1
|
Quagliardi M, Frapiccini E, Marini M, Panfili M, Santanatoglia A, Kouamo Nguefang ML, Roncarati A, Vittori S, Borsetta G. Use of grape by-products in aquaculture: New frontiers for a circular economy application. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27443. [PMID: 38468965 PMCID: PMC10926132 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Grape by-products have already been used in cosmetics, food industries, but also animal feed industry, especially monogastrics and in aquaculture. Grape by-products have been studied for a long time and their principal activities are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Concerning aquaculture, the great demand and necessity to replace animal sources with vegetable ones, has placed grape by-products as possible new phytonutrients with beneficial properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the use of grape by-products in aquaculture, during the last decade, concerning their effects on: 1) gut health and welfare status; 2) growth performances; 3) quality of fillets and flesh during the rearing cycle and shelf-life products. Although other studies highlighted that the high supplementation of grape by-products could negatively affect fish health and growth, due to antinutritional factors (tannins), grape by-products are proven to be valuable phytonutrients that can be incorporated into fish feed to enhance growth and health during rearing conditions. Even in fish products, their utilization has proven to elongate the properties and shelf-life of fillets and minces. Further studies to evaluate the possible integrations or replacements with grape by-products in fish feed in order to evaluate their effectiveness in aquaculture from a sustainable circular economy perspective will be desirable to enhance the use of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Quagliardi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, 62024, Italy
| | - Emanuela Frapiccini
- National Research Council—Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, 60125, Italy
| | - Mauro Marini
- National Research Council—Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, 60125, Italy
| | - Monica Panfili
- National Research Council—Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies (CNR-IRBIM), Ancona, 60125, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, 62024, Italy
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Germana Borsetta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Maulu S, Wang J, Xie X, Liang X, Wang H, Wang J, Xue M. The application of protease in aquaculture: Prospects for enhancing the aquafeed industry. Anim Nutr 2024; 16:105-121. [PMID: 38357575 PMCID: PMC10864210 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture. However, these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance, feed utilization, and disease resistance of aquatic animals. To mitigate these challenges, exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives, thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients. Additionally, protease preparations were also used to enzymatically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives, thus enhancing their nutritional utilization. The present review aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Chen
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sahya Maulu
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- Centre for Innovative Approach Zambia (CIAZ), Lusaka 119825, Zambia
| | - Jie Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoze Xie
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Xue
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao S, Chen W, Cao S, Sun P, Gao X. Microalgae as fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture: current status, existing problems, and possible solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:16113-16130. [PMID: 38315337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fishmeal is an indispensable ingredient for most aquatic animals. However, the finite supply and escalating price of fishmeal seriously limit its use in aquaculture. Thus the development of new, sustainable protein ingredients has been a research focus. Microalgae are potential fishmeal alternatives owing to their high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. Studies suggest that suitable replacement of fishmeal with microalgae is beneficial for fish growth performance, but excessive replacement would induce poor growth and feed utilization. Therefore, this paper aims to review research on the maximum substitutional level of fishmeal by microalgae and propose the main issues and possible solutions for fishmeal replacement by microalgae. The maximum replacement level is affected by microalgal species, fish feeding habits, quality of fishmeal and microalgal meals, and supplemental levels of fishmeal in the control group. Microalgae could generally replace 100%, 95%, 95%, 64.1%, 25.6%, and 18.6% fishmeal protein in diets of carp, shrimp, catfish, tilapia, marine fish, and salmon and trout, respectively. The main issues with fishmeal replacement using microalgae include low production and high production cost, poor digestibility, and anti-nutritional factors. Possible solutions to these problems are recommended in this paper. Overall, microalgae are promising fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xiaochan Gao
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anany EM, Ibrahim MA, El-Razek IMA, El-Nabawy ESM, Amer AA, Zaineldin AI, Gewaily MS, Dawood MAO. Combined Effects of Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the Growth Performance, Feed Utilization Intestinal Health, and Blood Biomarkers of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Fish Meal-Free Diets. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10199-8. [PMID: 38157128 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Aquafeed quality is the most critical factor for aquaculture sustainability. However, limitations of traditional feed ingredients such as fishmeal (FM) need alternative strategies to ensure the nutritional requirements for aquatic animals. In this trial, four test diets were formulated (2 × 2 factorial design), where FM was incorporated in two diets at 10% with or without Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) at 1 g/kg. At the same time, FM was replaced with yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal (TM) with or without SC at 1 g/kg. The growth performance indices (final weight, weight gain, and SGR), and the feed utilization indices (FCR and PER) were markedly affected by the protein source (FM or TM) and dietary SC (P < 0.05). The protein source (FM or TM) significantly (P < 0.05) affected the whole-body protein and lipid contents, while the moisture and ash contents were unaffected (P > 0.05) by TM or SC. The growth of the intestinal villi showed a marked increase in both height and branching in the treated groups with SC along the whole length of the intestine. Furthermore, the immune cell infiltration was prominent near the intestinal crypts of the middle intestinal segments in the supplemented groups by SC. Dietary TM and SC revealed improved hepatic parenchyma in the liver tissue better than other groups. The hematological indices, including hemoglobulin, hematocrit, red blood cells, and white blood cells, were markedly affected by dietary SC (P < 0.05). The lysozyme activity and phagocytic index were markedly affected by dietary SC, while phagocytic activity was affected by dietary TM (P < 0.05). The catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were markedly affected by the interaction between dietary protein source and SC, while superoxide dismutase was affected by dietary SC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, adding SC could enhance the utilization of TM by Nile tilapia with positive effects on the intestinal and liver histological features and the immune and antioxidative responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M Anany
