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Zhou Z, Song X, Dong D, Li X, Sun Y, Wang L, Huang Z, Li M. Occurrence, distribution and sources of microplastics in typical marine recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in China: The critical role of RAS operating time and microfilter. Water Res 2024; 255:121476. [PMID: 38503181 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Industrial mariculture, a vital means of providing high quality protein to humans, is a potential source of microplastics (MPs) which have recently received increasing attention. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in feed, source water and recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with long & short operating times as well as in fish from typical industrial mariculture farms in China. Results showed that microplastics occurred in all samples with the average concentration of 3.53 ± 1.39 particles/g, 0.70 ± 0.17 particles/L, 1.53 ± 0.21 particles/L and 2.21 ± 0.62 particles/individual for feed, source water, RAS and fish, respectively. Microplastics were mainly fiber in shape, blue in color and 20-500 μm in size. Compared with short operated RAS, long operating time led to higher microplastic concentration in RAS, especially that of microplastic in 20-500 μm, granular and blue. Regardless of short or long operating time, microplastics in RAS mainly gathered in culture tank, tank before microfilter and fixed-bed biological filter, and the microfilter removed efficiently the microplastic with the shape of film, granule, fragment as well as those with size > 1000 μm. As for the polymer types, polyamide (PA, 71.9 %) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 65.7 %) dominated in feed and source water, respectively, which may be the reason for the high proportion of PA (38.8 % and 26.4 %) and PET (31.8 % and 30.2 %) in RAS and fish. In addition, polypropylene (PP) was also detected in RAS (18.7 %) and fish (22.6 %), indicating that other plastic facilities such as PP brush carrier also made a contribution. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed three sources of MP in RAS, namely plastic facilities, industrial sewage and plastic packaging products. Our results provided a theoretical basis for the management of MP in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiefa Song
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Dengpan Dong
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Liwei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhitao Huang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Thormøhlengate 53 D, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Meng Li
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Tian W, Li Q, Luo Z, Wu C, Sun B, Zhao D, Chi S, Cui Z, Xu A, Song Z. Microbial community structure in a constructed wetland based on a recirculating aquaculture system: Exploring spatio-temporal variations and assembly mechanisms. Mar Environ Res 2024; 197:106413. [PMID: 38507984 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The diversity, composition and performance of microbial communities within constructed wetlands (CW) were markedly influenced by spatio-temporal variations. A pilot-scale integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) as the biological purification unit within a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) was established and monitored in this study. The investigation aimed to elucidate the responses of community structure, co-occurrence networks, and assembly mechanisms of the microbial community to spatial and temporal changes. Spatially, all a-diversity indices and microbial networks complexity were significantly higher in the upstream pool of the IVCW than in the downstream pool. Temporally, the richness increased over time, while the evenness showed a decreasing trend. The number of nodes and edges of microbial networks increased over time. Notably, the stable pollutant removal efficiencies were observed during IVCW operations, despite a-diversity and bacterial community networks exhibited significant variations across time. Functional redundancy emerged as a likely mechanism contributing to the stability of microbial ecosystem functions. Null model and neutral model analyses revealed the dominance of deterministic processes shaping microbial communities over time, with deterministic influences being more pronounced at lower a-diversity levels. DO and inorganic nitrogen emerged as the principal environmental factor influencing microbial community dynamics. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the regulation of microbial communities and environmental factors within the context of IVCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qiufen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Danting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Saisai Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ailing Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
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Lu Z, Lin W, Li Q, Wu Q, Ren Z, Mu C, Wang C, Shi C, Ye Y. Recirculating aquaculture system as microbial community and water quality management strategy in the larviculture of Scylla paramamosain. Water Res 2024; 252:121218. [PMID: 38330713 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The structure and function of the water microbial community can change dramatically between different rearing modes. Yet investigations into the relationships between microbial community and water quality remain obscure. We provide the first evidence that rearing modes alter bacterial community and water quality in the rearing water of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) larvae. The juveniles in the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) had a higher viability than those in the water exchange system (WES). RAS had the significantly lower levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), NH3, NO2--N, total nitrogen (TN), total dissolved solids (TDS), and chemical oxygen demand than those of WES. The number of significantly different amplicon sequence variants between rearing modes increased as the larvae developed. NH3, TAN, TDS, NO2--N, and TN were closely related to the late alterations in water bacterial community. Both the FAPROTAX tool and quantitative PCR analysis showed enhanced nitrogen cycling functional potential of water bacterial community of RAS. Random forest analysis identified the enriched water bacteria especially heterotrophic bacteria such as Phaeodactylibacter, Tenacibaculum, and Hydrogenophaga, which were vital in removing nitrogenous compounds via simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Notably, RAS could save 18.5 m3 of seawater relative to WES in larviculture on the scale of 2.5 m3. Together, these data indicate that RAS could function as microbial community and water quality management strategy in the larviculture of crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Qingyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Zhiming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China.
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo 315832, China.
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Lazado CC, Stiller KT, Timmerhaus G, Megård Reiten BK, Nicolaysen IL, Carletto D, Alipio HRD, Bergstedt JH, Andersen Ø. Mucosal and systemic physiological changes underscore the welfare risks of environmental hydrogen sulphide in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 270:115897. [PMID: 38176182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) might encounter toxic hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas during aquaculture production. Exposure to this gas can be acute or chronic, with heightened levels often linked to significant mortality rates. Despite its recognised toxicity, our understanding of the physiological implications of H2S on salmon remains limited. This report details the mucosal and systemic physiological consequences in post-smolt salmon reared in brackish water at 12 ppt after prolonged exposure to elevated H2S levels over 4 weeks. The fish were subjected to two concentrations of H2S: 1 µg/L (low group) and 5 µg/L (high group). An unexposed group at 0 µg/L served as the control. Both groups exposed to H2S exhibited incremental mortality, with cumulative mortality rates of 4.7 % and 16 % for the low and high groups, respectively. Production performance, including weight and condition factors, were reduced in the H2S-exposed groups, particularly in the high group. Mucosal response of the olfactory organ revealed higher tissue damage scores in the H2S-exposed groups, albeit only at week 4. The high group displayed pronounced features such as increased mucus cell density and oedema-like vacuoles. Transcriptome analysis of the olfactory organ unveiled that the effects of H2S were more prominent at week 4, with the high group experiencing a greater magnitude of change than the low group. Genes associated with the extracellular matrix were predominantly downregulated, while the upregulated genes primarily pertained to immune response. H2S-induced alterations in the metabolome were more substantial in plasma than skin mucus. Furthermore, the number of differentially affected circulating metabolites was higher in the low group compared to the high group. Five core pathways were significantly impacted by H2S regardless of concentration, including the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. The plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine were reduced following exposure to H2S. While there was a discernible distinction in the skin mucus metabolomes among the three treatment groups, only one metabolite - 4-hydroxyproline - was significantly impacted by H2S. Furthermore, this metabolite was significantly reduced in the plasma and skin mucus of H2S-exposed fish. This study underscores that prolonged exposure to H2S, even at concentrations previously deemed sub-lethal, has discernible physiological implications that manifest across various organisational levels. Given these findings, prolonged exposure to H2S poses a welfare risk, and thus, its presence must be maintained at low levels (<1 µg/L) in salmon land-based rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1430, Norway.
