane is hypothesized to form an ion depletion zone (IDZ) without an external power supply. The formation of IDZ was experimentally investigated using membranes with varying surface zeta potential (SZP) values to confirm the hypothesis. The surface zeta potential of the charged membrane was controlled by layer-by-layer deposition method. Our results indicate that indicated that the fluorescent intensity near the charged surface becomes weaker with an increased absolute magnitude of SZP. Ionic surfactants enhance the formation of IDZ by increasing SZP magnitude, and by forming a secondary filtration layer. These findings provide information that is helpful in understanding the ionic behavior near the highly charged surface. In addition, the information provided by the findings would be helpful in fabricating a small-scale water filtration device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic highlights the severe health risks posed by deep submicrometer-sized airborne viruses and particulates in the spread of infectious diseases. There is an urgent need for the development of efficient, durable, and reusable filters for this size range. Here we report the realization of efficient particulate filters using nanowire-based low-density metal foams which combine extremely large surface areas with excellent mechanical properties. The metal foams exhibit outstanding filtration efficiencies (>96.6%) in the PM0.3 regime, with the potential for further improvement. Their mechanical stability, light weight, chemical and radiation resistance, ease of cleaning and reuse, and recyclability further make such metal foams promising filters for combating COVID-19 and other types of airborne particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Malloy
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alberto Quintana
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christopher J Jensen
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Rubino I, Han S, Oh E, Kumaran S, Lawson M, Jung YJ, Kim KH, Bhatnagar N, Lee SH, Kang HJ, Lee DH, Chu KB, Kang SM, Quan FS, Choi HJ. Study of the Pathogen Inactivation Mechanism in Salt-Coated Filters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:16084-16096. [PMID: 33793211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 exemplifies, respiratory diseases transmitted through aerosols or droplets are global threats to public health, and respiratory protection measures are essential first lines of infection prevention and control. However, common face masks are single use and can cause cross-infection due to the accumulated infectious pathogens. We developed salt-based formulations to coat membrane fibers to fabricate antimicrobial filters. Here, we report a mechanistic study on salt-induced pathogen inactivation. The salt recrystallization following aerosol exposure was characterized over time on sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and potassium chloride (KCl) powders and coatings, which revealed that NaCl and KCl start to recrystallize within 5 min and K2SO4 within 15 min. The inactivation kinetics observed for the H1N1 influenza virus and Klebsiella pneumoniae matched the salt recrystallization well, which was identified as the main destabilizing mechanism. Additionally, the salt-coated filters were prepared with different methods (with and without a vacuum process), which led to salt coatings with different morphologies for diverse applications. Finally, the salt-coated filters caused a loss of pathogen viability independent of transmission mode (aerosols or droplets), against both DI water and artificial saliva suspensions. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the salt-recrystallization-based technology to develop highly versatile antimicrobial filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rubino
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Euna Oh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Surjith Kumaran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Matthew Lawson
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hae-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Department of Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Herič T, Vivoda T, Bogataj Š, Pajek J. Medium Cut-Off Dialysis Membrane and Dietary Fiber Effects on Inflammation and Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins: A Systematic Review and Protocol for an Interventional Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040244. [PMID: 33805509 PMCID: PMC8066258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of the use of a medium cut-off membrane (MCO) and dietary fiber on the concentration of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Of 11,397 papers originally found, eight met the criteria of randomized controlled trial design. No study examined the effects of MCO membranes on PBUTs. Three studies examined the reduction in inflammatory markers with MCO membranes compared to high-flux HD membranes and showed no significant differences. Five studies of dietary fiber supplementation showed an inconclusive positive effect on PBUT levels and a significant positive effect on the reduction in inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 reduction: standardized difference in means −1.18; 95% confidence interval −1.45 to −0.9 for dietary fiber supplementation vs. control; p < 0.001). To date, no study has combined the use of an MCO membrane and fiber supplementation to reduce PBUT levels and inflammation with online hemodiafiltration as a comparator. A rationale and protocol for an interventional trial using a combination of MCO membrane dialysis and fiber supplementation to lower inflammatory markers and PBUT concentrations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Herič
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Tjaša Vivoda
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
| | - Jernej Pajek
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.H.); (T.V.); (Š.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Anwari V, Ng WCK, Mbadjeu Hondjeu AR, Xiao Z, Afenu E, Trac J, Kazlovich K, Hiansen J, Mashari A. Development, manufacturing, and preliminary validation of a reusable half-face respirator during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247575. [PMID: 33730106 PMCID: PMC7968700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread shortages of N95 respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE). An effective, reusable, locally-manufactured respirator can mitigate this problem. We describe the development, manufacture, and preliminary testing of an open-hardware-licensed device, the “simple silicone mask” (SSM). Methods A multidisciplinary team developed a reusable silicone half facepiece respirator over 9 prototype iterations. The manufacturing process consisted of 3D printing and silicone casting. Prototypes were assessed for comfort and breathability. Filtration was assessed by user seal checks and quantitative fit-testing according to CSA Z94.4–18. Results The respirator originally included a cartridge for holding filter material; this was modified to connect to standard heat-moisture exchange (HME) filters (N95 or greater) after the cartridge showed poor filtration performance due to flow acceleration around the filter edges, which was exacerbated by high filter resistance. All 8 HME-based iterations provided an adequate seal by user seal checks and achieved a pass rate of 87.5% (N = 8) on quantitative testing, with all failures occurring in the first iteration. The overall median fit-factor was 1662 (100 = pass). Estimated unit cost for a production run of 1000 using distributed manufacturing techniques is CAD $15 in materials and 20 minutes of labor. Conclusion Small-scale manufacturing of an effective, reusable N95 respirator during a pandemic is feasible and cost-effective. Required quantities of reusables are more predictable and less vulnerable to supply chain disruption than disposables. With further evaluation, such devices may be an alternative to disposable respirators during public health emergencies. The respirator described above is an investigational device and requires further evaluation and regulatory requirements before clinical deployment. The authors and affiliates do not endorse the use of this device at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Anwari