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Ibrahim
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Abd El-Razek
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - El-Said M El-Nabawy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Asem A Amer
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research (CLAR), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbassa, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amr I Zaineldin
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI-DOKI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berntssen MHG, Fjeldal PG, Gavaia PJ, Laizé V, Hamre K, Donald CE, Jakobsen JV, Omdal Å, Søderstrøm S, Lie KK. Dietary beauvericin and enniatin B exposure cause different adverse health effects in farmed Atlantic salmon. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113648. [PMID: 36736876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of plant ingredients in novel aquafeeds have introduced mycotoxins to the farming of seafood. The emerging enniatin B (ENNB) and beauvericin (BEA) mycotoxins have been found in the novel aquafeeds and farmed fish. Little is known about the potential toxicity of ENNs and BEA in farmed fish and their feed-to-organ transfer. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pre-smolt (75.3 ± 8.10 g) were fed four graded levels of spiked chemical pure ENNB or BEA feeds for three months, in triplicate tanks. Organismal adverse health end-point assessment included intestinal function (protein digestibility), disturbed hematology (red blood cell formation), bone formation (spinal deformity), overall energy use (feed utilization), and lipid oxidative status (vitamin E). Both dietary BEA and ENNB had a low (<∼0.01%) transfer to organs (kidney > liver > brain > muscle), with a higher transfer for ENNB compared to BEA. BEA caused a growth reduction combined with a decreased protein digestion and feed conversion rate- ENNB caused a stunted growth, unrelated to feed utilization capacity. In addition, ENNB caused anemia while BEA gave an oxidative stress response. Lower bench-mark dose regression assessment showed that high background levels of ENNB in commercial salmon feed could pose a risk for animal health, but not in the case of BEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P G Fjeldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - P J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - V Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - K Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - C E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - J V Jakobsen
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition Innovation Center, Dirdal, Norway
| | - Å Omdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - K K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen CY, Lu JC, Chang YH, Chen JH, Nagarajan D, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Optimizing heterotrophic production of Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9 proteins potentially used as a sustainable protein substitute in aquafeed. Bioresour Technol 2023; 370:128538. [PMID: 36581231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alternative protein sources for the reduction/replacement of fish meal in aqua-feeds are in urgent demand. Microalgae are considered sustainable protein sources for aquaculture due to their high-quality proteins with a complete profile of essential amino acids. This study examined the heterotrophic production of proteins from Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9. Culture parameters for maximal biomass and protein production are as follows: glucose - 10 g/L glucose, sodium nitrate - 1.5 g/L, and iron - 46 μM iron in BG-11 medium. Under optimal conditions, biomass content, protein content and protein productivity of SU-9 reached 4.14 ± 0.20 g/L, 403 ± 33 mg/g and 382 ± 36 mg/L/d, respectively. The protein profile of Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9 is comparable to fishmeal and soybean meal. The essential amino acids arginine, lysine and cysteine, along with glutamine and glutamate, were high. The production cost of SU-9 can be significantly reduced under heterotrophic cultivation conditions, making it a potential protein substitute in aquafeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ci Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Heng Chen
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Tang, Hong Kong
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanchez-Matos J, Regueiro L, González-García S, Vázquez-Rowe I. Environmental performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production in Galicia-Spain: A Life Cycle Assessment approach. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159049. [PMID: 36167134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is an increasingly important supplier of food worldwide. However, due to its high dependence on agricultural and fishing resources, its growth is constantly constrained by environmental impacts beyond aquaculture production systems. Within the European Union, Spain accounts for approximately 25 % of total aquaculture production, which implies that environmental impacts in rivers and marine ecosystems must be monitored to understand the role of aquaculture systems. While studies on the environmental performance of mussels or turbot production have been reported in the literature, Spanish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has not received much attention despite its relative importance. In this sense, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of rainbow trout produced in a medium-sized plant in Galicia (NW Spain) was carried out in the present study. The study considered the production of round weight trout, as well as some commonly produced processed products, including filleting. The life cycle modelling included a high level of primary data in the foreground system. In addition to the widely considered environmental impact categories for this activity (e.g., global warming potential, terrestrial acidification and freshwater eutrophication), the recent proposed antibiotic resistance (ABR) enrichment impact category was included to explore the potential impact of antibiotic release in freshwater microbiota. The results highlighted the high contribution of aquafeed to most impact categories, due to upstream agricultural and fishing processes, whereas farm operation was responsible for the larger part of the impact in freshwater eutrophication, mainly due to direct emissions of nutrients from fish feeding. Amoxicillin release to recipient water bodies was the main driver to the ABR enrichment category. In contrast, the processing phase (i.e., gutting, freezing and packaging) showed low environmental burdens. In order to improve the environmental performance of the rainbow trout production system, decreasing the feed conversion ratio (FCR), shifting to renewable energy, using low environmental burden ingredients in aquafeed, and alternatives to control diseases without antibiotics could be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez-Matos
- Peruvian Life Cycle Assessment & Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Avenida Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Leticia Regueiro
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Department of Circular Economy, Colexio Universitario, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ian Vázquez-Rowe