| | - Kevin T Stiller
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Sunndalsøra 6600, Norway
| | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1430, Norway
| | | | | | - Danilo Carletto
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Hanna Ross D Alipio
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Julie Hansen Bergstedt
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, PO Box 101, Hirtshals 9850, Denmark
| | - Øivind Andersen
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås 1430, Norway
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Qi W, Skov PV, de Jesus Gregersen KJ, Pedersen LF. A novel method to estimate biofilm activity based on enzymatic oxygen release from hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Biofilm 2023; 5:100121. [PMID: 37090160 PMCID: PMC10119708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is central for biological water treatment processes in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). A lack of suitable methods for quantifying biofilm activity, however, makes it difficult to assess and compare the microbial status of biofilm. This type of information of the biofilm will be useful to assess the colonization status of nitrifying biocarriers or to evaluate the effect of disinfectants on the biofilm activity. Here we introduce a novel assay for rapid assessment of microbial activities in the biofilm attached on bioelements from a RAS biofilter. The assay consisted of an intermittent respirometer platform where biofilter elements were exposed to 10 mg/L hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 1 h, following concurrent measurements of oxygen release from the decomposition of H2O2 caused by biofilm-associated enzymes. A different number of colonized, mature bioelements from a moving bed biofilter in a freshwater RAS were tested with repeated H2O2 exposure, and compared against their autoclaved forms. A substantial increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.92-2.31 mg O2/L) occurred with mature bioelements during 1 h of H2O2 exposure, compared to small amounts of DO release (≤0.27 mg O2/L) with autoclaved bioelements. This substantiates that H2O2 decomposition by biofilm is mainly governed by microbial enzymatic activities. A monomolecular model fitted well with the observed oxygen release profiles of tested mature bioelements after H2O2 exposure (R2 > 0.98). The kinetic rate constant of net oxygen release (k or , h-1) was proportional (R2 for linear fit = 0.99) to the number of mature bioelements tested. Repeated exposure of H2O2 to the same bioelements did not change k or , which indicates that 10 mg/L H2O2 with an exposure time of 1 h does not suppress enzymatic activity in biofilm. Our study provides a new rapid method that allows simple quantification of microbial activity in biofilm samples from aquaculture systems, which could potentially be also applied to study biofilm from wastewater treatment plants and other industries.
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Mes W, Lücker S, Jetten MSM, Siepel H, Gorissen M, van Kessel MAHJ. Comparison of the gill and gut microbiomes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their RAS environment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165212. [PMID: 37391154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are increasingly being used to grow fish, as intensive water reuse reduces water consumption and environmental impact. RAS use biofilters containing nitrogen-cycling microorganisms that remove ammonia from the aquaculture water. Knowledge of how RAS microbial communities relate to the fish-associated microbiome is limited, as is knowledge of fish-associated microbiota in general. Recently, nitrogen-cycling bacteria have been discovered in zebrafish and carp gills and shown to detoxify ammonia in a manner similar to the RAS biofilter. Here, we compared RAS water and biofilter microbiomes with fish-associated gut and gill microbial communities in laboratory RAS housing either zebrafish (Danio rerio) or common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The phylogeny of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the gills and the RAS environment was investigated in more detail by phylogenetic analysis of the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA). The location from which the microbiome was sampled (RAS compartments and gills or gut) had a stronger effect on community composition than the fish species, but species-specific differences were also observed. We found that carp- and zebrafish-associated microbiomes were highly distinct from their respective RAS microbiomes, characterized by lower overall diversity and a small core microbiome consisting of taxa specifically adapted to the respective organ. The gill microbiome was also defined by a high proportion of unique taxa. Finally, we found that amoA sequences from the gills were distinct from those from the RAS biofilter and water. Our results showed that the gut and gill microbiomes of carp and zebrafish share a common and species-specific core microbiome that is distinct from the microbially-rich RAS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Mes
- Cluster Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Cluster Ecology & Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lücker
- Cluster Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Cluster Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Siepel
- Cluster Ecology & Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Cluster Ecology & Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje A H J van Kessel
- Cluster Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Whangchai N, Klahan R, Balakrishnan D, Unpaprom Y, Ramaraj R, Pimpimol T. Development of aeration devices and feeding frequencies for oxygen concentration improvement in 60-tones freshwater recirculating aquaculture and biofloc ponds of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) rearing. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135761. [PMID: 35931264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to improve the technique to maintain the oxygen content of two freshwater Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) culture systems (recirculating aquaculture system; RAS; and biofloc system; Floc). The dissolved oxygen content was increased by using a blower with flexible rubber hose aerators. For the first study, the effectiveness of oxygenation was investigated. As a result, the aerator and flexible rubber hose are appropriate for increasing oxygen levels in the fish pond. An air pump with a flexible aeration tube (400 W), one set of ejector aerators (250 W), and two sets of ejector aerators (250 × 2 W) were used to test the efficiency of oxygenation. In addition, the performance of the RAS and Floc systems, off-flavor (geosmin and MIB) in taints, and economic returns were assessed. This study found that after monitoring two 60-tonne concrete ponds with one set of blowers (RAS1) and two sets of blowers (RAS2) connected by a flexible rubber tube; feeding frequency (2 and 6 times/day). However, daily dissolved oxygen fluctuated in the RAS, and this value went to its lowest after post-feeding. Dissolved oxygen was higher than the two-meal pack per day when the feeding was expanded to six meals. This aeration device could provide dissolved oxygen enough for 900 kg fish/400 W. Seabass raised in the freshwater RAS system had higher yields and growth rates than those raised in the biofloc pond systems. In addition, low off-flavors trained was observed. Therefore, this research could improve aeration management by aeration devices and increase feeding frequency while developing freshwater-adapted Asian seabass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwooti Whangchai
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Rungkan Klahan
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Phetchaburi, 76000, Thailand
| | - Deepanraj Balakrishnan
- College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuwalee Unpaprom
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | | | - Tipsukhon Pimpimol