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Lynn and Arnold Irwin Advanced Perioperative Imaging Lab, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William C. K. Ng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Arnaud Romeo Mbadjeu Hondjeu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zixuan Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edem Afenu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Trac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Kazlovich
- The Lynn and Arnold Irwin Advanced Perioperative Imaging Lab, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Hiansen
- The Lynn and Arnold Irwin Advanced Perioperative Imaging Lab, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azad Mashari
- The Lynn and Arnold Irwin Advanced Perioperative Imaging Lab, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dellweg D, Haidl P, Kerl J, Maurer L, Köhler D. Bench testing of noninvasive ventilation masks with viral filters for the protection from inhalation of infectious respirable particles. J Occup Environ Hyg 2021; 18:118-127. [PMID: 33434472 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1862417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there was a shortage of masks and respirators for the protection of health care professionals. Masks for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in combination with viral-proof filters, worn by healthcare workers, could serve as an alternative protection measure. We determined the simulated protection factor (SPF) of such devices in comparison to conventional surgical masks, N95, and FFP3 respirators. Masks and respirators were mounted on a ventilated mannequin head in a test-chamber. Isotonic saline containing 150 MBq 99mTC-DTPA (99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) was nebulized inside the box. The aerosol had a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.6 ± 0.4 µm. SPFs were measured using radioactive DTPA particles in the mannequin test system by calculating the ratio of unfiltered particles (Pu) and filtered particles (Pf) for each tested device (SPF = Pu/Pf). Simulated protection factors were 15.6 ± 3.6 for a ResMed AcuCare mask plus filter, 3.5 ± 0.2 for a ResMed Mirage Quattro FX mask plus filter, 9.5 ± 0.8 for a Loewenstein JOYCEclinc FF mask plus filter, 1.9 ± 0.2 for a surgical mask with a rubber band, 2.7 ± 0.7 for a surgical mask with ribbons, 2.3 ± 0.3 for an FFP3 respirator, and 3.6 ± 1.3 for an N95 respirator. The ResMed AcuCare and the Loewenstein JOYCEclinic FF mask were more effective than any other of the tested devices (p < 0.001). In conclusion, masks normally used for NIV with viral-proof filters can effectively filter respirable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Dellweg
- Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Haidl
- Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kerl
- Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Köhler
- Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg, Germany
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Barros AJ, Sifri CD, Bell TD, Eby JC, Enfield KB. Effectiveness of Elastomeric Half-Mask Respirators vs N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators During Simulated Resuscitation: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e211564. [PMID: 33724389 PMCID: PMC7967080 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This nonrandomized controlled trial compares the effectiveness of elastomeric half-mask respirators with that of N95 filtering facepiece respirators during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Barros
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Costi D. Sifri
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Office of Hospital Epidemiology/Infection Prevention & Control, UVA Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Taison D. Bell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Joshua C. Eby
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville
- Employee Health, UVA Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kyle B. Enfield
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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Doukas DJ, Paladino L, Hanuscin C, McMahon J, Quale J, Bhatt I, Eason J, Silverberg M. Evaluating cross contamination on a shared ventilator. Emerg Med J 2021; 38:220-223. [PMID: 33277345 PMCID: PMC7722357 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2020-209972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disasters have the potential to cause critical shortages of life-saving equipment. It has been postulated that during patient surge, multiple individuals could be maintained on a single ventilator. This was supported by a previous trial that showed one ventilator could support four sheep. The goal of our study is to investigate if cross contamination of pathological agents occurs between individuals on a shared ventilator with strategically placed antimicrobial filters. METHODS A multipatient ventilator circuit was assembled using four sterile, parallel standard tubing circuits attached to four 2 L anaesthesia bags, each representing a simulated patient. Each 'patient' was attached to a Heat and Moisture Exchange filter. An additional bacterial/viral filter was attached to each expiratory limb. 'Patient-Lung' number 1 was inoculated with an isolate of Serratia marcescens, and the circuit was run for 24 hours. Each 'lung' and three points in the expiratory limb tubing were washed with broth and cultured. All cultures were incubated for 48 hours with subcultures performed at 24 hours. RESULTS Washed cultures of patient 2, 3 and 4 failed to demonstrate growth of S. marcescens. Cultures of the distal expiratory tubing, expiratory limb connector and expiratory limb prefilter tubing yielded no growth of S. marcescens at 24 or 48 hours. CONCLUSION Based on this circuit configuration, it is plausible to maintain four individuals on a single ventilator for 24 hours without fear of cross contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Joseph Doukas
- Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Lorenzo Paladino
- Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Hanuscin
- Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan McMahon
- Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - John Quale
- Infectious Diseases, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Isha Bhatt
- Infectious Diseases, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Julie Eason
- Respiratory Therapy, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mark Silverberg
- Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is causing a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) across the world. As a public health response to control the pandemic, wearing homemade face coverings has been proven as a resort to protect both the wearer and others from droplets and aerosols transmission. Although aerosols and droplets can be removed through these non-medical materials with a series of filtration mechanisms, their filtration performances have not been evaluated in detail. Moreover, many factors, such as the fabric properties and the method of usage, also affect filtration performance. In this study, the size-dependent filtration performances of non-medical materials as candidates for face coverings were evaluated comprehensively. The flow resistance across these filter materials, an indicator of breathability, was also examined. The effect of materials properties, washing and drying cycles, and triboelectric effect on particle filtration was also studied. Results showed that the filtration efficiency varied considerably from 5-50% among fabrics materials due to the material properties, such as density and microscopic structure of the materials. Microfiber cloth demonstrated the highest efficiency among the tested materials. In general, fabric materials with higher grams per square meter (GSM) show higher particle filtration efficiency. The results on washing and drying fabric materials indicated decent reusability for fabric materials. The triboelectric charge could increase the filtration performance of the tested fabric materials, but this effect diminishes soon due to the dissipation of charges, meaning that triboelectric charging may not be effective in manufacturing homemade face coverings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Hao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Guang Xu