- Peruvian Life Cycle Assessment & Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Avenida Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Papini G, Muys M, Van Winckel T, Meerburg FA, Van Beeck W, Vermeir P, Vlaeminck SE. Boosting aerobic microbial protein productivity and quality on brewery wastewater: Impact of anaerobic acidification, high-rate process and biomass age. Bioresour Technol 2023; 368:128285. [PMID: 36368491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Consortia of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB) are appealing as sustainable alternative protein ingredient for aquaculture given their high nutritional qualities, and their production potential on feed-grade industrial wastewater. Today, the impacts of pre-treatment, bioprocess choice and key parameter settings on AHB productivity and nutritional properties are unknown. This study investigated for the first time AHB microbial protein production effects based on (i) raw vs anaerobically fermented brewery wastewater, (ii) high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) without vs with feast-famine conditions, and (iii) three short solid retention time (SRT): 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 d. High biomass (4.4-8.0 g TSS/L/d) and protein productivities (1.9-3.2 g protein/L/d) were obtained while achieving COD removal efficiencies up to 98 % at SRT 0.50 d. The AHB essential amino acid (EAA) profiles were above rainbow trout requirements, excluding the S-containing EAA, highlighting the AHB biomass replacement potential for unsustainable fishmeal in salmonid diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Papini
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Winckel
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Wannes Van Beeck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira CYB, Jacob A, Nader C, Oliveira CDL, Matos ÂP, Araújo ES, Shabnam N, Ashok B, Gálvez AO. An overview on microalgae as renewable resources for meeting sustainable development goals. J Environ Manage 2022; 320:115897. [PMID: 35947909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increased demands and dependence on depleted oil reserves, accompanied by global warming and climate change have driven the world to explore and develop new strategies for global sustainable development. Among sustainable biomass sources, microalgae represent a promising alternative to fossil fuel and can contribute to the achievement of important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article has reviewed the various applications of microalgal biomass that includes (i) the use in aquaculture and its sustainability; (ii) commercial value and emerging extraction strategies of carotenoids; (iii) biofuels from microalgae and their application in internal combustion engines; (iv) the use and reuse of water in microalgae cultivation; and (v) microalgae biotechnology as a key factor to assist SDGs. The future prospects and challenges on the microalgae circular bio economy, issues with regard to the scale-up and water demand in microalgae cultivation are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Yure B Oliveira
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Ashwin Jacob
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Camila Nader
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cicero Diogo L Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ângelo P Matos
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Evando S Araújo
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Aplicações de Eletrofiação e Nanotecnologia (GPEA-Nano), Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Juazeiro, Brazil
| | - Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Czech Republic
| | - Bragadeshwaran Ashok
- Division of Thermal and Automotive, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Alfredo O Gálvez
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shukry M, Albogami S, Gewaily M, Amer AA, Soliman AA, Alsaiad SM, El-Shehawi AM, Dawood MAO. Growth Performance, Antioxidative Capacity, and Intestinal Histomorphology of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)-Fed Dietary Zinc Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2406-2415. [PMID: 34308499 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is one of the essential microelements involved in vital physiological and biological functions in the fish body. The study evaluated the growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal histomorphology of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)-fed dietary zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) at 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for the first time. The final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of Grey Mullet-fed dietary ZnO-NPs at 20 and 40 mg/kg were meaningfully enhanced (p < 0.05). Further, the weight gain (WG) was significantly higher in fish treated with ZnO-NPs than the control, and fish fed 20-40 mg/kg had the highest WG (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was meaningfully reduced in fish fed 20-40 mg ZnO-NPs/kg (p < 0.05). The histomorphology of the intestines revealed a significant improvement in villus height, villus width, and goblet cells by ZnO-NPs. The lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, and phagocytic index showed higher levels in Grey Mullet-fed dietary ZnO-NPs at 20 mg/kg than fish fed 0, 10, and 40 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were markedly improved in Grey Mullet treated with ZnO-NPs compared with the control, and the group of fish treated with 20 mg/kg had the highest SOD and CAT (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly higher in fish fed 20-40 mg/kg ZnO-NPs than fish fed 0-10 mg/kg and fish fed 40 mg ZnO-NPs/kg showing the highest GPx value (p < 0.05). The concentration of malondialdehyde was markedly lowered in Grey Mullet fed ZnO-NPs at varying levels (p < 0.05). Based on the overall results, the regression analysis suggests that ZnO-NPs can be included at 24.61-35.5 mg/kg for the best performances of Grey Mullet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Asem A Amer
- Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Abbassa, Sharkia, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ali A Soliman
- Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saad M Alsaiad
- Department of Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Konnert GDP, Martin E, Gerrits WJJ, Gussekloo SWS, Masagounder K, Mas-Muñoz J, Schrama JW. Interactive effects of protein and energy intake on nutrient partitioning and growth in Nile tilapia. Animal 2022; 16:100494. [PMID: 35338906 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fish growth response to changes in dietary protein and energy content are often conducted with fish fed to apparent satiation or at fixed percentages of their body mass. Such designs result in simultaneous changes in protein and non-protein energy intake, thereby failing to distinguish their separate effects on nutrient partitioning and growth. The present study was designed to address this limitation and test the existence of distinct protein- and non-protein energy-dependent growth phases in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). All-male Nile tilapia (63 g, SD = 1.3) were subjected to an 8 × 2 factorial design consisting of eight levels of digestible protein (DP) intake (0.44-1.25 g/day) and two levels of non-protein digestible energy (NPDE) intake (16.0 and 22.4 kJ/day). Fish (n = 960) were housed in 60-litre tanks with two replicates per treatment and hand-fed twice a day for 42 days. Nutrient balances were calculated from changes in body mass, analysed body composition and digestible nutrient intake. Linear regression models were compared to linear-plateau regression models to determine whether protein gain followed distinct protein- and non-protein