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
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Bergstedt JH, Skov PV, Letelier-Gordo CO. Efficacy of H 2O 2 on the removal kinetics of H 2S in saltwater aquaculture systems, and the role of O 2 and NO 3. Water Res 2022; 222:118892. [PMID: 35917668 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) represents a challenge for recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) under saline conditions. Even low concentrations of the toxic gas can result in sudden mass mortalities of fish, leading to large economic losses. There is an urgent need for efficient strategies to remove H2S, which can be applied effectively with a short response time, to prevent the risk of H2S-induced casualties. This study examines the kinetics of the two common oxidants applied to rearing water in a RAS facility; oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and evaluates their efficiency and applicability for the removal of H2S in an industrial RAS. Furthermore, we tested whether nitrate (NO3-) can be an oxygen donor in the chemical oxidation of H2S. The baseline oxidation rates of H2S by O2 were determined in air-equilibrated seawater (SW) and RAS water (RASW). The feasibility of using H2O2 as a practical treatment was evaluated by testing increasing H2O2 to H2S ratios in SW. In addition, RASW dilutions that yielded different concentrations of NO3- and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) were tested to identify their effects on H2S removal. The half-lives (t½) of H2S, derived from O2 oxidation rates, were considerably shorter in SW (118.5 ± 28.6 min) compared to RASW (168.0 ± 18.7 min). The addition of a 1:1 mole ratio of H2O2 to H2S, significantly increased the removal rate and decreased the half-life (t½) of H2S in SW to 29.5 ± 6.6 min. Further increasing H2O2:H2S ratios to 2:1 and 4:1, reduced t½ to 21.7 ± 5.2 and 17.4 ± 6.1 min, respectively. Similarly, a dosage of H2O2 at a ratio of 1:1 in RAS water resulted in a considerably shorter t½ of 86.1 ± 10.1 min. The influence of organic matter on the required H2O2 dose was demonstrated by the t½, which were reduced by 49% in RAS water and 75% in SW. NO3- was not found to be involved in the chemical removal of H2S. The results provide an improved understanding of the influence of RAS water chemistry and quality on H2S kinetics and the direct applicability of the kinetics for treating acute H2S levels in RAS to avoid mass mortalities. In conclusion, the addition of H2O2 is an efficient water treatment technology for H2S removal, and by adjusting H2O2 dosages accordingly to the concentrations of H2S and specific systems water parameters, a t½ <30 min can be achieved. Thus the technology is applicable in an industrial RAS, as a treatment process for acute levels of the hazardous gas H2S that is easily implemented, and safe for the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hansen Bergstedt
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea center, P.O. Box 101, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Vælg venligst region, Denmark.
| | - Peter Vilhelm Skov
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea center, P.O. Box 101, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Vælg venligst region, Denmark
| | - Carlos Octavio Letelier-Gordo
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea center, P.O. Box 101, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Vælg venligst region, Denmark
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Gao Y, Li Y, Chen L, Song J, Liu Y. Ni-Fe oxide-PEDOT modified anode coupled with BAF treating ammonia and nitrite in recirculating seawater of aquaculture system. Bioresour Technol 2021; 342:126048. [PMID: 34592457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient ammonia and nitrite removal in low nutrient recirculating seawater of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is critical for healthy cultivation. However, it is hard for conventional biological aerated filters (BAFs) to meet this demand under short hydraulic retention time (HRT). The electrooxidation-BAFs (E-BAFs) were constructed for efficient seawater treatment in a RAS of Sebastes schlegelii, with high activity anodic catalyst Ni-Fe oxide-PEDOT. Satisfactory ammonia removal (88.2% in E-BAFs, 33.7% higher than the control, stage 3) and nitrite removal (69.9 % in E-BAFs, 45.3% in the control) were achieved at HRT of 50 min. The proportion of nitrifying bacteria (Nitrospira, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosopumilus) and nitrification/denitrification genes (amoCAB, nxrAB, narGHI, et. al) were higher in E-BAFs than the control, suggesting better potential in functional bacteria enrichment. Aerobic colony number in RAS with E-BAFs was lower and specific growth rate (SGR) of Sebastes schlegelii (3.79%) was significantly higher, indicating a better culture effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Gao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yihan Li
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Jing Song
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, PR China
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10
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Hoc B, Tomson T, Malumba P, Blecker C, Jijakli MH, Purcaro G, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae-based formulations with differentiated fatty acid profiles. Sci Total Environ 2021; 794:148647. [PMID: 34217091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector is expanding rapidly and needs an increasing supply of fishery products. To ensure an ecological transition of this sector, alternative feed ingredients are required for fish nutrition. Potential alternatives include insects, particularly the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758), which is being increasingly targeted for their nutritional qualities and their sustainable production practices. BSF have a well-balanced amino acid profile; however, their fatty acid profile is not sufficiently balanced for most aquafeed formulations but can be modulated through their feed. In this study, two different batches of BSF prepupae (BSFP) were firstly produced: BSFP with a standard ω3 content (C18:3n-3 ≈ 1.36%) and ω3-enriched BSFP (C18:3n-3 ≈ 9.67%). Then, three isoproteic, -lipidic and -energetic trout feeds were formulated and produced: one control and two feeds containing 75% BSF meal as a substitute for fish meal (standard vs ω3-enriched-BSF). Finally, a trout feeding trial (n = 3 for each feed batch) in a recirculating aquaculture system was carried out for 75 days. BSFP meal inclusion in trout diets did not impact most nutritional and growth parameters of trout compared to the control; however, the coefficient of fatness increased, weight gain decreased and fatty acid profiles of fillets were altered. In conclusion, this study presents a more sustainable model of trout production by including insects from bioconversion of local byproducts in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Hoc
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Tomson
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paul Malumba
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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11
