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Shin JH, Jeong SB, Kim IH, Lee SY, Hwang GB, Park I, Heo KJ, Jung JH. Performance comparison of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy with visible-light-activated organic dyes: Rose bengal, crystal violet, methylene blue, and toluidine blue O. Environ Res 2023; 238:117159. [PMID: 37722581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the photobiocidal performance of four widely distributed visible-light-activated (VLA) dyes against two bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) and two bacteriophages (phages MS2 and phi 6): rose bengal (RB), crystal violet, methylene blue, and toluidine blue O (TBO). The photobiocidal performance of each dye depended on the relationship between the type of dye and microorganism. Gram-negative E. coli and the non-enveloped structure of phage MS2 showed more resistance to the photobiocidal reaction than Gram-positive S. epidermidis and the enveloped structure of phage phi 6. RB had the highest potential to yield reactive oxygen species. However, the photobiocidal performance of RB was dependent on the magnitude of the surface charge of the microorganisms; for example, anionic RB induced a negative surface charge and thus electrical repulsion. On the other hand, the photobiocidal performance of TBO was observed to be less affected by the microorganism type. The comparative results presented in our study have significant implications for selecting photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) dyes suitable for specific situations and purposes. Furthermore, they contribute to the advancement of PACT-related technologies by enhancing their applicability and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hak Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea; Indoor Environment Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Material Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Inyong Park
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joon Heo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Heo KJ, Lee DU, Shin JH, Park J, Lee BJ, Shin J, Jeong SB, Hwang GB, MacRobert AJ, Parkin IP, Jung JH, Choi DY. Transparent, Robust, and Photochemical Antibacterial Surface Based on Hydrogen Bonding between a Si-Al and Cationic Dye. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:53285-53297. [PMID: 36395463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections can occur and spread through direct contact with contaminated fomites in a hospital, such as mobile phones, tablets, computer keyboards, doorknobs, and other surfaces. Herein, this study shows a transparent, robust, and visible light-activated antibacterial surface based on hydrogen bonds between a transparent silica-alumina (Si-Al) sol-gel and a visible light-activated photosensitizer, such as crystal violet (CV). The study of the bonding mechanisms revealed that hydrogen bonding predominantly occurs between the N of CV and Al-OH. Apart from CV, Si-Al can be combined with a variety of dyes, highlighting its potential for wide application. The Si-Al@CV film selectively generates singlet oxygen using ambient visible light, triggering potent photochemical antibacterial performance against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the Si-Al@CV film is stable even after mechanical stability tests such as tape adhesion, scratch, bending, and water immersion. In vitro cytotoxicity tests using C2C12 myoblast cells showed that the Si-Al@CV film is a biocompatible material. This work suggests a new approach for designing a transparent and robust touchscreen surface with photochemical antibacterial capability against healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, LondonWC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hak Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghun Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jin Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, LondonWC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, LondonWC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Campus, LondonNW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, LondonWC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon38822, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jeong SB, Lee DU, Lee BJ, Heo KJ, Kim DW, Hwang GB, MacRobert AJ, Shin JH, Ko HS, Park SK, Oh YS, Kim SJ, Lee DY, Lee SB, Park I, Kim SB, Han B, Jung JH, Choi DY. Photobiocidal-triboelectric nanolayer coating of photosensitizer/silica-alumina for reusable and visible-light-driven antibacterial/antiviral air filters. Chem Eng J 2022; 440:135830. [PMID: 35313452 PMCID: PMC8926436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of airborne pathogens pose a major threat to public health. Here we present a single-step nanocoating process to endow commercial face mask filters with photobiocidal activity, triboelectric filtration capability, and washability. These functions were successfully achieved with a composite nanolayer of silica-alumina (Si-Al) sol-gel, crystal violet (CV) photosensitizer, and hydrophobic electronegative molecules of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES). The transparent Si-Al matrix strongly immobilized the photosensitizer molecules while dispersing them spatially, thus suppressing self-quenching. During nanolayer formation, PFOTES was anisotropically rearranged on the Si-Al matrix, promoting moisture resistance and triboelectric charging of the Si-Al/PFOTES-CV (SAPC)-coated filter. The SAPC nanolayer stabilized the photoexcited state of the photosensitizer and promoted redox reaction. Compared to pure-photosensitizer-coated filters, the SAPC filter showed substantially higher photobiocidal efficiency (∼99.99 % for bacteria and a virus) and photodurability (∼83 % reduction in bactericidal efficiency for the pure-photosensitizer filter but ∼0.34 % for the SAPC filter after 72 h of light irradiation). Moreover, after five washes with detergent, the SAPC filter maintained its photobiocidal and filtration performance, proving its reusability potential. Therefore, this SAPC nanolayer coating provides a practical strategy for manufacturing an antimicrobial and reusable mask filter for use during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Lee