energy-dependent phases or not. Body mass gain increased linearly with increasing DP intake and was significantly higher (2.6 vs 2.3 g/d, P < 0.05) in fish receiving a high NPDE intake. This increase mainly reflected a higher mean fat gain (0.29 vs 0.20 g/d) rather than a higher protein gain (0.42 vs 0.39 g/d) in fish fed a high vs low level of NPDE intake. The comparison of linear and linear-plateau models did not give clear support for the presence of distinct protein and non-protein energy-dependent phases in protein gain. These results indicate that non-protein energy intake has a modest protein-sparing potential, and that protein gain is simultaneously limited by protein and energy intake in Nile tilapia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodrigues DP, Calado R, Pinho M, Rosário Domingues M, Antonio Vázquez J, Ameixa OMCC. Bioconversion and performance of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in the recovery of nutrients from expired fish feeds. Waste Manag 2022; 141:183-193. [PMID: 35134619 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern aquaculture systems, feed is the main source of the waste being produced, including expired aquafeeds. There is a link between the expiration date of aquafeeds enriched with fish oil for marine fish and the observation of several physical and microbiological changes. Among these, lipid oxidation is worth highlighting, as this process is responsible for the loss of palatability of aquafeeds, which can lead to feeding rejection by the species being farmed. In this study, we used an expired fish aquafeed, which otherwise would be discarded as waste, as a substrate to feed Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. Different replacement levels of expired aquafeed were used which unravelled the amount of n-3 fatty acids added to larval tissues of BSF larvae after 2, 7, and 10 days of feeding. Our results also showed that shorter trials and higher diet replacement levels induced a deleterious effect on final larval weight. Furthermore, amino acid and fatty acid larval contents were shaped by the supplied diet, with results supporting the inclusion of BSF meal in aquafeeds, due to the levels of lysine (5.6-8.9%), methionine (1.9-3.2%), and omega-3 fatty acids (14.5%) recorded. These results demonstrate that the re-introduction of an expired resource aiming to diversify the source of aquafeeds raw materials can be safely achieved through BSF biotransformation. Overall, BSF larvae can successfully recover important nutrients for aquafeeds targeting marine species and foster the production of value-added insects under a circular bioeconomy framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Rodrigues
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marisa Pinho
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, España
| | - Olga M C C Ameixa
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
El-Sharawy ME, Mahmoud AA, Soliman AA, Amer AA, Mahmoud MA, Alkafafy M, Dawood MAO. Studying the Influence of Copper on the Growth Behavior, Antioxidative Status, and Histology of the Intestine and Liver of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1331-1338. [PMID: 33851330 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microelements are well recognized as an essential approach in the field of aquaculture nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate copper (Cu) inclusion (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) on Striped catfish performances. Fish fed the Cu-incorporated diets for 60 days, then their growth behavior, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal and liver histological features were evaluated. The results showed a marked enhancement in Striped catfish's growth behavior fed 1-2 mg/kg of Cu, as shown by the final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. The feed and protein efficiency ratios were significantly affected by Cu in a dose-dependent manner. The highest level of Cu was accumulated in the whole body, muscle, liver, and gills of fish fed 2 mg/kg of Cu. The carcass composition of Striped catfish showed higher protein content in groups received 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg Cu in a linear and quadratic manner (p=0.001). The ash content was quadratically increased in Striped catfish fed 2 mg/kg Cu (p=0.001). However, no marked effects were observed on the moisture and lipid contents and the somatic indices (p>0.05). The incorporation of Cu showed meaningfully increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased malondialdehyde level in Striped catfish. The villous height exhibited visible growth and branching with increased doses of Cu without a significant increase in the goblet cells. No abnormal features were observed in the liver and hepatocytes of fish treated with Cu. It can be concluded that Cu is required at 1-2 mg/kg for better performances of Striped catfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El-Sharawy
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ali A Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, Sharkia, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Asem A Amer
- Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Passos R, Correia AP, Pires D, Pires P, Ferreira I, Simões M, do Carmo B, Santos P, Pombo A, Afonso C, Baptista T. Potential use of macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Health benefits from a sustainable source. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 119:105-113. [PMID: 34600116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds still possess a large undisclosed potential, mainly due to their constituent's richness, which may have several uses for society. In aquaculture, they may play a role as an ecological sustainable aquafeed supplement to increase overall health and fight pathogenic outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate the general health modulation that the inclusion of Gracilaria gracilis could accomplish in the diet of Dicentrarchus labrax. Dried algae at 2.5% and 5% and algal extract at 0.35% inclusion levels were supplemented to seabass diet to evaluate possible growth, haematological, immunological, antioxidant, metabolic, and intestinal morphological modulations. The supplementations did not impact growth or feed utilization, and barely affected the haematological profile and some metabolic parameters. Nevertheless, it caused a marked outcome on lysozyme, some oxidative stress biomarkers, and intestine morphology, suggesting beneficial consequences from the algal inclusion. Dried algae powder, with a 2.5% inclusion, boosted immune response, with higher plasmatic lysozyme and intestinal acid goblet cells and protected against oxidative damages by improved enzymatic and non-enzymatic responses. Thus, we provide evidence that dietary seaweed application may be a path towards a more sustainable aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Passos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Ana Patrícia Correia
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Damiana Pires
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pires
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Inês Ferreira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Marco Simões
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Beatriz do Carmo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Pombo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 4 - Rua do Conhecimento nº 4 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Clélia Afonso
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 4 - Rua do Conhecimento nº 4 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Baptista