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Ericsson AC, Busi SB, Davis DJ, Nabli H, Eckhoff DC, Dorfmeyer RA, Turner G, Oswalt PS, Crim MJ, Bryda EC. Molecular and culture-based assessment of the microbiome in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) housing system during set-up and equilibration. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:55. [PMID: 34353374 PMCID: PMC8340428 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish used in research settings are often housed in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) which rely on the system microbiome, typically enriched in a biofiltration substrate, to remove the harmful ammonia generated by fish via oxidation. Commercial RAS must be allowed to equilibrate following installation, before fish can be introduced. There is little information available regarding the bacterial community structure in commercial zebrafish housing systems, or the time-point at which the system or biofilter reaches a microbiological equilibrium in RAS in general. METHODS A zebrafish housing system was monitored at multiple different system sites including tank water in six different tanks, pre- and post-particulate filter water, the fluidized bed biofilter substrate, post-carbon filter water, and water leaving the ultra-violet (UV) disinfection unit and entering the tanks. All of these samples were collected in quadruplicate, from prior to population of the system with zebrafish through 18 weeks post-population, and analyzed using both 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and culture using multiple agars and annotation of isolates via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Sequencing data were analyzed using traditional methods, network analyses of longitudinal data, and integration of culture and sequence data. RESULTS The water microbiome, dominated by Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus spp., reached a relatively stable richness and composition by approximately three to four weeks post-population, but continued to evolve in composition throughout the study duration. The microbiomes of the fluidized bed biofilter and water leaving the UV disinfection unit were distinct from water at all other sites. Core taxa detected using molecular methods comprised 36 amplicon sequence variants, 15 of which represented Proteobacteria including multiple members of the families Burkholderiaceae and Sphingomonadaceae. Culture-based screening yielded 36 distinct isolates, and showed moderate agreement with sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS The microbiome of commercial RAS used for research zebrafish reaches a relatively stable state by four weeks post-population and would be expected to be suitable for experimental use following that time-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Susheel B. Busi
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel J. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Henda Nabli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | | | - Rebecca A. Dorfmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Giedre Turner
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Payton S. Oswalt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
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12
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Burut-Archanai S, Ubertino D, Chumtong P, Mhuantong W, Powtongsook S, Piyapattanakorn S. Dynamics of Microbial Community During Nitrification Biofilter Acclimation with Low and High Ammonia. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:671-681. [PMID: 34414527 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation of a nitrifying biofilter is a crucial and time-consuming task for setting up a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Gaining a better understanding of the dynamics of the microbial community during the acclimation period in the system could be useful for the development of mature nitrifying biofilters. In this study, high-throughput DNA sequencing was applied to monitor the microbial communities on a biofilter during the acclimation period (7 weeks) in high (100 mg N/L) and low (5 mg N/L) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatments. Both treatments were successful for developing a mature nitrifying biofilter, dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Nitrospirae. Complete nitrification was found after 7 days of biofilter acclimation as indicated by decreasing TAN concentration, increasing nitrate concentration, and high abundances of the nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospiraceae. The beta diversity analysis of microbial communities showed different clustering of the samples between high and low TAN treatment groups. A greater abundance of nitrifying bacteria was found in the high TAN treatments (27-51%) than in the low TAN treatment (15-29%). The bacterial diversity in biofilters acclimated at high TAN concentration (Shannon's index 5.40-6.15) were lower than those found at low TAN treatment levels (Shannon's index 6.40-7.01). The higher diversity in biofilters acclimated at low TAN concentrations, consisting of Planctomycetes and Archaea, might benefit the nutrient recycling in the system. Although nitrification activity was observed from the first week of the acclimation period, the acclimation period should be taken as at least 6 weeks for full development of nitrifying biofilm. Moreover, the reduction of potentially pathogenic Vibrio on biofilters was found at that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachet Burut-Archanai
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Déborah Ubertino
- University of Clermont Auvergne, 49 bd Francois Mitterrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Parichat Chumtong
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, 12120, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sorawit Powtongsook
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanit Piyapattanakorn
- Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Tarnecki AM, Levi NJ, Resley M, Main K. Effect of copper sulfate on the external microbiota of adult common snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:21. [PMID: 33653402 PMCID: PMC7923503 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environment exerts a strong influence on the fish external microbiota, with lower diversity and increased abundances of opportunistic bacterial groups characterizing cultured fish compared to their wild counterparts. Deviation from a healthy external microbiota structure has been associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens. Treatment of wild-caught broodstock with copper sulfate for the removal of external parasites is a common aquaculture practice. Despite the microbiota's importance to fish health, the effects of copper sulfate on mucosal bacterial communities and their ability to recover following this chemical treatment have not been examined. The skin microbiota of adult common snook was characterized from wild individuals (Wild), and wild-caught fish maintained in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) immediately following a month-long copper sulfate treatment (Captive-1), and then two-weeks (Captive-2) and 2 years (Captive-3) after cessation of copper treatment. RESULTS The skin microbiota of wild fish were characterized by high diversity and taxa including Synechocococcus, SAR11, and a member of the Roseobacter clade. Bacterial diversity decreased in Captive individuals during the 2-year sampling period. Captive fish harbored greater abundances of Firmicutes, which may reflect glycan differences between aquaculture and natural feeds. Bacterial taxa with copper resistance mechanisms and indicative of metal contamination were enriched in Captive-1 and Captive-2 fish. Vibrionaceae were dominant in Captive fish, particularly immediately and 2 weeks following copper treatment. Based on our observations and previous literature, our results suggest putatively beneficial taxa amass over time in captivity. Within 2 years, Captive individuals harbored Bacillus which contains numerous probiotic candidates and the complex carbon degraders of the family Saprospiraceae. Predicted butanoate metabolism exceeded that of Wild fish, and its reported roles in immunity and energy provision suggest a prebiotic effect for fishes. CONCLUSIONS The mucosal microbiota contains bacterial taxa that may act as bioindicators of environmental pollution. Increases in mutualistic groups indicate a return to a beneficial skin microbiota following copper sulfate treatment. Our data also suggests that vastly different taxa, influenced by environmental conditions, can be associated with adult fish without noticeable health impairment, perhaps due to establishment of various mutualists to maintain fish mucosal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Tarnecki
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA.