- Department of Mining Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
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Heo KJ, Jeong SB, Shin J, Hwang GB, Ko HS, Kim Y, Choi DY, Jung JH. Water-Repellent TiO 2-Organic Dye-Based Air Filters for Efficient Visible-Light-Activated Photochemical Inactivation against Bioaerosols. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1576-1583. [PMID: 33275432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bioaerosols, including the 2019 novel coronavirus, pose a serious threat to global public health. Herein, we introduce a visible-light-activated (VLA) antimicrobial air filter functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO2)-crystal violet (CV) nanocomposites facilitating abandoned visible light from sunlight or indoor lights. The TiO2-CV based VLA antimicrobial air filters exhibit a potent inactivation rate of ∼99.98% and filtration efficiency of ∼99.9% against various bioaerosols. Under visible-light, the CV is involved in overall inactivation by inducing reactive oxygen species production both directly (CV itself) and indirectly (in combination with TiO2). Moreover, the susceptibility of the CV to humidity was significantly improved by forming a hydrophobic molecular layer on the TiO2 surface, highlighting its potential applicability in real environments such as exhaled or humid air. We believe this work can open a new avenue for designing and realizing practical antimicrobial technology using ubiquitous visible-light energy against the threat of infectious bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Sik Ko
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsang Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, KITECH, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Lin YH, Eguez RV, Vashee I, Yu Y. Lab-on-a-Filter Techniques for Economical, Effective, and Flexible Proteome Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2261:25-34. [PMID: 33420982 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective and reliable protease digestion of biological samples is critical to the success in bottom-up proteomics analysis. Various filter-based approaches using different types of membranes have been developed in the past several years and largely implemented in sample preparations for modern proteomics. However, these approaches rely heavily on commercial filter products, which are not only costly but also limited in membrane options. Here, we present a plug-and-play device for filter assembly and protease digestion. The device can accommodate a variety of membrane types, can be packed in-house with minimal difficulty, and is extremely cost-effective and reliable. Our protocol offers a versatile platform for general proteome analyses and clinical mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Isha Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Pineda E, García-Ruiz MJ, Guaya D, Manrique J, Osorio F. Elimination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from water by means of filtration with natural clays and silica sand in developing countries. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:195-207. [PMID: 32816161 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research presents the results of a pilot system used for water treatment to be supplied to single-family or small housing nucleus at rural sector. The pilot system is constituted by an up-flow aerated filter with ceramic carrier, followed by a second down-flow filter of silica sand. The pilot plant was installed in a rural sector of the province of Loja, Ecuador, with the main purpose of monitoring the reduction in bacteria in the water for human consumption. Two natural clays from the area were tested. They were transformed into sphere-type ceramics, and then, they were placed in the pilot filters. These both natural clays are inorganic materials with high content of aluminosilicate clay minerals with favourable characteristics to achieve greater efficiency for the reduction in bacteria. The acclimatization time of 60 days allowed to achieve optimum treatment efficiency performance until 90 days of operation. The physicochemical parameters, namely temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids, were monitored throughout the experiments. Regarding microbiological parameters, up to 99% of total coliforms removal was reached for the clay called CF-CC and 79% for the other, called CF-CV. In addition, 100% of total coliforms and Escherichia Coli removal was reached for both clay systems. Social and economic viability of the proposed treatment is also analysed in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pineda
- Department of Geology, Mines and Civil Engineering, UTPL, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Barrio San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat Street, s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - María J García-Ruiz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Water, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal Street, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Diana Guaya
- Department of Chemical, UTPL, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Barrio San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat Street, s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - John Manrique
- Department of Geology, Mines and Civil Engineering, UTPL, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Barrio San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat Street, s/n, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Osorio
- Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Water, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal Street, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Mueller B, Dangol B, Ngai TKK, Hug SJ. Kanchan arsenic filters in the lowlands of Nepal: mode of operation, arsenic removal, and future improvements. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:375-389. [PMID: 32974885 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the lowlands of Nepal (Terai), the WHO drinking water guideline concentration of 10 μg/L for arsenic (As) is frequently exceeded. Since their introduction in 2006, iron-assisted bio-sand filters (Kanchan filters) are widely used to treat well water in Nepal. The filters are constructed on the basis of As-removal with corroding zero-valent iron (ZVI), with water flowing through a filter bed of iron nails placed above a sand filter. According to several studies, the performance of Kanchan filters varies greatly and depends on the size of the iron nails, filter design, water composition, and operating conditions, leading to concerns about their actual efficiency. This study examined 38 Kanchan household filters for which insufficient As-removal was reported, to evaluate the reasons for limited removal efficiency and to define measures for improved performance. The measured arsenic removal ranged from 6.3% to 98.5%. The most relevant factors were the concentrations of As and Fe in the raw water, with the best removal efficiency observed for water with low As (123 µg/L) and high Fe (5.0 mg/L). Although the concentrations of other elements, pH, flow rates, and contact time with ZVI also played a role, the combined evidence indicated that the reactivity of the frequently drying nail beds between filtrations was insufficient for efficient As-removal. Optimized filters with added top layers of sand and raised water outlets with flow restrictions to keep nails permanently immersed and to increase contact times, should be able to achieve higher and more consistent arsenic removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mueller