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Edifício CETEMARES, Av. Porto de Pesca, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 4 - Rua do Conhecimento nº 4 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nagappan S, Das P, AbdulQuadir M, Thaher M, Khan S, Mahata C, Al-Jabri H, Vatland AK, Kumar G. Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:1-20. [PMID: 34534593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An increase in fish consumption, combined with a decrease in wild fish harvest, is driving the aquaculture industry at rapid pace. Today, farmed seafood accounts for about half of all global seafood demand for human consumption. As the aquaculture industry continues to grow, so does the market for aquafeed. Currently, some of the feed ingredients are coming from low-value forage fishes (fish meal) and terrestrial plants. The production of fish meal can't be increased as it would affect the sustainability and ecosystem of the ocean. Similarly, increasing the production of terrestrial plant-based feed leads to deforestation and increased freshwater use. Hence, alternative and environmentally sustainable sources of feed ingredients need to be developed. Microalgae biomasses represent potential feed source ingredients as the cell metabolites of these microorganisms contain a blend of essential amino acids, healthy triglycerides as fat, vitamins, and pigments. In addition to serving as bulk ingredient in aquafeed, their unique array of bioactive compounds can increase the survivability of farmed species, improve coloration and quality of fillet. Microalgae has the highest areal biomass productivities among photosynthetic organisms, including fodder crops, and thus has a high commercial potential. Also, microalgal production has a low water and arable-land footprint, making microalgal-based feed environmentally sustainable. This review paper will explore the potential of producing microalgae biomass as an ingredient of aquaculture feed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoc B, Tomson T, Malumba P, Blecker C, Jijakli MH, Purcaro G, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae-based formulations with differentiated fatty acid profiles. Sci Total Environ 2021; 794:148647. [PMID: 34217091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture sector is expanding rapidly and needs an increasing supply of fishery products. To ensure an ecological transition of this sector, alternative feed ingredients are required for fish nutrition. Potential alternatives include insects, particularly the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758), which is being increasingly targeted for their nutritional qualities and their sustainable production practices. BSF have a well-balanced amino acid profile; however, their fatty acid profile is not sufficiently balanced for most aquafeed formulations but can be modulated through their feed. In this study, two different batches of BSF prepupae (BSFP) were firstly produced: BSFP with a standard ω3 content (C18:3n-3 ≈ 1.36%) and ω3-enriched BSFP (C18:3n-3 ≈ 9.67%). Then, three isoproteic, -lipidic and -energetic trout feeds were formulated and produced: one control and two feeds containing 75% BSF meal as a substitute for fish meal (standard vs ω3-enriched-BSF). Finally, a trout feeding trial (n = 3 for each feed batch) in a recirculating aquaculture system was carried out for 75 days. BSFP meal inclusion in trout diets did not impact most nutritional and growth parameters of trout compared to the control; however, the coefficient of fatness increased, weight gain decreased and fatty acid profiles of fillets were altered. In conclusion, this study presents a more sustainable model of trout production by including insects from bioconversion of local byproducts in aquafeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Hoc
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Tomson
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paul Malumba
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (University of Liège), Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dawood MAO, Ali MF, Amer AA, Gewaily MS, Mahmoud MM, Alkafafy M, Assar DH, Soliman AA, Van Doan H. The influence of coconut oil on the growth, immune, and antioxidative responses and the intestinal digestive enzymes and histomorphometry features of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:869-880. [PMID: 33770301 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The trials of finding non-conventional and alternative aquafeed ingredients are increasing. In this sense, this study evaluated the influence of coconut oil on the growth, feed utilization, immune, and antioxidative responses of Nile tilapia. Five test diets were formulated by mixing coconut oil with the other ingredients at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of the total ration and presented for tilapia for 60 successive days. The final weight, SGR, weight gain (WG), and feed intake were superior in fish delivered 2% of coconut oil (P < 0.05). Concurrently, fish that received 2% coconut oil had lower FCR and higher PER than fish of the control and 4% groups (P < 0.05). Higher lipase activity was observed in fish of 2% and 3% levels than the remaining groups (P < 0.05). Besides, the amylase and protease activities of fish in 1%, 2%, and 3% groups were higher than the 0% level (P < 0.05). The total blood cholesterol, RBCs, and PCV showed higher values in Nile tilapia fed 2% and 3% coconut oil (P < 0.05). The lysozyme and phagocytic activities were higher in fish fed 2% and 3% levels than the control (P < 0.05), while the phagocytic index in 2% and 3% levels was higher than 0% and 4% levels. Furthermore, SOD and CAT were higher in fish fed 1%, 2%, and 3% than fish fed 0% and 4% levels while GSH was higher in fish of 1%, 2%, and 3% than fish fed 0% level (P < 0.05). However, the MDA level was markedly lower in fish fed 25, 3%, and 4% coconut oil than the 0% level (P < 0.05). The intestine's histological structure in all groups appeared normal, forming of intestinal villi projecting from the intestinal wall. Also, the structure of the hepatopancreas had a normal architecture in all groups. To sum up, the inclusion of coconut oil at 2 to 3% is recommended as a replacer for fish oil in Nile tilapia diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Ali
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Asem A Amer
- Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, Sharkia, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa H Assar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ali A Soliman
- Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chuphal N, Singha KP, Sardar P, Sahu NP, Shamna N, Kumar V. Scope of Archaea in Fish Feed: a New Chapter in Aquafeed Probiotics? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1668-1695. [PMID: 33821466 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of diseases leading to substantial loss is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Over the last decades, the concept of using feed probiotics was more in focus to address the growth and health of cultivable aquatic organisms. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the distinct functionality of archaea from conventional probiotics in nutrient utilization, specific caloric contribution, evading immune response and processing thermal resistance. The prime limitation of conventional probiotics is the viability of desired microbes under harsh feed processing conditions. To overcome the constraints of commercial probiotics pertaining to incompatibility towards industrial processing procedure, a super microbe, archaea, appears to be a potential alternative approach in aquaculture. The peculiarity of the archaeal cell wall provides them with heat stability and rigidity under industrial processing conditions. Besides, archaea being one of the gut microbial communities participates in various health-oriented biological functions in animals. Thus, the current review devoted that administration of archaea in aquafeed could be a promising strategy in aquaculture. Archaea may be used as a potential probiotic with the possible modes of functions and advantages over conventional probiotics in aquafeed preparation. The present review also provides the challenges associated with the use of archaea for aquaculture and a brief outline of the patents on archaea to highlight the various use of archaea in different sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Chuphal