| | - Noah J Levi
- Biology Department, Wabash College, 301 West Wabash Avenue, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA.,Current affiliation: Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Matthew Resley
- Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mote Aquaculture Research Park, 874 WR Mote Way, Sarasota, FL, 34240, USA
| | - Kevan Main
- Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mote Aquaculture Research Park, 874 WR Mote Way, Sarasota, FL, 34240, USA
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14
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Gukelberger E, Atiye T, Mamo JA, Hoevenaars K, Galiano F, Figoli A, Gabriele B, Mancuso R, Nakyewa P, Akello F, Otim R, Mbilingi B, Adhiambo SC, Lanta D, Musambyah M, Hoinkis J. Membrane Bioreactor-Treated Domestic Wastewater for Sustainable Reuse in the Lake Victoria Region. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020; 16:942-953. [PMID: 32330359 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lake Victoria is a shared water resource between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, which is the second largest freshwater lake in the world. It has long since suffered from the consequences of overexploitation of its resources, mainly fish stocks, and increasingly high pollution. The closure of 58% of the fish processing plants (FPPs) is attributed to the declining fish stocks due to overfishing and pollution in particular. The installation and operation of a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) in Kisumu, Kenya, adopts an integrated approach by providing an integral, sustainable, cost-effective, and robust solution for water sanitation, which also meets the demand for clean water in the fish processing industry, aquaculture, and irrigation. The innovative system comprises a pilot MBR coupled with a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). The RAS is able to recirculate 90% to 95% of its water volume; only the water loss through evaporation and drum filter back flushing has to be replaced. To compensate for this water deficit, the MBR treats domestic wastewater for further reuse. Additionally, excess purified water is used for irrigating a variety of local vegetables and could also be used in FPPs. The pilot-scale MBR plant with around 6 m2 submerged commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes provides treated water in basic agreement with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) standards for irrigation and aquaculture, showing no adverse effects on tilapia fingerlings production. A novel membrane module with a low-fouling coating is operating stably but has not yet shown improved performance compared to the commercial one. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:942-954. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Gukelberger
- Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Center of Applied Research (CAR), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute on Membrane Technology (CNR-ITM), Rende, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Talha Atiye
- Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Center of Applied Research (CAR), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Figoli
- Institute on Membrane Technology (CNR-ITM), Rende, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Pauline Nakyewa
- National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), Ngetta Zardi, Lira, Uganda
| | - Francis Akello
- National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), NaFIRRI, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Robert Otim
- National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), NaFIRRI, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Bwambale Mbilingi
- National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), NaFIRRI, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Susan C Adhiambo
- Department of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries (DALF), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Lanta
- Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Research Organisation (STIPRO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mutambala Musambyah
- Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Research Organisation (STIPRO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jan Hoinkis
- Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Center of Applied Research (CAR), Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Liu X, Wang H, Zhao H. Propagation of antibiotic resistance genes in an industrial recirculating aquaculture system located at northern China. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114155. [PMID: 32066059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in intensive aquaculture environments are of great concern to food safety and public health. However, the level of ARGs and their potential propagation factors in an industrial recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) have not previously been comprehensive explored. In this study, the levels of 14 different ARG markers and 2 kinds of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were investigated in a RAS (including water, fish, feces, pellet feed meal, and biofilm samples) located northern China. qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, aac(6')-Ib, and floR were dominant ARGs, which average concentration levels were presented at 4.51-7.74 copies/L and 5.36-13.07 copies/g, respectively, suggesting that ARGs were prevalent in RAS with no recorded history of antibiotic use. Elevated level of ARGs was found in water of RAS even after the final UV treatment compared with its influent. In RAS, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes were the predominant phyla. Notably, elevated levels of potential opportunistic pathogens were observed along with abundant ARGs suggesting an increasing risk of capturing ARGs and MGEs for human pathogens. This study has revealed for the first time that reared fish, their feces, pellet feed meal as the introduction sources and the selection roles of treatment units co-driven the ARG profile, and the co-selection of water environmental factors and their consequently induced bacterial community shifts formed by their influence are the determining drivers for the ARG propagation in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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16
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang J. Nitrogen removal in recirculating aquaculture water with high dissolved oxygen conditions using the simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification system. Bioresour Technol 2020; 305:123037. [PMID: 32105846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficient removal of nitrogen pollutants in the aquaculture systems is still a challenge due to the low concentration of organic carbon and high concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the wastewater. The simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) bioreactor was firstly used for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater in recirculating aquaculture system. The bioreactor operated for 180 days without adding extra organic carbon. After 60-day operation, the bioreactor reached the stable stage with the average concentration of ammonia/nitrate/nitrite/COD in the effluent with 0.26/0.75/0.47/0.27 mg/L. The Pseudoxanthomonas was the dominant genus in the biofilm samples. The typical nitrogen functional bacteria and genes for nitrification, anammox and denitrification were detected with different abundance in different procedures along the bioreactor. Network analysis revealed the significant correlations between nitrogen functional bacteria and genes. The SNAD bioreactor achieved the effective removal for nitrogen and COD under high DO conditions in recirculating aquaculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, PR China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