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jin Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joon Heo
- Material Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Material Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Hak Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kye Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Suk Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - See Jo Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Park
- Department of Environmental Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bok Kim
- Department of Environmental Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Bangwoo Han
- Department of Environmental Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea
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Park S, Huo J, Shin J, Heo KJ, Kalmoni JJ, Sathasivam S, Hwang GB, Carmalt CJ. Production of an EP/PDMS/SA/AlZnO Coated Superhydrophobic Surface through an Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Process. Langmuir 2022; 38:7825-7832. [PMID: 35696726 PMCID: PMC9245182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a superhydrophobic coating on glass has been prepared through a single-step aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) process. During the process, an aerosolized precursor containing polydimethylsiloxane, epoxy resin, and stearic acid functionalized Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles was deposited onto the glass at 350 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy showed that the precursor was successfully coated and formed a nano/microstructure (surface roughness: 378.0 ± 46.1 nm) on the glass surface. The coated surface had a water contact angle of 159.1 ± 1.2°, contact angle hysteresis of 2.2 ± 1.7°, and rolling off-angle of 1°, indicating that it was superhydrophobic. In the self-cleaning test of the coated surface at a tilted angle of 20°, it was shown that water droplets rolled and washed out dirt on the surface. The stability tests showed that the surface remained superhydrophobic after 120 h of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and even after heat exposure at 350 °C. In addition, the surface was highly repellent to water solutions of pH 1-13. The results showed that the addition of the functionalized nanoparticles into the precursor allowed for the control of surface roughness and provided a simplified single-step fabrication process of the superhydrophobic surface. This provides valuable information for developing the manufacturing process for superhydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeok Park
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jiatong Huo
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ki Joon Heo
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Jalila Kalmoni
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjayan Sathasivam
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Rd, London SE1 0AA, United
Kingdom
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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5
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Alotaibi AM, Promdet P, Hwang GB, Li J, Nair SP, Sathasivam S, Kafizas A, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IP. Zn and N Codoped TiO 2 Thin Films: Photocatalytic and Bactericidal Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:10480-10489. [PMID: 33595295 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore a series of Zn and N codoped TiO2 thin films grown using chemical vapor deposition. Films were prepared with various concentrations of Zn (0.4-2.9 at. % Zn vs Ti), and their impact on superoxide formation, photocatalytic activity, and bactericidal properties were determined. Superoxide (O2•-) formation was assessed using a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium sodium salt (XTT) as an indicator, photocatalytic activity was determined from the degradation of stearic acid under UVA light, and bactericidal activity was assessed using a Gram-negative bacterium E. coli under both UVA and fluorescent light (similar to what is found in a clinical environment). The 0.4% Zn,N:TiO2 thin film demonstrated the highest formal quantum efficiency in degrading stearic acid (3.3 × 10-5 molecules·photon-1), while the 1.0% Zn,N:TiO2 film showed the highest bactericidal activity under both UVA and fluorescent light conditions (>3 log kill). The enhanced efficiency of the films was correlated with increased charge carrier lifetime, supported by transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alotaibi
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- The National Centre for Building and Construction Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442-6086, Saudi Arabia
| | - Premrudee Promdet
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Jianwei Li
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, U.K
| | - Sanjayan Sathasivam
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Andreas Kafizas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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6