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Krishna Pada Singha
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA
| | - Parimal Sardar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Naseemashahul Shamna
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alloul A, Muys M, Hertoghs N, Kerckhof FM, Vlaeminck SE. Cocultivating aerobic heterotrophs and purple bacteria for microbial protein in sequential photo- and chemotrophic reactors. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124192. [PMID: 33039841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB) and purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are typically explored as two separate types of microbial protein, yet their properties as respectively a bulk and added-value feed ingredient make them appealing for combined use. The feasibility of cocultivation in a sequential photo- and chemotrophic approach was investigated. First, mapping the chemotrophic growth kinetics for four Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodospirillum species on different carbon sources showed a preference for fructose (µmax 2.4-3.9 d-1 28 °C; protein 36-59%DW). Secondly, a continuous photobioreactor inoculated with Rhodobacter capsulatus (VFA as C-source) delivered the starter culture for an aerobic batch reactor (fructose as C-source). This two-stage system showed an improved nutritional quality compared to AHB production: higher protein content (45-71%DW), more attractive amino/fatty acid profile and contained up to 10% PNSB. The findings strengthen protein production with cocultures and might enable the implementation of the technology for resource recovery on streams such as wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Alloul
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nick Hertoghs
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jang JW, Lee S, Lee BJ, Hur SW, Son MH, Kim KW, Kim KD, Han HS. A comparative study of effects of dietary mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride on growth performance, tissue accumulation, stress and immune responses, and plasma measurements in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Chemosphere 2020; 260:127611. [PMID: 32758780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is known as a highly toxic heavy metal, and its toxicity varies depending on its form due to different toxicokinetics between inorganic and organic Hg. Limited information on comparison of Hg toxicity concerning its chemical form by oral exposure is currently available in cultured fishes. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study to have a better understanding of distinct toxic effects between mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) in Korean rockfish. The 12-weeks dietary exposure of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl with its graded levels (0.4-6.4 ppm) (2 × 5 factorial design) in the young-of-the-year rockfish (initial weight: 82 ± 0.3 g) resulted in neither interactive nor main effects on whole-organism responses, including growth, feed utilization, and survival. However, the distinct pattern of Hg accumulation between the two forms in dorsal muscle, brain, liver and kidney tissues was observed, showing that the rockfish fed the CH3HgCl-contained diets exhibited the dose-dependent accumulation throughout the sampling points (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post feeding), whereas those fed the HgCl2-contained diets did not show such response. The CH3HgCl exposure induced higher oxidative stress and immunotoxicity, reflected by the elevated plasma superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities, respectively. In addition, the CH3HgCl-induced alteration in plasma measurements, including the plasma aspartate transaminase activity and total protein level was found. Taken together, the dietary exposure of methylmercury chloride had more pronounced toxic effects than mercuric chloride in the young-of-year rockfish, needed to be taken into consideration for regulation of maximum allowed levels for Hg by its chemical form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Jang
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea.
| | - Bong-Joo Lee
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Hur
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea
| | - Maeng-Hyun Son
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea
| | - Kang-Woong Kim
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, 37517, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Duck Kim
- Fisheries Research & Development, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gangneung, 25435, South Korea
| | - Hyon-Sob Han
- College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kusan, 54150, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alam MA, Markiewicz-Keszycka M, Pasquet C, Moran F, Cullen PJ, Sullivan C, Casado-Gavalda MP. Elemental analysis of fish feed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta 2020; 219:121258. [PMID: 32887149 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an efficient multi-elemental quantification tool for fish feed is determined. A particular focus of this paper is total chromium, an essential element that has the potential to be toxic and carcinogenic. In total six elements, four macro-elements (Ca, Fe, K and Mg) and two micro-elements (Cr and Rb), were modelled using LIBS spectra of aquafeed samples. Reference analysis was conducted via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and showed good agreement with LIBS predictions. These results provide evidence that LIBS has the potential to be utilized in the field as a real-time screening tool for establishing the elemental composition of a range of fish feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Alam
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland.
| | - Maria Markiewicz-Keszycka
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Camille Pasquet
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Fintan Moran
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Cullen
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl Sullivan
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Maria P Casado-Gavalda
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha St, Dublin 1, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hosseinzadeh Gharajeh N, Valizadeh M, Dorani E, Hejazi MA. Biochemical profiling of three indigenous Dunaliella isolates with main focus on fatty acid composition towards potential biotechnological application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:e00479. [PMID: 32489914 PMCID: PMC7262423 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical composition of native isolates determined their potential application. The isolates tend to store energy and carbon mainly in lipid, not carbohydrate, form. The fatty acid profile of the isolates show appropriate n3:n6 and health lipid indices. Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-B1 and -G2/1 are the proper options for nutraceutical purposes. Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-I1 well suits pharmaceutical and aquaculture application.