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Suantika G, Situmorang ML, Saputra FI, Putri SLE, Putri SP, Aditiawati P, Fukusaki E. Metabolite profiling of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei from super-intensive culture in closed aquaculture systems: a recirculating aquaculture system and a hybrid zero water discharge-recirculating aquaculture system. Metabolomics 2020; 16:49. [PMID: 32274659 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The production of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei now accounts for approximately 75% of the total shrimp production in Indonesia. The techniques used to produce whiteleg shrimp in Indonesia are still dominated by conventional rearing strategies using open-pond systems, which often contribute to unpredictable culture performance and weak sustainability. Alternative production strategies of closed aquaculture systems, including the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and hybrid zero water discharge-recirculating aquaculture system (hybrid system), have been developed and implemented for higher productivity, stability and sustainability of whiteleg shrimp grow-out production in Indonesia. Despite the positive aspects of the application of closed aquaculture systems in shrimp aquaculture, the differences in the characteristics of shrimp grown in closed RAS and hybrid systems compared to open-pond systems remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the differences in the metabolite profiles of shrimp grown in intensive closed aquaculture systems, including an RAS and hybrid system, compared to those of shrimp grown in a semi-intensive, open, earthen pond system by means of non-targeted GC-MS metabolite profiling. METHODS Shrimp cultured in the closed systems (RAS and hybrid system) and an open system (pond) were harvested and subjected to GC-MS non-targeted metabolomics analysis. A total of 112 metabolites were annotated from shrimp samples and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS The metabolites annotated from GC-MS mainly included organic compounds, proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, sugars, nucleosides and fatty acids. The results of principal component analysis showed several metabolites with high variable importance in projection (VIP) scores, including shikimic acid, β-alanine, uric acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, homocysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and lysine, as the main metabolites differentiating the shrimp grown in the three production systems. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that shrimp cultured in different aquaculture systems exhibited distinct metabolite profiles, and the metabolites showing high VIP scores, including shikimic acid, β-alanine, uric acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, homocysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and lysine, may serve as candidate markers to indicate the differences in shrimp from different production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gede Suantika
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Magdalena Lenny Situmorang
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Felicia Irene Saputra
- Biotechnology Study Program, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Safira Latifa Erlangga Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sastia Prama Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pingkan Aditiawati
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Luo Y. Effects of microplastics on distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in recirculating aquaculture system. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 184:109631. [PMID: 31514079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are two kinds of emerging contaminants with frequent detection in coastal regions. However, rare information on co-occurrence of microplastics and ARGs in coastal recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is available. This study performed field sampling and laboratory analysis to investigate the distribution of microplastics and ARGs in a typical RAS farm. The results showed that microplastics were detected in all water samples with the abundances ranging from 58 to 72 items/m3. Absolute abundances of total 10 ARGs in water samples ranged from 3.24 × 105 to 7.83 × 105 copies/mL while those on microplastic samples were in the range of 1.59 × 109-1.83 × 109 copies/g. Microbial communities of microplastics and water showed significant difference at both phylum and genus levels. Microbial community diversity of microplastics was higher than that of water. ARGs including tetG, qnrS, sul1, sul2, and ermF possessed relatively more active relationships with bacterial community in water and on microplastics of the RAS farm. The results suggested that microplastics might be an important reservoir of ARGs in RAS farms. The findings of this study will provide useful information on pollution control and environmental management for both microplastics and ARGs in coastal aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Shandong, 264003, PR China
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Lunda R, Roy K, Másílko J, Mráz J. Understanding nutrient throughput of operational RAS farm effluents to support semi-commercial aquaponics: Easy upgrade possible beyond controversies. J Environ Manage 2019; 245:255-263. [PMID: 31158677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present research attempted to address a key industry-level question amidst Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) waste throughput and aquaponics limitations controversies. Nutrient throughput of three operational RAS farms with progressive size proportions (16, 130, 1400 m3), aquaculture intensity (24, 62, 86 kg stock m-3) were studied. Results suggest - daily total efflux and potency of nutrients in effluents should not be generalized, extreme variability exists. Consistencies of nutrients in wastewater (except N, Ca and Na) are higher than in sludge. Asynchrony between patterns of nutrient loading and effluent nutrient concentrations exist for secondary macronutrients and micronutrients (S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, B, Mo). Macronutrient output generally increases with increasing farm size and culture intensity but same cannot be said for micronutrients. Deficiency in wastewater can be completely masked using raw or mineralized sludge, usually containing 3-17 times higher nutrient concentrations. RAS effluents (wastewater and sludge combined) contain adequate N, P, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni to meet most aquaponic crop needs. K is generally deficient requiring a full-fledged fertilization. Micronutrients B, Mo are partly sufficient and can be easily ameliorated by increasing sludge release. The presumption surrounding 'definite' phyto-toxic Na levels in RAS effluents should be reconsidered - practical solutions available too. No threat of heavy metal accumulation or discharge was observed. Most of the 'well-known' operational influences failed to show any significant predictable power in deciding nutrient throughput from RAS systems. Calibration of nutrient output from operational RAS farms may be primarily focused around six predictors we identified. Despite inherent complexity of effluents, the conversion of RAS farms to semi-commercial aquaponics should not be deterred by nutrient insufficiency or nutrient safety arguments. Incentivizing RAS farm wastes through semi-commercial aquaponics should be encouraged - sufficient and safe nutrients are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lunda
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters. České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Koushik Roy
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters. České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Másílko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters. České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters. České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
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20
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Jia Y, Jing Q, Zhai J, Guan C, Huang B. Alternations in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and innate-immune gene expression at mRNA levels in subadult tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) under two different rearing systems. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:756-764. [PMID: 31288098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) is one of the major aquaculture fish species in China due to its high economic value. In this study, the transcriptions of hepatic antioxidant enzyme, stress, apoptosis, and immune-related genes of sub-adult tiger puffers (Takifugu rubripes) were evaluated under two different rearing systems [offshore sea cage aquaculture system (OSCS) and recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)]. Results showed that the mRNA expression levels of the antioxidant enzyme (mn-sod, cu/zn-sod, gpx, and gr) and stress-related (hsp70 and hsp90) genes of male tiger puffers reared in the OSCS were significantly higher than female fish reared in the OSCS and fish reared in the RAS. The anti-apoptotic gene bcl2 exhibited the similar results. By contrast, the mRNAs of the pro-apoptotic genes (p53, caspase8, caspase9, and caspase3) of male tiger puffers reared in the OSCS were significantly lower than female fish reared in the OSCS and fish reared in the RAS. Male tiger puffers reared in the OSCS displayed significantly higher complement components (c3) and inflammatory cytokine (il-6) mRNAs, whereas B-cell activating factor (baf) and tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) mRNAs remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic (bax, caspase8) and immunity-related (c3, il-6 and il-7) genes of female tiger puffers reared in the OSCS were significantly lower and higher than female fish reared in the RAS, respectively. In conclusion, the hepatic antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and innate immunity of tiger puffers reared in the OSCS were better than fish in the RAS, male tiger puffer obtained the best values. These results expand the knowledge on the combined RAS and OSCS alternative aquaculture model for tiger puffers and aid in their management in captive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Jia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Qiqi Jing