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Heo KJ, Jeong SB, Shin J, Hwang GB, Ko HS, Kim Y, Choi DY, Jung JH. Water-Repellent TiO 2-Organic Dye-Based Air Filters for Efficient Visible-Light-Activated Photochemical Inactivation against Bioaerosols. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1576-1583. [PMID: 33275432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bioaerosols, including the 2019 novel coronavirus, pose a serious threat to global public health. Herein, we introduce a visible-light-activated (VLA) antimicrobial air filter functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO2)-crystal violet (CV) nanocomposites facilitating abandoned visible light from sunlight or indoor lights. The TiO2-CV based VLA antimicrobial air filters exhibit a potent inactivation rate of ∼99.98% and filtration efficiency of ∼99.9% against various bioaerosols. Under visible-light, the CV is involved in overall inactivation by inducing reactive oxygen species production both directly (CV itself) and indirectly (in combination with TiO2). Moreover, the susceptibility of the CV to humidity was significantly improved by forming a hydrophobic molecular layer on the TiO2 surface, highlighting its potential applicability in real environments such as exhaled or humid air. We believe this work can open a new avenue for designing and realizing practical antimicrobial technology using ubiquitous visible-light energy against the threat of infectious bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Sik Ko
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsang Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, KITECH, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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7
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Patir A, Hwang GB, Lourenco C, Nair SP, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IP. Crystal Violet-Impregnated Slippery Surface to Prevent Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:5478-5485. [PMID: 33492929 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms which are self-organized communities can contaminate various infrastructural systems. Preventing bacterial adhesion on surfaces is more desirable than cleaning or disinfection of bacteria-contaminated surfaces. In this study, a 24 h bacterial adhesion test showed that "slippery surfaces" had increased resistance to bacterial contamination compared to polydimethylsiloxane and superhydrophobic surfaces. However, it did not completely inhibit bacterial attachment, indicating that it only retards surface contamination by bacteria. Hence, a strategy of killing bacteria with minimal bacterial adhesion was developed. A crystal violet-impregnated slippery (CVIS) surface with bactericidal and slippery features was produced through a simple dipping process. The CVIS surface had a very smooth and lubricated surface that was highly repellent to water and blood contamination. Bactericidal tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed that the CVIS surface exhibited bactericidal activity in dark and also showed significantly enhanced bactericidal activity (>3 log reduction in bacteria number) in white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Patir
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Claudio Lourenco
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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8
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Hwang GB, Wu G, Shin J, Panariello L, Sebastian V, Karu K, Allan E, Gavriilidis A, Parkin IP. Continuous Single-Phase Synthesis of [Au 25(Cys) 18] Nanoclusters and their Photobactericidal Enhancement. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:49021-49029. [PMID: 33073567 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thiolate-gold nanoclusters have various applications. However, most of the synthesis methods require prolonged synthesis times from several hours to days. In the present study, we report a rapid synthesis method for [Au25(Cys)18] nanoclusters and their application for photobactericidal enhancement. For [Au25(Cys)18] synthesis, we employed a tube-in-tube membrane reactor using CO as a reducing agent at elevated temperatures. This approach allows continuous generation of high-quality [Au25(Cys)18] within 3 min. Photobactericidal tests against Staphylococcus aureus showed that crystal violet-treated polymer did not have photobactericidal activity, but addition of [Au25(Cys)18] in the treated polymer demonstrated a potent photobactericidal activity at a low white light flux, resulting in >4.29 log reduction in viable bacteria numbers. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies demonstrated that after light irradiation, photoexcited electrons in crystal violet flowed to [Au25(Cys)18] in the silicone, suggesting that redox reaction from [Au25(Cys)18] enhanced the photobactericidal activity. Stability tests revealed that leaching of crystal violet and [Au25(Cys)18] from the treated silicone was negligible and cyclic testing showed that the silicone maintained a strong photobactericidal activity after repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gaowei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Aragón Materials Science Institute, ICMA, CSIC and Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kersti Karu