This study describes the biochemical composition of three isolates, Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-B1, -G2/1 and -I1 towards the biotechnological potential. Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW- G2/1 and -I1 had a remarkable protein content (∼40% dry weight). Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-I1 contained a pigment fraction of 3.2% largely composed of chlorophyll a (1.9%) and carotenoid (1.1%). Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-B1, -G2/1 and -I1 produced respectively 42, 36 and 47% lipid content. The occurrence of high lipid and low carbohydrate (4–7%) in the isolates demonstrated their cell tendency to store energy and carbon mainly in lipid form. The lipid profile of the isolates expressed adequate n3:n6 ratio and health indices. The biochemical analysis revealed that Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-B1 and -G2/1 have potential applications in the food and freshwater aquafeed sector. While Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-I1 owing to appropriate pigment, protein, and lipid level containing very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids showed a great promise in nutritional, pharmaceutical and marine aquafeed industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Valizadeh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ebrahim Dorani
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Hejazi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Branch for Northwest & West region, Agricultural Biotehnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Horlick J, Booth MA, Tetu SG. Alternative dietary protein and water temperature influence the skin and gut microbial communities of yellowtail kingfish ( Seriola lalandi). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8705. [PMID: 32219022 PMCID: PMC7085898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin and gut microbiomes contribute to host health and growth and are often significantly different in aquaculture-reared fish compared to wild fish. Determining how factors associated with aquaculture, including altered diet and abiotic conditions, affect the microbiome will assist with optimizing farming practices and non-invasively assessing fish health. Here, juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) housed at optimal (22 °C) and non-optimal (26 °C) water temperature were fed a fishmeal control diet or the same diet substituted with 30% soy-protein concentrate (SPC) in order to investigate impacts on host health and the microbial community composition of the skin mucosa, gut mucosa and digesta. Each of these sites was observed to have a distinct microbiome composition. The combination of SPC and housing at 26 °C significantly reduced weight gain in yellowtail kingfish and affected immune parameters. The overall microbial composition and relative abundance of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also significantly altered by inclusion of SPC at 26 °C, with a notable increase in an OTU identified as Photobacterium in the skin mucosa and digesta. Increased relative abundance of Photobacterium sp. was significantly correlated with reduced levels of digesta myeloperoxidase in yellowtail kingfish; a recognized innate immunity defense mechanism. The changes in the microbial communities of yellowtail kingfish fed a diet containing 30% SPC at 26 °C highlights the importance of considering the interactive effects of diet and environmental factors on microbiome health in farmed yellowtail kingfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Horlick
- Department of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Booth
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Nelson Bay, NSW, Australia
| | - Sasha G Tetu
- Department of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bulfon C, Pacorig V, Sarti M, Luzzana U, Galeotti M, Volpatti D. Protec ™ improves innate immune response and specific antibody response against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109885. [PMID: 31307670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protec™ is a commercial aquafeed (Skretting Italia) containing a combination of glucans, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc (immune support pack). No research information concerning its capability to improve fish immune response is available, so in this study the potential immunomodulatory effects of Protec™ were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Head kidney (HK) leukocytes from adult fish (100 g, n = 6) were in vitro incubated with Protec™ immune support pack resulting in significantly higher respiratory burst activity and proliferation. Specifically, sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (160 μg/ml) induced a respiratory burst response similar to that promoted by zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while non-sonicated Protec™ immune support pack induced a response comparable to that of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, the proliferation of leukocytes exposed to sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (20 μg/ml) was significantly higher than that of cells stimulated with zymosan, and it was comparable to the proliferation of cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS. Afterwards, a feeding trial was performed in a rainbow trout farm. Two groups of juvenile rainbow trout (10 g) were acclimated for 7 weeks before the experiment and fed daily with a commercial control diet (Optiline HE, Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day. At the end of acclimation, one group of fish was fed with Protec™ diet (Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day whereas the other group continued to feed the control diet at the same level for further 4 weeks. Then, fish were sampled (HK leukocytes from n = 6 fish/group, serum from n = 12 fish/group) or intraperitoneally vaccinated against lactococcosis (n = 160/dietary group/time point). Fish fed the same diets for further 4 weeks after vaccination, then feeding returned to the control diet in both groups until the end of the trial. The specific antibody response was recorded at 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination (n = 12 fish/group). The administration of Protec™ significantly enhanced the respiratory burst activity of leukocytes and the synthesis of specific IgM against Lactococcus garvieae, whereas the serum lysozyme activity was unaffected. The present research suggests that the administration of Protec™ can improve both innate and adaptive immune response of rainbow trout, proving to be an interesting strategy for enhancing the immune reactivity of fish to vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulfon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pacorig
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leduc A, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Robert M, Corre E, Corguille GL, Castel H, Lefevre-Scelles A, Fournier V, Gisbert E, Andree KB, Henry J. Dietary aquaculture by-product hydrolysates: impact on the transcriptomic response of the intestinal mucosa of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed low fish meal diets. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:396. [PMID: 29793421 PMCID: PMC5968468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaculture production is expected to double by 2030, and demands for aquafeeds and raw materials are expected to increase accordingly. Sustainable growth of aquaculture will require the development of highly nutritive and functional raw materials to efficiently replace fish meal. Enzymatic hydrolysis of marine and aquaculture raw materials could bring new functionalities to finished products. The aim of this study was to determine the zootechnical and transcriptomic performances of protein hydrolysates of different origins (tilapia, shrimp, and a combination of the two) in European seabass (Dicentrarchux labrax) fed a low fish meal diet (5%), for 65 days. Results Results were compared to a positive control fed with 20% of fish meal. Growth performances, anterior intestine histological organization and transcriptomic responses were monitored and analyzed. Dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates in the low fish meal diet restored similar growth performances to those of the positive control. Inclusion of dietary shrimp hydrolysate resulted in larger villi and more goblet cells, even better than the positive control. Transcriptomic analysis of the anterior intestine showed that dietary hydrolysate inclusion restored a pattern of intestinal gene expression very close to the pattern of the positive control. However, as compared to the low fish meal diet and depending on their origin, the different hydrolysates did not modulate metabolic pathways in the same way. Dietary shrimp hydrolysate inclusion modulated more metabolic pathways related to immunity, while nutritional metabolism was more impacted by dietary tilapia hydrolysate. Interestingly, the combination of the two hydrolysates enhanced the benefits of hydrolysate inclusion in diets: more genes and metabolic pathways were regulated by the combined hydrolysates than by each hydrolysate tested independently. Conclusions Protein hydrolysates manufactured from aquaculture by-products are promising candidates to help replace fish meal in aquaculture feeds without disrupting animal metabolism and performances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4780-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leduc