- Bamugeobiochem, Horbenstrasse 4, 8356, Ettenhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Bipin Dangol
- ENPHO, Environment and Public Health Organization, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tommy K K Ngai
- CAWST, Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, B12, 6020 - 2Street SE, Calgary, AB, T2H 2L8, Canada
| | - Stephan J Hug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Tsujimoto H, Tsujimoto Y, Nakata Y, Fujii T, Takahashi S, Akazawa M, Kataoka Y. Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD012467. [PMID: 33314078 PMCID: PMC8812343 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012467.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major comorbidity in hospitalised patients. Patients with severe AKI require continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) when they are haemodynamically unstable. CRRT is prescribed assuming it is delivered over 24 hours. However, it is interrupted when the extracorporeal circuits clot and the replacement is required. The interruption may impair the solute clearance as it causes under dosing of CRRT. To prevent the circuit clotting, anticoagulation drugs are frequently used. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting in the extracorporeal circuits during CRRT. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 12 September 2019 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs or cluster RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of pharmacological interventions to prevent clotting of extracorporeal circuits during CRRT. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were abstracted and assessed independently by two authors. Dichotomous outcomes were calculated as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The primary review outcomes were major bleeding, successful prevention of clotting (no need of circuit change in the first 24 hours for any reason), and death. Evidence certainty was determined using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. MAIN RESULTS A total of 34 completed studies (1960 participants) were included in this review. We identified seven ongoing studies which we plan to assess in a future update of this review. No included studies were free from risk of bias. We rated 30 studies for performance bias and detection bias as high risk of bias. We rated 18 studies for random sequence generation,ÃÂ ÃÂ six studies for the allocation concealment, three studies for performance bias, three studies for detection bias,ÃÂ nine studies for attrition bias,ÃÂ 14 studies for selective reporting and nine studies for the other potential source of bias, as having low risk of bias. We identified eight studies (581 participants) that compared citrate with unfractionated heparin (UFH). Compared to UFH, citrate probably reduces major bleeding (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.62; moderate certainty evidence) and probably increases successful prevention of clotting (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.87; moderate certainty evidence). Citrate may have little or no effect on death at 28 days (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.30, moderate certainty evidence). Citrate versus UFH may reduce the number of participants who drop out of treatment due to adverse events (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.49; low certainty evidence). Compared to UFH, citrate may make little or no difference to the recovery of kidney function (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; low certainty evidence). Compared to UFH, citrate may reduceÃÂ thrombocytopenia (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.03; low certainty evidence). It was uncertain whether citrate reduces a cost to health care services because of inadequate data. For low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus UFH, six studies (250 participants) were identified. Compared to LMWH, UFH may reduce major bleeding (0.58, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.58; low certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether UFH versus LMWH reduces death at 28 days or leads to successful prevention of clotting. Compared to LMWH, UFH may reduce the number of patient dropouts from adverse events (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.02 to 3.53; low certainty evidence). It was uncertain whether UFH versus LMWH leads to the recovery of kidney function because no included studies reported this outcome. It was uncertain whether UFH versus LMWH leads to thrombocytopenia. It was uncertain whether UFH reduces a cost to health care services because of inadequate data. For the comparison of UFH to no anticoagulation, one study (10 participants) was identified. It is uncertain whether UFH compare to no anticoagulation leads to more major bleeding. It is uncertain whether UFH improves successful prevention of clotting in the first 24 hours, death at 28 days, the number of patient dropouts due to adverse events, recovery of kidney function, thrombocytopenia, or cost to health care services because no study reported these outcomes. For the comparison ofÃÂ citrate to no anticoagulation,ÃÂ no completed study was identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently,ÃÂ available evidence does not support the overall superiority of any anticoagulant to another. Compared to UFH, citrate probably reduces major bleeding and prevents clotting and probably has little or no effect on death at 28 days. For other pharmacological anticoagulation methods, there is no available data showing overall superiority to citrate or no pharmacological anticoagulation. Further studies are needed to identify patient populations in which CRRT should commence with no pharmacological anticoagulation or with citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Hospital Care Research Unit, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tsujimoto
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Nakata
- Department of Mathematics, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujii
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sei Takahashi
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence (CiRC2LE), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mai Akazawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
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Bayersdorfer J, Giboney S, Martin R, Moore A, Bartles R. Novel manufacturing of simple masks in response to international shortages: Bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency testing. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1543-1545. [PMID: 32682015 PMCID: PMC7363600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many healthcare systems have been forced to outsource simple mask production due to international shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Providence created simple masks using surgical wrap and submitted samples to an environmental lab for bacterial filtration efficiency testing. Bacterial filtration efficiency rates ranged from 83.0% to 98.1% depending on specific material and ply, and particular filtration efficiency rates ranged from 92.3% to 97.7%. Based on mask configuration, specific surgical wrap selected, and ply, the recommended filtration efficiency for isolation and surgical masks of 95% and 98%, respectively can be achieved. These alternative masks can allow for similar coverage and safety when hospital-grade isolation masks are in short supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue Giboney
- Clinical Care Division, Providence, Renton, WA