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Hwang GB, Huang H, Wu G, Shin J, Kafizas A, Karu K, Toit HD, Alotaibi AM, Mohammad-Hadi L, Allan E, MacRobert AJ, Gavriilidis A, Parkin IP. Photobactericidal activity activated by thiolated gold nanoclusters at low flux levels of white light. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1207. [PMID: 32139700 PMCID: PMC7057968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a major threat to the practice of modern medicine. Photobactericidal agents have obtained significant attention as promising candidates to kill bacteria, and they have been extensively studied. However, to obtain photobactericidal activity, an intense white light source or UV-activation is usually required. Here we report a photobactericidal polymer containing crystal violet (CV) and thiolated gold nanocluster ([Au25(Cys)18]) activated at a low flux levels of white light. It was shown that the polymer encapsulated with CV do not have photobactericidal activity under white light illumination of an average 312 lux. However, encapsulation of [Au25(Cys)18] and CV into the polymer activates potent photobactericidal activity. The study of the photobactericidal mechanism shows that additional encapsulation of [Au25(Cys)18] into the CV treated polymer promotes redox reactions through generation of alternative electron transfer pathways, while it reduces photochemical reaction type-ІІ pathways resulting in promotion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Gaowei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Juhun Shin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Andreas Kafizas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK
- Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Hendrik Du Toit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Abdullah M Alotaibi
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Layla Mohammad-Hadi
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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10
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Patir A, Hwang GB, Nair SP, Allan E, Parkin IP. Photobactericidal Activity of Dual Dyes Encapsulated in Silicone Enhanced by Silver Nanoparticles. ACS Omega 2018; 3:6779-6786. [PMID: 30023960 PMCID: PMC6045333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) dyes with silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were encapsulated into silicone to produce light-activated antimicrobial surfaces. Optical microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that CV and MB were diffused throughout the silicone samples and that Ag NPs were successfully encapsulated by the swell-encapsulation-shrink process. Antimicrobial tests on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that CV/MB-encapsulated silicone samples have stronger photobactericidal activity than CV or MB samples and the addition of Ag NPs significantly enhanced the antimicrobial activity under white light. The number of viable bacteria decreased below the detection limit (below <103 CFU) on the silicone-incorporating CV/MB/Ag NPs within 3 h for S. aureus and within 5 h for E. coli. In leaching tests over 216 h, the amount of dye leaching from the samples was barely detectable (<0.02 ppm). These surfaces have a potential for use in healthcare settings to decrease hospital-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Patir
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P. Nair
- Department
of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department
of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are present in nature on the leaves of many plant species. Water rolls on these surfaces, and the rolling motion picks up particles including bacteria and viruses. Man-made superhydrophobic surfaces have been made in an effort to reduce biofouling. We show here that the anti-biofouling property of a superhydrophobic surface is due to an entrapped air-bubble layer that reduces contact between the bacteria and the surface. Further, we showed that prolonged immersion of superhydrophobic surfaces in water led to loss of the bubble-layer and subsequent bacterial adhesion that unexpectedly exceeded that of the control materials. This behavior was not restricted to one particular type of material but was evident on different types of superhydrophobic surfaces. This work is important in that it suggests that superhydrophobic surfaces may actually encourage bacterial adhesion during longer term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Patir
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute , University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road , London WC1X 8LD , United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute , University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road , London WC1X 8LD , United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
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12
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Peveler WJ, Noimark S, Al-Azawi H, Hwang GB, Crick CR, Allan E, Edel JB, Ivanov AP, MacRobert AJ, Parkin IP. Covalently Attached Antimicrobial Surfaces Using BODIPY: Improving Efficiency and Effectiveness. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:98-104. [PMID: 29210273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoactivated antimicrobial surfaces that kill pathogens through the production of singlet oxygen has proved very effective in recent years, with applications in medical devices and hospital touch surfaces, to improve patient safety and well being. However, many of these surfaces require a swell-encapsulation-shrink strategy to incorporate the photoactive agents in a polymer matrix, and this is resource intensive, given that only the surface fraction of the agent is active against bacteria. Furthermore, there is a risk that the agent will leach from the polymer and thus raises issues of biocompatibility and patient safety. Here, we describe a more efficient method of fabricating a silicone material with a covalently attached monolayer of photoactivating agent that uses heavy-atom triplet sensitization for improved singlet oxygen generation and corresponding antimicrobial activity. We use boron-dipyrromethane with a reactive end group and incorporated Br atoms, covalently attached to poly(dimethylsiloxane). We demonstrate the efficacy of this material in producing singlet oxygen and killing Staphylococcus aureus and suggest how it might be easily modifiable for future antimicrobial surface development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Peveler