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France.,Aquativ (DianaAqua, Symrise Group), Elven, France
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France
| | - Marie Robert
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Hélène Castel
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Lefevre-Scelles
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratoire Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | | | - Enric Gisbert
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Joël Henry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UA, CNRS, IRD, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, 14032, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vizcaíno AJ, Rodiles A, López G, Sáez MI, Herrera M, Hachero I, Martínez TF, Cerón-García MC, Alarcón FJ. Growth performance, body composition, and digestive functionality of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) juveniles fed diets including microalgae freeze-dried biomass. Fish Physiol Biochem 2018; 44:661-677. [PMID: 29354886 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Senegalese sole is one of the most promising fish species cultivated in the Southern European countries. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of microalgae biomass added to diets for Senegalese sole juveniles on fish growing and condition status. Three isoproteic (52%) and isolipidic (10%) were formulated containing 15% Tisochrysis lutea (TISO), Nannochloropsis gaditana (NAN), or Scenedesmus almeriensis (SCE) biomass, respectively. An experimental microalgae-free diet (CT) and a commercial diet (COM) were used as controls. Fish were fed at 3% of their body weight for 85 days. Final body weight of fish fed microalgae-supplemented diets did not differ from group fed CT diet. Fish-fed CT, TISO, NAN, and SCE showed higher growth performance and nutrient utilization figures than specimen-fed COM diet. The highest carcass lipid content was found in COM group (141 g kg-1), and no differences were observed in body protein content. Ash was significantly higher in TISO, NAN, and SCE groups compared to fish-fed CT. Muscle EPA and DHA contents were not modified owing to the different dietary treatments. The n3/n6 and EPA/DHA ratios in muscle were similar in all the experimental groups. The quantification of digestive proteolytic activities did not differ among experimental groups, although differences in the protease pattern in digestive extracts by zymography were revealed in those fish fed on COM diet. Both α-amylase activity in the intestinal lumen and leucine aminopeptidase in the intestinal tissue were significantly lower in COM fish. Specimens fed on SCE diet showed a higher leucine aminopeptidase activity associated to the intestinal tissue compared to NAN-fed fish (0.40 and 0.25 U g tissue-1, respectively). The ultrastructural study revealed that the dietary inclusion of algal biomass, especially T. lutea and N. gaditana, had a positive impact on the absorptive capacity of the intestinal mucosa. The highest values for the parameters microvilli length and microvilli absorption surface were observed in fish fed on NAN diet (1.99 μm and 45.93 μm2, respectively). Even though further studies aimed at optimizing commercial formulas for Senegalese sole are required prior to any large-scale practical utilization, the results obtained clearly suggest the potential of microalgae as dietary ingredients for this fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A Rodiles
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - G López
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M I Sáez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M Herrera
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, Huelva, Spain
| | - I Hachero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - T F Martínez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M C Cerón-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CITE II-A, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - F Javier Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bou M, Berge GM, Baeverfjord G, Sigholt T, Østbye TK, Ruyter B. Low levels of very-long-chain n-3 PUFA in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) diet reduce fish robustness under challenging conditions in sea cages. J Nutr Sci 2017; 6:e32. [PMID: 29152236 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the minimum requirements of the essential n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that can secure their health under challenging conditions in sea cages. Individually tagged Atlantic salmon were fed 2, 10 and 17 g/kg of EPA + DHA from 400 g until slaughter size (about 3·5 kg). The experimental fish reared in sea cages were subjected to the challenging conditions typically experienced under commercial production. Salmon receiving the lowest EPA + DHA levels showed lower growth rates in the earlier life stages, but no significant difference in final weights at slaughter. The fatty acid composition of various tissues and organs had remarkably changed. The decreased EPA + DHA in the different tissue membrane phospholipids were typically replaced by pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids, most markedly in the skin. The EPA + DHA levels were maintained at a higher level in the liver and erythrocytes than in the muscle, intestine and skin. After delousing at high water temperatures, the mortality rates were 63, 52 and 16 % in the salmon fed 2, 10 and 17 g/kg EPA + DHA. Low EPA + DHA levels also increased the liver, intestinal and visceral fat amount, reduced intervertebral space and caused mid-intestinal hyper-vacuolisation. Thus, 10 g/kg EPA + DHA in the Atlantic salmon diet, a level previously regarded as sufficient, was found to be too low to maintain fish health under demanding environmental conditions in sea cages.
Collapse
Key Words
- ARA, arachidonic acid
- Aquafeed
- DHA
- EFA, essential fatty acid
- EPA
- Essential fatty acids
- Fish nutritional requirements
- NL, neutral lipid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PL, phospholipid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- VLC, very-long-chain
- VO, vegetable oil
Collapse
|
28
|
de Gelder S, van Och L, Zethof J, Pelgrim TNM, Rasinger JD, Flik G, Berntssen MHG, Klaren PHM. Uptake of benzo[a]pyrene, but not of phenanthrene, is inhibited by fatty acids in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:1-8. [PMID: 28216010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Partial replacement of fish ingredients with vegetable ingredients has elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atlantic salmon reared on these feeds. PAH uptake in the intestinal tract is postulated to occur in association with lipid absorption and could well be affected by fatty acid composition. We therefore investigated the effects of a fish oil and vegetable oil fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) respectively, on the uptake of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (PHE) across the intestinal brush border membrane in the salmonid species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BaP and PHE were solubilized in mixed micelles composed of either EPA or oleic acid and administrated to isolated brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) derived from the pyloric caeca, proximal intestine and distal intestine. In the absence of free fatty acids (FFA) trans-membrane uptake of BaP and PHE was 2-7 times lower than the fraction associated to or in the membrane. In the presence of FFA, trans-membrane BaP uptake had decreased by 80 and 40% at the highest EPA and oleic acid concentration, respectively, whereas PHE uptake was virtually unaffected. In the presence of BaP, but not PHE, trans-membrane EPA uptake in BBMV had decreased. This study obtained evidence for PAH-dependent interactions with FFA uptake. We conclude that intestinal BaP uptake is reduced by luminal FFA contents whereas PHE uptake is not. A large fraction of the administrated BaP and PHE remains associated with the cellular membrane of enterocytes and may interfere with uptake of nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Gelder
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Liselot van Och
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Zethof
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamar N M Pelgrim
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gert Flik
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter H M Klaren
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|