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Schultz-Pernice I, Engelbrecht LK, Petricca S, Scheel CH, Twigger AJ. Morphological Analysis of Human Milk Membrane Enclosed Structures Reveals Diverse Cells and Cell-like Milk Fat Globules. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:397-408. [PMID: 33394266 PMCID: PMC7960605 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the cellular content of human milk has been a focus in lactation research due to the benefit a potential non-invasive stem cell compartment could provide either to the infant or for therapeutic applications. Despite an increase in the number of studies in this field, fundamental knowledge in regard to milk cell identification and characterisation is still lacking. In this project, we investigated the nature, morphology and content of membrane enclosed structures (MESs) and explored different methods to enrich human milk cells (HMCs) whilst reducing milk fat globule (MFG) content. Using both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence imaging, we confirmed previous reports and showed that nucleated HMCs make up a minority of milk-isolated MESs and are indistinguishable from MFGs without the use of a nuclear stain. HMC heterogeneity was demonstrated by differential uptake of nuclear stains Hoechst 33258 and DRAQ5™ using a novel technique of imaging milk MESs (by embedding them in agar), that enabled examination of both extracellular and intracellular markers. We found that MESs often contain multiple lipid droplets of various sizes and for the first time report that late post-partum human milk contains secretory luminal binucleated cells found across a number of participants. After investigation of different techniques, we found that viably freezing milk cells is an easy and effective method to substantially reduce MFG content of samples. Alternatively, milk MESs can be filtered using a MACS® filter and return a highly viable, though reduced population of milk cells. Using the techniques and findings we've developed in this study; future research may focus on further characterising HMCs and the functional secretory mammary epithelium during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schultz-Pernice
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa K Engelbrecht
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Petricca
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alecia-Jane Twigger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Mishuk MH, Islam SMT, Alamgir M. Comparison of the efficiency of Deebag and jute made bag for faecal sludge management and wastewater treatment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241046. [PMID: 33175866 PMCID: PMC7657504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) has become a prominent environmental concern in the today's world. Dewatering of sludge and the treatment of wastewater (WW) are the prime spiny issue because of the deleterious essence of faecal sludge (FS) and WW in the environment. The main focus of this study was on FSM by 'Deebag' and 'Jute Bag' through dewatering and filtering. Deebag is a dewatering as well as filtering media which is made with geotextile and polypropylene. Contrariwise, three types of jute bags were made of jute fiber for using as the same purposes of Deebag. A polyacrylamide polymer was used in this study and both filtering and dewatering were done in two ways-with and without the presence of polymer. Biochemical Oxygen Demand at 5 days (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-), Nitrate (NO3-), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) parameters of raw and filtering samples were analyzed to assess the performance of WW treatment by Deebag and jute bags. Only using polymer was observed as one kind of treatment of WW. Deebag has been found to show the maximum dewatering capacity as well as treatment efficiency comparing with the jute bags. However, among three types of jute bags, double jute layered bag has shown the best performance. Maximum dewatering for Deebag and jute bags were found 88% and 83% respectively while using the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedi Hasan Mishuk
- Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - S. M. Tariqul Islam
- Institute of Disaster Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Alamgir
- Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Ou T, Fang C, Ding S, Zhao T, Liu S, Yu Z, Chu W. Has the formation of disinfection by-products been overestimated? Membrane leakage from syringe filter heads serves as unexpected precursors. Chemosphere 2020; 258:127278. [PMID: 32554006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Syringe filters are widely used for sample pretreatments in laboratories. This study found that, surprisingly, these filters can leak dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can potentially serve as precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Nine common types of syringe filters were assessed. The results showed that the DOC of ultrapure water increased after syringe filtration. The DOC shed from filter membranes was characterized, whose spectra showed that the main compounds exhibited a low apparent molecular weight. Five classes of DBPs were investigated including trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and halonitromethanes, among which trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were principally detected. The DBP formation was affected by chlorination time and membrane types. In general, the use of the poly vinylidene fluoride membrane resulted in the highest formation of TCM and TCAL, whereas nylon and mixed cellulose esters membranes contributed significantly to the formation of DCAN and TCNM, respectively. The shedding DOC and the formation of TCM, DCAL and TCAL from filter membranes were mitigated effectively by pre-washing; however, the contribution of membrane leakage to DCAN and TCNM formation was still notable, even with a pre-wash volume of 50 mL. When unwashed syringe filters were used for a real water sample, the DBP formation increased by up to 73.2% compared to the pre-washed ones; particularly for TCNM it was always over 15%. Therefore, for better quality control in laboratories, more attention should be paid to the syringe filters during sample pre-treatments, particularly when DBP formation is being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Shaogang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530008, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenxun Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Coles CA, Rohail D. Effect of aeration, iron and arsenic concentrations, and groundwater matrix on arsenic removal using laboratory sand filtration. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:4051-4064. [PMID: 32696199 PMCID: PMC7641935 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural groundwater from the towns of Wabana and Freshwater and treated well water from the town of Wabana in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada were tested separately and together in sand columns to study the removal of arsenic. The most ideal conditions for arsenic removal appeared to include an arsenic concentration of approximately 35 µg/L and lower, an Fe:As mass ratio in the order of 65 and lower, and aeration of the sand media. Active aeration by pumping air though the filter, passive aeration by scraping off top layers of sand and virtual aeration by diluting the strength of the water being treated, were employed and compared. For tests where groundwater from the towns of Wabana and Freshwater was combined, arsenic removal was optimized and other elements, in addition to iron, were also correlated with effluent arsenic. Further, for these same tests there was a gradual increase in effluent pH that could have been due to oxygen depletion or gradually more reducing conditions in the sand column. Where Ni, Mn and Zn were correlated with effluent arsenic it was concluded that the increase in pH increased heavy metal removal and arsenic release. In the test where the treated Wabana water made up a greater proportion of the mix than the Wabana groundwater, lithium was also correlated with arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Coles
- Department of Civil Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 40 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada.