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Sacha Noimark
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Hassan Al-Azawi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Colin R Crick
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Elaine Allan
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, U.K
| | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Aleksandar P Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Department of Nanotechnology, Royal Free Campus, University College London , Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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13
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Hwang GB, Patir A, Allan E, Nair SP, Parkin IP. Superhydrophobic and White Light-Activated Bactericidal Surface through a Simple Coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:29002-29009. [PMID: 28758725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion and proliferation on surfaces are a challenge in medical and industrial fields. Here, a simple one-step technique is reported to fabricate self-cleaning and bactericidal surfaces. White, blue, and violet paints were produced using titanium dioxide nanoparticles, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, crystal violet, toluidine Blue O, and ethanol solution. All of the painted surfaces showed superhydrophobicity in air, and even after hexadecane oil contamination, they retained water repellency and self-cleaning properties. In an assay of bacterial adhesion, significant reductions (>99.8%) in the number of adherent bacteria were observed for all the painted surfaces. In bactericidal tests, the painted surfaces not only demonstrated bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the dark but also induced very potent photosensitization (>4.4 log reduction in the number of viable bacteria on the violet painted surface) under white light illumination. The technique that we developed here is general and can be used on a wide range of substrates such as paper, glass, polymers, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Patir
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Hwang GB, Patir A, Page K, Lu Y, Allan E, Parkin IP. Buoyancy increase and drag-reduction through a simple superhydrophobic coating. Nanoscale 2017; 9:7588-7594. [PMID: 28537617 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00950j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A superhydrophobic paint was fabricated using 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES), TiO2 nanoparticles and ethanol. The paint has potential for aquatic application of a superhydrophobic coating as it induces increased buoyancy and drag reduction. Buoyance testing showed that the reduction of surface energy by superhydrophobic coating made it feasible that glass, a high density material, was supported by the surface tension of water. In a miniature boat sailing test, it was shown that the low energy surface treatment decreased the adhesion of water molecules to the surface of the boat resulting in a reduction of the drag force. Additionally, a robust superhydrophobic surface was fabricated through layer-by-layer coating using adhesive double side tape and the paint, and after a 100 cm abrasion test with sand paper, the surface still retained its water repellency, enhanced buoyancy and drag reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Crystal violet (CV) was incorporated into acrylic latex to produce white-light-activated antimicrobial paint (WLAAP). Measurement of the water contact angle of the WLAAP showed that the water contact angle increased with increasing CV concentration. In a leaching test over 120 h, the amount of CV that leached from the WLAAPs was close to the detection limit (<0.03%). The WLAAPs were used to coat samples of polyurethane, and these showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli, which is a key causative agent of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). A reduction in the numbers of viable bacteria was observed on the painted coated polyurethane after 6 h in the dark, and the bactericidal activity increased with increasing CV concentration (P < 0.1). After 6 h of white light exposure, all of coated polyurethanes demonstrated a potent photobactericidal activity, and it was statistically confirmed that the WLAAP showed better activity in white light than in the dark (P < 0.05). At the highest CV concentration, the numbers of viable bacteria fell below the detection limit (<10(3) CFU/mL) after 6 h of white light exposure. The difference in antimicrobial activity between the materials in the light and dark was 0.48 log at CV 250 ppm, and it increased by 0.43 log at each increment of CV 250 ppm. The difference was the highest (>1.8 log) at the highest CV concentration (1000 ppm). These WLAAPs are promising candidates for use in healthcare facilities to reduce HAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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16
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Hwang GB, Noimark S, Page K, Sehmi S, Macrobert AJ, Allan E, Parkin IP. White light-activated antimicrobial surfaces: effect of nanoparticles type on activity. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2199-2207. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Toluidine blue O (TBO) dye together with either silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), gold (Au) NPs, or a mixture of Ag and Au NPs (Mix Ag–Au NPs) were incorporated into polyurethane to make antimicrobial surfaces using a swell-encapsulation-shrink process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Sacha Noimark
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Sandeep Sehmi