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jieming Zhai
- Ming Bo Aquatic Co. Ltd., Laizhou, 261400, China
| | - Changtao Guan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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21
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Jiang W, Tian X, Li L, Dong S, Zhao K, Li H, Cai Y. Temporal bacterial community succession during the start-up process of biofilters in a cold-freshwater recirculating aquaculture system. Bioresour Technol 2019; 287:121441. [PMID: 31100565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Start-up of biofilters plays crucial roles in the successful operation of recirculating aquaculture system, and the nature is bacterial community succession. We explored the pattern of bacterial temporal succession during the start-up process of biofilters in a commercial cold-freshwater recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The whole succession process was divided into three distinct phases: incubation, growth and stability. Phylogenetic diversity and evenness of the bacterial community increased during the start-up process, whereas richness reached its peak at the growth phase. Seven biomarkers were identified, namely Cytophagales, Gemmatimonadales, Sphingomonadales, Sphingobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Clostridiales and Nitrospirales. The relative abundances of these functional bacteria increased, while those with a competitive growth advantage declined. The network interactions were dramatically altered from fairly simple to most complex, and then decreased in complexity during start-up. Positive relationships decreased, while competition increased. The shift in predicted function exhibited a trend from simple to diverse, and converged to idiosyncratic configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Kun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Haidong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yuyong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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22
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Brailo M, Schreier HJ, McDonald R, Maršić-Lučić J, Gavrilović A, Pećarević M, Jug-Dujaković J. Bacterial community analysis of marine recirculating aquaculture system bioreactors for complete nitrogen removal established from a commercial inoculum. Aquaculture 2019; 503:198-206. [PMID: 30778266 PMCID: PMC6376983 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An experimental recirculating aquaculture system was constructed under ambient seawater conditions to compare microbial community diversity of nitrifying and denitrifying biofilters that were derived from a commercial inoculum used for aquarium applications. Next generation sequencing revealed distinct and diverse microbial communities in samples analyzed from the commercial inoculant and the denitrification and nitrification biofilters. In all samples, communities were represented by a few dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacteria having the capacity to carry out ammonia and nitrite oxidation were more abundant in the nitrification biofilter. Similarly, the proportion of the bacterial taxa known to carry out heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification and participate in sulfur cycling were found in the denitrification bioreactor, and likely originated from the ambient environmental water source. Our results indicated that environmental seawater can be a favorable enhancement to the bacterial consortium of recirculating aquaculture systems biofilters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Brailo
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Dubrovnik, Ćira Carića 4, Dubrovnik 20000, Croatia
| | - Harold J. Schreier
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ryan McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Jasna Maršić-Lučić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, PO Box 500, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Ana Gavrilović
- Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marijana Pećarević
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Dubrovnik, Ćira Carića 4, Dubrovnik 20000, Croatia
| | - Jurica Jug-Dujaković
- Sustainable Aquaculture Systems Inc., 715 Pittstown Road, Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA
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23
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Huang Z, Jiang Y, Song X, Hallerman E, Peng L, Dong D, Ma T, Zhai J, Li W. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea within biofilters of a commercial recirculating marine aquaculture system. AMB Express 2018; 8:17. [PMID: 29429071 PMCID: PMC5810308 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While biofilters are widely used to metabolize ammonia and other wastes in marine recirculating aquaculture systems, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and archaeal communities have not been characterized across a diversity of production systems. Using a metagenomics approach, we characterized the ammonia-oxidizing microbiological community of biofilters in a commercial recirculating marine aquaculture system producing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × E. fuscoguttatus). Cloning and sequencing of the amoA gene showed that nitrifying bacteria included Nitrosomonas europea, N. stercoris, N. cryotolerans, N. eutropha, N. estuarii, eight strains of N. marina, and 15 strains not associated with described species. Nitrifying archaea included eight strains of Nitrosopumilus maritimus, N. koreensis, N. piranensis, N. adriaticus, undescribed congeners, and other undescribed archaea. The species composition of the bacterial and especially the archaeal communities was beyond that yet reported for aquaculture biofilters. While ammonia flux through the respective communities has yet to be estimated, the diverse environmental adaptations of the bacterial and archaeal communities suggest resilience of function under a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Huang
- Department of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuli Jiang
- Department of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiefa Song
- Department of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Hallerman
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengpan Dong
- Department of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Rizhao Aquaculture Technology Extension Station, Rizhao, 226600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieming Zhai
- Laizhou Mingbo Aquatic Co., Ltd., Lai Zhou, 261418 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Laizhou Mingbo Aquatic Co., Ltd., Lai Zhou, 261418 People’s Republic of China
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24
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Deng YL, Ruan YJ, Zhu SM, Guo XS, Han ZY, Ye ZY, Liu G, Shi MM. The impact of DO and salinity on microbial community in poly(butylene succinate) denitrification reactors for recirculating aquaculture system wastewater treatment. AMB Express 2017; 7:113. [PMID: 28582972 PMCID: PMC5457379 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between environmental factors and bacterial community shift in solid-phase denitrification are crucial for optimum operation of a reactor and to achieve maximum treatment efficiency. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was applied to reveal the effects of different operational conditions on bacterial community distribution of three continuous operated poly(butylene succinate) biological denitrification reactors used for recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) wastewater treatment. The results indicated that salinity decreased OTU numbers and diversity while dissolved oxygen (DO) had no obvious influence on OTU numbers. Significant microbial community composition differences were observed among and between three denitrification reactors under varied operation conditions. This result was also demonstrated by cluster analysis (CA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Hierarchical clustering and redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed to test the relationship between environmental factors and bacterial community compositions and result indicated that salinity, DO and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were the three key factors in microbial community formation. Besides, Simplicispira was detected under all operational conditions, which worth drawing more attention for nitrate removal. Moreover, the abundance of nosZ gene and 16S rRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR, which suggested that salinity decreased the proportion of denitrifiers among whole bacterial community while DO had little influence on marine reactors. This study provides an overview of microbial community shift dynamics in solid-phase denitrification reactors when operation parameters changed and proved the feasibility to apply interval aeration for denitrification process based on microbial level, which may shed light on improving the performance of RAS treatment units.