| | - Danial Rohail
- Infrastructure Ontario, Suite 2000, 1 Dundas St. West, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z3, Canada
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Sheets D, Shaw J, Baldwin M, Daggett D, Elali I, Curry EB, Sochnikov I, Hancock JN. An apparatus for rapid and nondestructive comparison of masks and respirators. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:114101. [PMID: 33261462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has produced widespread shortages of certified air-filtering personal protection equipment and an acute need for rapid evaluation of breathability and filtration efficiency of proposed alternative solutions. Here, we describe experimental efforts to nondestructively quantify three vital characteristics of mask approaches: breathability, material filtration effectiveness, and sensitivity to fit. We focus on protection against aqueous aerosols >0.3 μm using off-the-shelf particle, flow, and pressure sensors, permitting rapid comparative evaluation of these three properties. We present and discuss both the pressure drop and the particle penetration as a function of flow to permit comparison of relative protection for a set of proposed filter and mask designs. The design considerations of the testing apparatus can be reproduced by university laboratories and medical facilities and used for rapid local quality control of respirator masks that are of uncertified origin, monitoring the long-term effects of various disinfection schemes and evaluating improvised products not designed or marketed for filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Sheets
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Jamie Shaw
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Michael Baldwin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - David Daggett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Ibrahim Elali
- Division of Nephrology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Erin B Curry
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Ilya Sochnikov
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Jason N Hancock
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Zarbock A, Küllmar M, Kindgen-Milles D, Wempe C, Gerss J, Brandenburger T, Dimski T, Tyczynski B, Jahn M, Mülling N, Mehrländer M, Rosenberger P, Marx G, Simon TP, Jaschinski U, Deetjen P, Putensen C, Schewe JC, Kluge S, Jarczak D, Slowinski T, Bodenstein M, Meybohm P, Wirtz S, Moerer O, Kortgen A, Simon P, Bagshaw SM, Kellum JA, Meersch M. Effect of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation vs Systemic Heparin Anticoagulation During Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy on Dialysis Filter Life Span and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2020; 324:1629-1639. [PMID: 33095849 PMCID: PMC7585036 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.18618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although current guidelines suggest the use of regional citrate anticoagulation (which involves the addition of a citrate solution to the blood before the filter of the extracorporeal dialysis circuit) as first-line treatment for continuous kidney replacement therapy in critically ill patients, the evidence for this recommendation is based on few clinical trials and meta-analyses. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of regional citrate anticoagulation, compared with systemic heparin anticoagulation, on filter life span and mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A parallel-group, randomized multicenter clinical trial in 26 centers across Germany was conducted between March 2016 and December 2018 (final date of follow-up, January 21, 2020). The trial was terminated early after 596 critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury or clinical indications for initiation of kidney replacement therapy had been enrolled. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either regional citrate anticoagulation (n = 300), which consisted of a target ionized calcium level of 1.0 to 1.40 mg/dL, or systemic heparin anticoagulation (n = 296), which consisted of a target activated partial thromboplastin time of 45 to 60 seconds, for continuous kidney replacement therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coprimary outcomes were filter life span and 90-day mortality. Secondary end points included bleeding complications and new infections. RESULTS Among 638 patients randomized, 596 (93.4%) (mean age, 67.5 years; 183 [30.7%] women) completed the trial. In the regional citrate group vs systemic heparin group, median filter life span was 47 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 19-70 hours) vs 26 hours (IQR, 12-51 hours) (difference, 15 hours [95% CI, 11 to 20 hours]; P < .001). Ninety-day all-cause mortality occurred in 150 of 300 patients vs 156 of 296 patients (Kaplan-Meier estimator percentages, 51.2% vs 53.6%; unadjusted difference, -2.4% [95% CI, -10.5% to 5.8%]; unadjusted hazard ratio, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.72 to 1.13]; unadjusted P = .38; adjusted difference, -6.1% [95% CI, -12.6% to 0.4%]; primary adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.63 to 1.004]; primary adjusted P = .054). Of 38 prespecified secondary end points, 34 showed no significant difference. Compared with the systemic heparin group, the regional citrate group had significantly fewer bleeding complications (15/300 [5.1%] vs 49/296 [16.9%]; difference, -11.8% [95% CI, -16.8% to -6.8%]; P < .001) and significantly more new infections (204/300 [68.0%] vs 164/296 [55.4%]; difference, 12.6% [95% CI, 4.9% to 20.3%]; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury receiving continuous kidney replacement therapy, anticoagulation with regional citrate, compared with systemic heparin anticoagulation, resulted in significantly longer filter life span. The trial was terminated early and was therefore underpowered to reach conclusions about the effect of anticoagulation strategy on mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02669589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mira Küllmar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Kindgen-Milles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carola Wempe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Brandenburger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Dimski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Michael Jahn
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nils Mülling
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Mehrländer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenberger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Philipp Simon
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jaschinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Deetjen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Schewe
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jarczak
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Slowinski
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Bodenstein
- Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Department of Anesthesiology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helios Klinikum Bad Saarow, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Onnen Moerer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kortgen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sean M. Bagshaw
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John A. Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie Meersch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Versoza M, Heo J, Ko S, Kim M, Park D. Solid Oxygen-Purifying (SOP) Filters: A Self-Disinfecting Filters to Inactivate Aerosolized Viruses. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7858. [PMID: 33120940 PMCID: PMC7662992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Normal heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems typically use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, which can filter dust, various pollutants, and even bacteria and viruses from indoor air. However, since HEPA filters cannot not clean themselves and due to the nature of these microbes which can survive for long periods of time, changing these filters improperly could transmit pathogenic bacteria or viruses, and could even lead to new infections. This study indicated that these manufactured Solid Oxygen-purifying (SOP) filters have the potential to self-disinfect, filter, and inactivate aerosolized viruses. MS2 bacteriophage was used as a model virus in two different experiments. The first experiment involved aerosolization of the virus, while the second were a higher viral load using a soaking method. The SOP filters inactivated up to 99.8% of the virus particles in both experiments, provided that the density of the SOP filter was high. Thus, SOP filters could self-clean, which led to protection against airborne and aerosolized viruses by inactivating them on contact. Furthermore, SOP filters could be potentially use or addition in HVAC systems and face masks to prevent the transmission of airborne and aerosolized viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Versoza