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Alexander J. Macrobert
- National Medical Laser Centre
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
- Royal Free Campus
- London
- UK
| | - Elaine Allan
- Division of Microbial Diseases
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- University College London
- London WC1X 8LD
- UK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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17
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Hwang GB, Sim KM, Bae GN, Jung JH. Synthesis of hybrid carbon nanotube structures coated with Sophora flavescens nanoparticles and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. J Aerosol Sci 2015; 86:44-54. [PMID: 32226126 PMCID: PMC7094255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling airborne microorganisms has become increasingly important with increase in human indoor activities, epidemic disease outbreaks, and airborne pathogen transmission. Treatments using antimicrobial nanoparticles have shown promise because of the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles compared to their bulk counterparts, and their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, hybrid nanostructures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with antimicrobial, natural product (NP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a twin-head electrospray system (THES). The coated nanoparticles were then used in antimicrobial air filters to increase their antimicrobial efficiency. Electrosprayed droplets were converted to NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs through ethanol evaporation. Oppositely charged NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs were coagulated via Coulombic collisions to form hybrid nanoparticles that were deposited continuously onto an air filter medium. The size distribution and composition of the hybrid NP/MWCNT particles were characterized using a wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The concentration of hybrid NP/MWCNT nanoparticles was lower than that of NP nanoparticles but higher than that of MWCNTs and showed a bimodal size distribution with peak diameters of 21.1 and 49 nm. TEM analyses confirmed that the NP nanoparticles were attached to the MWCNT surface with a density of ~4-9 particles/MWCNT. When deposited onto the filter medium, NP/MWCNT particles formed dendrites on the filter׳s fiber surface. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the NP/MWCNT-coated filters were higher than those of pristine, NP nanoparticles-coated or MWCNTs-coated filters. The hybrid filter also exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than those of NP or MWCNT-coated filters at identical deposited volumes (1.1×10-2 cm3/cm2 filter). Ninety-five percent of the tested bacterial aerosols were inactivated on the NP/MWCNTs filter while only <70% were inactivated on NP- or MWCNT-coated filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoung Mi Sim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hwang GB, Heo KJ, Yun JH, Lee JE, Lee HJ, Nho CW, Bae GN, Jung JH. Antimicrobial Air Filters Using Natural Euscaphis japonica Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126481. [PMID: 25974109 PMCID: PMC4431859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling bioaerosols has become more important with increasing participation in indoor activities. Treatments using natural-product nanomaterials are a promising technique because of their relatively low toxicity compared to inorganic nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes. In this study, antimicrobial filters were fabricated from natural Euscaphis japonica nanoparticles, which were produced by nebulizing E. japonica extract. The coated filters were assessed in terms of pressure drop, antimicrobial activity, filtration efficiency, major chemical components, and cytotoxicity. Pressure drop and antimicrobial activity increased as a function of nanoparticle deposition time (590, 855, and 1150 µg/cm2(filter) at 3-, 6-, and 9-min depositions, respectively). In filter tests, the antimicrobial efficacy was greater against Staphylococcus epidermidis than Micrococcus luteus; ~61, ~73, and ~82% of M. luteus cells were inactivated on filters that had been coated for 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively, while the corresponding values were ~78, ~88, and ~94% with S. epidermidis. Although statistically significant differences in filtration performance were not observed between samples as a function of deposition time, the average filtration efficacy was slightly higher for S. epidermidis aerosols (~97%) than for M. luteus aerosols (~95%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) analyses confirmed that the major chemical compounds in the E. japonica extract were 1(ß)-O-galloyl pedunculagin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside. In vitro cytotoxicity and disk diffusion tests showed that E. japonica nanoparticles were less toxic and exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity toward some bacterial strains than a reference soluble nickel compound, which is classified as a human carcinogen. This study provides valuable information for the development of a bioaerosol control system that is environmental friendly and suitable for use in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ki Joon Heo
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Yun
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Han-River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Yangseo-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Lee
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi- Nam Bae