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25
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Martins MC, Santos EBH, Marques CR. First study on oyster-shell-based phosphorous removal in saltwater - A proxy to effluent bioremediation of marine aquaculture. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:605-615. [PMID: 27653559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of oyster-shell waste for the removal of phosphorous (P) in saltwater was herein evaluated. For that, different factors were tested, being attained >56% and >98% P removal by natural oyster shell (NOS)-fraction <0.125mm and COS (calcined oyster shell)-fraction 0.5mm, respectively. Adsorption was the main mechanism suggested for NOS, whilst a co-mechanism of precipitation occurred with COS. NOS adsorption was consistent with Langmuir model and followed both the Elovich and Intraparticle Difusion kinetic models. COS followed only Pseudo-Second Order and, mainly, the Elovich model. Overall, optimal conditions for P removal from saltwater were established for NOS and COS, which will unquestionably allow to comply with regulated P levels for the discharge of wastewater from saltwater RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Martins
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda B H Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina R Marques
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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26
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Ruan YJ, Deng YL, Guo XS, Timmons MB, Lu HF, Han ZY, Ye ZY, Shi MM, Zhu SM. Simultaneous ammonia and nitrate removal in an airlift reactor using poly(butylene succinate) as carbon source and biofilm carrier. Bioresour Technol 2016; 216:1004-1013. [PMID: 27343453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an airlift inner-loop sequencing batch reactor using poly(butylene succinate) as the biofilm carrier and carbon source was operated under an alternant aerobic/anoxic strategy for nitrogen removal in recirculating aquaculture system. The average TAN and nitrate removal rates of 47.35±15.62gNH4-Nm(-3)d(-1) and 0.64±0.14kgNO3-Nm(-3)d(-1) were achieved with no obvious nitrite accumulation (0.70±0.76mg/L) and the dissolved organic carbon in effluents was maintained at 148.38±39.06mg/L. Besides, the activities of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and sulfate reduction activities were successfully inhibited. The proteome KEGG analysis illustrated that ammonia might be removed through heterotrophic nitrification, while the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases were enhanced through aeration treatment. The microbial community analysis revealed that denitrifiers of Azoarcus and Simplicispira occupied the dominate abundance which accounted for the high nitrate removal performance. Overall, this study broadened our understanding of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification using biodegradable material as biofilm carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jie Ruan
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ya-Le Deng
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-Shan Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Michael B Timmons
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui-Feng Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Han
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhang-Ying Ye
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Song-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Bio-systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Zhu S, Shen J, Ruan Y, Guo X, Ye Z, Deng Y, Shi M. The effects of different seeding ratios on nitrification performance and biofilm formation in marine recirculating aquaculture system biofilter. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:14540-14548. [PMID: 27068911 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid start-up of biofilter is essential for intensive marine recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) production. This study evaluated the nitrifying biofilm formation using mature biofilm as an inoculum to accelerate the process in RAS practice. The effects of inoculation ratios (0-15 %) on the reactor performance and biofilm structure were investigated. Complete nitrification was achieved rapidly in reactors with inoculated mature biofilm (even in 32 days when 15 % seeding ratio was applied). However, the growth of target biofilm on blank carrier was affected by the mature biofilm inoculated through substrate competition. The analysis of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and nitrification rates confirmed the divergence of biofilm cultivation among reactors. Besides, three N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were found in the process, which might regulate the activities of biofilm. Multivariate analysis based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) also indicated the great roles of AHLs and substrate supply which might fundamentally determine varied cultivation performance on target biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiazheng Shen
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunjie Ruan
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Xishan Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yale Deng
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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28
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Luo G, Xu G, Gao J, Tan H. Effect of dissolved oxygen on nitrate removal using polycaprolactone as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier in fixed-film denitrifying reactors. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:147-152. [PMID: 27155419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) always accumulates in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) with aerobic nitrification units. The ability to reduce NO3(-)-N consistently and confidently could help RASs to become more sustainable. The rich dissolved oxygen (DO) content and sensitive organisms stocked in RASs increase the difficulty of denitrifying technology. A denitrifying process using biologically degradable polymers as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier was proposed because of its space-efficient nature and strong ability to remove NO3(-)-N from RASs. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on heterotrophic denitrification in fixed-film reactors filled with polycaprolactone (PCL) was explored in the current experiment. DO conditions in the influent of the denitrifying reactors were set up as follows: the anoxic treatment group (Group A, average DO concentration of 0.28±0.05mg/L), the low-oxygen treatment DO group (Group B, average DO concentration of 2.50±0.24mg/L) and the aerated treatment group (Group C, average DO concentration of 5.63±0.57mg/L). Feeding with 200mg/L of NO3(-)-N, the NO3(-)-N removal rates were 1.53, 1.60 and 1.42kg/m(3) PCL/day in Groups A, B and C, respectively. No significant difference in NO3(-)-N removal rates was observed among the three treatments. It was concluded that the inhibitory effects of DO concentrations lower than 6mg/L on heterotrophic denitrification in the fixed-film reactors filled with PCL can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Luo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science of Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201306, China; Research and Development Center of Aquacultural Engineering of Shanghai, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Guimei Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science of Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science of Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hongxin Tan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science of Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201306, China; Research and Development Center of Aquacultural Engineering of Shanghai, Shanghai 201306, China
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Zhu SM, Deng YL, Ruan YJ, Guo XS, Shi MM, Shen JZ. Biological denitrification using poly(butylene succinate) as carbon source and biofilm carrier for recirculating aquaculture system effluent treatment. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:603-610. [PMID: 26093254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate removal is essential for the sustainable operation of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). This study evaluated the heterotrophic denitrification using poly(butylene succinate) as carbon source and biofilm carrier for RAS wastewater treatment. The effect of varied operational conditions (influent type, salinity and nitrate loading) on reactor performance and microbial community was investigated. The high denitrification rates of 0.53 ± 0.19 kg NO3(-)-N m(-3) d(-1) (salinity, 0‰) and 0.66 ± 0.12 kg NO3(-)-Nm(-3) d(-1) (salinity, 25‰) were achieved, and nitrite concentration was maintained below 1mg/L. In addition, the existence of salinity exhibited more stable nitrate removal efficiency, but caused adverse effects such as excessive effluent dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissimilation nitrate reduce to ammonia (DNRA) activity. The degradation of PBS was further confirmed by SEM and FTIR analysis. Illumina sequencing revealed the abundance and species changes of functional denitrification and degradation microflora which might be the primary cause of varied reactor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya-Le Deng
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun-Jie Ruan
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xi-Shan Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Zheng Shen
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Pimentel GA, Vande Wouwer A, Harmand J, Rapaport A. Design, analysis and validation of a simple dynamic model of a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Res 2015; 70:97-108. [PMID: 25528540 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple dynamic model of a submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) is proposed, which would be suitable for process control. In order to validate the proposed model structure, informative data sets are generated using a detailed simulator built in a well-established environment, namely GPS-X. The model properties are studied, including equilibrium points, stability, and slow/fast dynamics (three different time scales). The existence of slow-fast dynamics is central to the development of a dedicated parameter estimation procedure. Finally, a nonlinear model predictive control is designed to illustrate the potential of the developed model within a model-based control structure. The problem of water treatment in a recirculating aquaculture system is considered as an application example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A Pimentel
- University of Mons - Automatic Control Laboratory - Biosys, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium; Equipe Projet INRA-INRIA MODEMIC, Route des Lucioles, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France; UMR INRA-SupAgro MISTEA, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Alain Vande Wouwer
- University of Mons - Automatic Control Laboratory - Biosys, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Harmand
- Equipe Projet INRA-INRIA MODEMIC, Route des Lucioles, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France; INRA, UR050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Av. des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France.
| | - Alain Rapaport
- Equipe Projet INRA-INRIA MODEMIC, Route des Lucioles, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France; UMR INRA-SupAgro MISTEA, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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