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Korea; (M.V.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon City 34113, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Heo
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Korea; (M.V.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon City 34113, Korea
| | - Sangwon Ko
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Korea; (M.V.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Korea; (M.V.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Duckshin Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang City 16105, Korea; (M.V.); (J.H.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon City 34113, Korea
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Xu D, Ma T, Qiu X, Zhang W, Chen L. Implementing selective edge enhancement in nonlinear optics. Opt Express 2020; 28:32377-32385. [PMID: 33114925 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that a nonlinear spatial filter using second harmonic generation can implement a visible edge enhancement under invisible illumination, and it provides a promising application in biological imaging with light-sensitive specimens. But with this nonlinear spatial filter, all phase or intensity edges of a sample are highlighted isotropically, independent of their local directions. Here we propose a vectorial one to cover this shortage. Our vectorial nonlinear spatial filter uses two cascaded nonlinear crystals with orthogonal optical axes to produce superposed nonlinear vortex filtering. We show that with the control of the polarization of the invisible illumination, one can highlight the features of the samples in special directions visually. Moreover, we find the intensity of the sample arm can be weaker by two orders of magnitude than the filter arm. This striking feature may offer a practical application in biological imaging or microscopy, since the light field reflected from the sample is always weak. Our work offers an interesting way to see and emphasize the different directions of edges or contours of phase and intensity objects with the polarization control of the invisible illumination.
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46
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Hill WC, Hull MS, MacCuspie RI. Testing of Commercial Masks and Respirators and Cotton Mask Insert Materials using SARS-CoV-2 Virion-Sized Particulates: Comparison of Ideal Aerosol Filtration Efficiency versus Fitted Filtration Efficiency. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7642-7647. [PMID: 32986441 PMCID: PMC7534799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shortages in the availability of personal protective face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic required many to fabricate masks and filter inserts from available materials. While the base filtration efficiency of a material is of primary importance when a perfect seal is possible, ideal fit is not likely to be achieved by the average person preparing to enter a public space or even a healthcare worker without fit-testing before each shift. Our findings suggest that parameters including permeability and pliability can play a strong role in the filtration efficiency of a mask fabricated with various filter media, and that the filtration efficiency of loosely fitting masks/respirators against ultrafine particulates can drop by more than 60% when worn compared to the ideal filtration efficiency of the base material. Further, a test method using SARS-CoV-2 virion-sized silica nanoaerosols is demonstrated to assess the filtration efficiency against nanoparticulates that follow air currents associated with mask leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cary Hill
- NanoSafe, Inc., 1800 Kraft Drive, Suite 107, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Matthew S Hull
- NanoSafe, Inc., 1800 Kraft Drive, Suite 107, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall (MC0193), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert I MacCuspie
- NanoSafe, Inc., 1800 Kraft Drive, Suite 107, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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Morais RCSD, Melo MGND, Goes TCD, Pessoa E Silva R, Morais RFD, Guerra JADO, Brito MEFD, Brandão-Filho SP, Paiva Cavalcanti MD. Duplex qPCR for Leishmania species identification using lesion imprint on filter paper. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108019. [PMID: 33053400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is caused by different Leishmania parasites, which stimulate and direct the immune response against the infection. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the TaqMan probe technology applicability to diagnose and identifying of Leishmania spp. related to the ACL etiology. METHODOLOGY Through the MEGA 6.0 software, performed an in silico analysis using multiple alignments of Leishmania spp. which were available on GenBank for different genomic targets. The efficiency (e), specificity and detection limit (DL) were calculated for each system, these were associated to compose a duplex-qPCR (DqPCR). The samples of blood, lesion biopsy and lesion imprint on filter paper from patients residing in states of Amazonas (AM) and Pernambuco (PE)-Brazil, (cases and controls) were used to perform the DqPCR technique. The capacity to identify the Leishmania species was determined by comparison with isoenzymes method and sequencing analysis. RESULTS Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (rDNA) was the target selected. Two sets of primers and probes were designed and combined: SVS for subgenus Viannia and LaS for L. (L.) amazonensis. The results were: SVSe = 93.24%, SVS DL = 50 fg/μL; LaSe = 89.3%, LaSLD = 5 fg/μL presented 100% of specificity. In total, 236 individuals participated of the present study, wherein were 101 blood samples, 33 biopsies and 147 lesion imprints. The imprint was the most sensitive sample, showing 83.06% of sensitivity, 86.96% of specificity and substantial agreement between the techniques analysis (k = 0.531; p < 0,001). Regarding the species identification, DqPCR and sequencing/isoenzymes have agreed at 100%, since the infection is caused by a single Leishmania species. CONCLUSION The DqPCR technique was applicable in diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. (subgenus Viannia and L. amazonensis). Furthermore, the lesion imprint is less invasive, allowing a fewer discomfort and greater acceptance by the patients, in addition of being low cost and easy handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tayná Correia de Goes
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ-PE. Rego Avenue, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, ZIP 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Pessoa E Silva
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ-PE. Rego Avenue, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, ZIP 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Freire de Morais
- Medicine Tropical Foundation, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Pedro Teixeira Avenue, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, ZIP 69040-000, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra
- Medicine Tropical Foundation, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Pedro Teixeira Avenue, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, ZIP 69040-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ-PE. Rego Avenue, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, ZIP 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, FIOCRUZ-PE. Rego Avenue, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, ZIP 50670-420, Brazil.