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sim KM, Kim KH, Hwang GB, Seo S, Bae GN, Jung JH. Development and evaluation of antimicrobial activated carbon fiber filters using Sophora flavescens nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 2014; 493:291-297. [PMID: 24951887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters have a wide range of applications, including air purification, dehumidification, and water purification, due to their large specific surface area, high adsorption capacity and rate, and specific surface reactivity. However, when airborne microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi adhere to the carbon substrate, ACF filters can become a source of microbial contamination, and their filter efficacy declines. Antimicrobial treatments are a promising means of preventing ACF bio-contamination. In this study, we demonstrate the use of Sophora flavescens in antimicrobial nanoparticles coated onto ACF filters. The particles were prepared using an aerosol process consisting of nebulization-thermal drying and particle deposition. The extract from S. flavescens is an effective, natural antimicrobial agent that exhibits antibacterial activity against various pathogens. The efficiency of Staphylococcus epidermidis inactivation increased with the concentration of S. flavescens nanoparticles in the ACF filter coating. The gas adsorption efficiency of the coated antimicrobial ACF filters was also evaluated using toluene. The toluene-removal capacity of the ACF filters remained unchanged while the antimicrobial activity was over 90% for some nanoparticle concentrations. Our results provide a scientific basis for controlling both bioaerosol and gaseous pollutants using antimicrobial ACF filters coated with S. flavescens nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Sim
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - SungChul Seo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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20
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Chong ES, Hwang GB, Nho CW, Kwon BM, Lee JE, Seo S, Bae GN, Jung JH. Antimicrobial durability of air filters coated with airborne Sophora flavescens nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 2013; 444:110-114. [PMID: 23262327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Airborne biological particles containing viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi can be toxic and cause infections and allergy symptoms. Recently, natural materials such as tea tree oil and Sophora flavescens have shown promising antimicrobial activity when applied as air filter media. Although many of these studies demonstrated excellent antimicrobial efficacy, only a few of them considered external environmental effects such as the surrounding humidity, temperature, and natural degradation of chemicals, all of which can affect the antimicrobial performance of these natural materials. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial durability of air filters containing airborne nanoparticles from S. flavescens for 5 months. Antimicrobial tests and quantitative chemical analyses were performed every 30 days. Morphological changes in the nanoparticles were also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The major antimicrobial compounds remained stable and active for ~90 days at room temperature. After about 90 days, the quantities of major antimicrobial compounds decreased noticeably with a consequent decrease in antimicrobial activity. These results are promising for the implementation of new technologies using natural antimicrobial products and provide useful information regarding the average life expectancy of antimicrobial filters using nanoparticles of S. flavescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Seok Chong
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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21
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Hwang GB, Lee JE, Nho CW, Lee BU, Lee SJ, Jung JH, Bae GN. Short-term effect of humid airflow on antimicrobial air filters using Sophora flavescens nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 2012; 421-422:273-279. [PMID: 22369866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols have received social and scientific attention because they can be hazardous to human health. Recently, antimicrobial treatments using natural products have been used to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) since they are typically less toxic to humans compared to other antimicrobial substances such as silver, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides. Few studies, however, have examined how environmental conditions such as the relative humidity (RH), surrounding temperature, and retention time of bacteria on filters affect the filtration and antimicrobial characteristics of a filter treated with such natural products. In this study, we investigated changes in the morphology of the natural nanoparticles, pressure drop, filtration efficiency, and the inactivation rate caused by the short-term effect of humid airflow on antimicrobial fiber filters. Nanoparticles of Sophora flavescens were deposited on the filter media surface using an aerosol process. We observed coalescence and morphological changes of the nanoparticles on fiber filters under humid conditions of an RH >50%. The level of coalescence in these nanoparticles increased with increasing RH. Filters exposed to an RH of 25% have a higher pressure drop than those exposed to an RH >50%. In an inactivation test against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial aerosol, the inactivation efficiency at an RH of 25% was higher than that at an RH of 57% or 82%. To effectively apply antimicrobial filters using natural products in the environment, one must characterize the filters under various environmental