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Phu HT, Park Y, Andrews AJ, Marabella I, Abraham A, Mimmack R, Olson BA, Chaika J, Floersch E, Remskar M, Hume JR, Fischer GA, Belani K, Hogan CJ. Design and evaluation of a portable negative pressure hood with HEPA filtration to protect health care workers treating patients with transmissible respiratory infections. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1237-1243. [PMID: 32603849 PMCID: PMC7320700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background To mitigate potential exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to SARS-CoV-2 via aerosol routes, we have developed a portable hood which not only creates a barrier between HCW and patient, but also utilizes negative pressure with filtration of aerosols by a high-efficiency particulate air filter. Material and Methods The hood has iris-port openings for access to the patient, and an opening large enough for a patient's head and upper torso. The top of the hood is a high-efficiency particulate air filter connected to a blower to apply negative pressure. We determined the aerosol penetration from outside to inside in laboratory experiments. Results The penetration of particles from within the hood to the breathing zones of HCWs outside the hood was near 10-4 (0.01%) in the 200-400 nm size range, and near 10−3 (0.1%) for smaller particles. Penetration values for particles in the 500 nm-5 μm range were below 10−2 (1%). Fluorometric analysis of deposited fluorescein particles on the personal protective equipment of an HCW revealed that negative pressure reduces particle deposition both outside and inside the hood. Conclusions We find that negative pressure hoods can be effective controls to mitigate aerosol exposure to HCWs, while simultaneously allowing access to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Thien Phu
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, MN; University of Minnesota Medical School, Division of General Internal Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yensil Park
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Austin J Andrews
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ian Marabella
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Asish Abraham
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Reid Mimmack
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bernard A Olson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Mojca Remskar
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Minneapolis, MN; University of Minnesota, M Simulation, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Janet R Hume
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gwenyth A Fischer
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kumar Belani
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN.
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49
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Maher B, Chavez R, Tomaz GCQ, Nguyen T, Hassan Y. A fluid mechanics explanation of the effectiveness of common materials for respiratory masks. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:505-513. [PMID: 32861829 PMCID: PMC7452831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Face masks are an important component of personal protection equipment employed in preventing the spread of diseases such as COVID-19. As the supply of mass-produced masks has decreased, the use of homemade masks has become more prevalent. It is important to quantify the effectiveness of different types of materials to provide useful information, which should be considered for homemade masks. METHODS Filtration effects of different types of common materials were studied by measuring the aerosol droplet concentrations in the upstream and downstream regions. Flow-field characteristics of surrounding regions of tested materials were investigated using a laser-diagnostics technique, i.e., particle image velocimetry. The pressure difference across the tested materials was measured. RESULTS Measured aerosol concentrations indicated a breakup of large-size particles into smaller particles. Tested materials had higher filtration efficiency for large particles. Single-layer materials were less efficient, but they had a low pressure-drop. Multilayer materials could produce greater filtering efficiency with an increased pressure drop, which is an indicator of comfort level and breathability. The obtained flow-fields indicated a flow disruption downstream of the tested materials as the velocity magnitude noticeably decreased. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results provide an insight into flow-field characteristics and filtration efficiency of different types of household materials commonly used for homemade masks. This study allows comparison with mass-produced masks under consistent test conditions while employing several well-established techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Maher
- Thermal-Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Reynaldo Chavez
- Thermal-Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gabriel C Q Tomaz
- Thermal-Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Thien Nguyen
- Thermal-Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Yassin Hassan
- Thermal-Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; J. Mike Walker' 66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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50
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Maani N, Diorio TC, Hetts SW, Rayz VL. Computational modeling of drug transport and mixing in the chemofilter device: enhancing the removal of chemotherapeutics from circulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1865-1877. [PMID: 32166531 PMCID: PMC10821812 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is the preferred treatment for non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. A large fraction of IAC drugs, e.g., Doxorubicin, pass into systemic circulation, causing cardiac toxicity and reducing effectiveness of the procedure. These excessive drugs can be captured by the Chemofilter-a 3D-printable, catheter-based device deployed in a vein downstream of the liver during IAC. In this study, alternative configurations of the Chemofilter device were compared by evaluating their hemodynamic and filtration performance through multiphysics computational fluid dynamics simulations. Two designs were evaluated, a honeycomb-like structure of parallel hexagonal channels (honeycomb Chemofilter) and a cubic lattice of struts (strutted Chemofilter). The computationally optimized Chemofilter design contains three honeycomb stages, each perforated and twisted, which improved Doxorubicin adsorption by 44.6% compared to a straight channel design. The multiphysics simulations predicted an overall 66.8% decrease in concentration with a 2.9 mm-Hg pressure drop across the optimized device compared to a 50% concentration decrease observed during in-vivo experiments conducted with the strutted Chemofilter. The Doxorubicin transport simulations demonstrated the effectiveness of the Chemofilter in removing excessive drugs from circulation while minimizing pressure drop and eliminating flow stagnation regions prone to thrombosis. These results demonstrate the value of the multiphysics modeling approach in device optimization and experimental burden reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Maani
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyler C. Diorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Steven W. Hetts
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vitaliy L. Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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