conditions. Thus, this study provides important information on the use of antimicrobial filters made of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Environmental Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Jung JH, Hwang GB, Lee JE, Bae GN. Preparation of airborne Ag/CNT hybrid nanoparticles using an aerosol process and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. Langmuir 2011; 27:10256-64. [PMID: 21751779 DOI: 10.1021/la201851r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their unique structure and excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Additionally, silver (Ag) nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum biocidal activity toward many different bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In this study, we prepared Ag-coated CNT hybrid nanoparticles (Ag/CNTs) using aerosol nebulization and thermal evaporation/condensation processes and tested their usefulness for antimicrobial air filtration. Droplets were generated from a CNT suspension using a six-jet collison nebulizer, passed through a diffusion dryer to remove moisture, and entered a thermal tube furnace where silver nanoparticles were generated by thermal evaporation/condensation at ∼980 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The CNT and Ag nanoparticle aerosols mixed together and attached to each other, forming Ag/CNTs. For physicochemical characterization, the Ag/CNTs were introduced into a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) for size distribution measurements and were sampled by the nanoparticle sampler for morphological and elemental analyses. For antimicrobial air filtration applications, the airborne Ag/CNT particles generated were deposited continuously onto an air filter medium. Physical characteristics (fiber morphology, pressure drop, and filtration efficiency) and biological characteristics (antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bioaerosols) were evaluated. Real-time SMPS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data showed that Ag nanoparticles that were <20 nm in diameter were homogeneously dispersed and adhered strongly to the CNT surfaces. Because of the attachment of Ag nanoparticles onto the CNT surfaces, the total particle surface area concentration measured by a nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM) was lower than the summation of each Ag nanoparticle and CNT generated. When Ag/CNTs were deposited on the surface of an air filter medium, the antimicrobial activity against test bacterial bioaerosols was enhanced, compared with the deposition of CNTs or Ag nanoparticles alone, whereas the filter pressure drop and bioaerosol filtration efficiency were similar to those of CNT deposition only. At a residence time of 2 h, the relative microbial viabilities of gram-positive S. epidermidis were ∼32, 13, 5, and 0.9% on the control, CNT-, Ag nanoparticle-, and Ag/CNT-deposited filters, respectively, and those of gram-negative E. coli were 13, 2.1, 0.4, and 0.1% on the control, CNTs, Ag nanoparticles, and Ag/CNTs, respectively. These Ag/CNT hybrid nanoparticles may be useful for applications in biomedical devices and antibacterial control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Hwang GB, Jung JH, Jeong TG, Lee BU. Effect of hybrid UV-thermal energy stimuli on inactivation of S. epidermidis and B. subtilis bacterial bioaerosols. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:5903-5909. [PMID: 20822796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols have become an increasingly important issue due to their harmful effects on human health. As the concern over airborne microorganisms grows, so does the need to develop and study efficient methods of controlling them. In this study, we designed a hybrid system involving ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and thermal energy and investigated its effects on bacterial bioaerosols, followed by a comparison with thermal energy alone and UV irradiation alone. The results show that the hybrid effect caused no variation in the shape of the normalized particle size distributions of S. epidermidis and B. subtilis bioaerosols. However, a physical transport loss of bacterial bioaerosols developed as the temperature inside the glass quartz tube increased. When bacterial bioaerosols were simultaneously exposed to UV irradiation and thermal energy for less than 1.05 s, more than 99% of S. epidermidis bioaerosols were inactivated at 120 °C with exposure to one UV lamp and at 80 °C with exposure to two UV lamps; and 93.5% and 98.5% of B. subtilis bioaerosols were inactivated at 280 °C with exposure to one and two UV lamps, respectively. Moreover, the hybrid UV-thermal stimuli significantly reduced the concentration of ozone, which is a secondary UV-induced pollutant. Our results show that to obtain the same inactivation efficiency, the hybrid UV-thermal stimuli were more efficient than thermal energy alone in terms of energy consumption and produced significantly less ozone than UV irradiation alone. The hybrid stimuli also had higher inactivation efficiency than UV alone. Therefore, these results provide valuable information for the development of new methods for controlling bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Jung JH, Lee JE, Hwang GB, Lee BU, Lee SB, Jurng JS, Bae GN. Electrospray-Assisted Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Real-time Characterization of Bacterial Particles. Anal Chem 2009; 82:664-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902189n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Uk Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Jurng
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Nam Bae
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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