551
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Yazdani M, Zallot R, Tunc-Ozdemir M, de Crécy-Lagard V, Shintani DK, Hanson AD. Identification of the thiamin salvage enzyme thiazole kinase in Arabidopsis and maize. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:68-73. [PMID: 23816351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The breakdown of thiamin (vitamin B1) and its phosphates releases a thiazole moiety, 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole (THZ), that microorganisms and plants are able to salvage for re-use in thiamin synthesis. The salvage process starts with the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of THZ, which in bacteria is mediated by ThiM. The Arabidopsis and maize genomes encode homologs of ThiM (At3g24030 and GRMZM2G094558, respectively). Plasmid-driven expression of either plant homolog restored the ability of THZ to rescue Escherichia coli thiM deletant strains, showing that the plant proteins have ThiM activity in vivo. Enzymatic assays with purified recombinant proteins confirmed the presence of THZ kinase activity. Furthermore, ablating the Arabidopsis At3g24030 gene in a thiazole synthesis mutant severely impaired rescue by THZ. Collectively, these results show that ThiM homologs are the main source of THZ kinase activity in plants and are consequently crucial for thiamin salvage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yazdani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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552
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Karl R, Koch MA. A world-wide perspective on crucifer speciation and evolution: phylogenetics, biogeography and trait evolution in tribe Arabideae. Ann Bot 2013; 112:983-1001. [PMID: 23904444 PMCID: PMC3783230 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tribe Arabideae are the most species-rich monophyletic lineage in Brassicaceae. More than 500 species are distributed in the majority of mountain and alpine regions worldwide. This study provides the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for the species assemblage and tests for association of trait and characters, providing the first explanations for the enormous species radiation since the mid Miocene. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence variation of nuclear encoded loci and plastid DNA are used to unravel a reliable phylogenetic tree. Trait and ancestral area reconstructions were performed and lineage-specific diversification rates were calculated to explain various radiations in the last 15 Myr in space and time. KEY RESULTS A well-resolved phylogenetic tree demonstrates the paraphyly of the genus Arabis and a new systematic concept is established. Initially, multiple radiations involved a split between lowland annuals and mountain/alpine perennial sister species. Subsequently, increased speciation rates occur in the perennial lineages. The centre of origin of tribe Arabideae is most likely the Irano-Turanian region from which the various clades colonized the temperate mountain and alpine regions of the world. CONCLUSIONS Mid Miocene early diversification started with increased speciation rates due to the emergence of various annual lineages. Subsequent radiations were mostly driven by diversification within perennial species during the Pliocene, but increased speciation rates also occurred during that epoch. Taxonomic concepts in Arabis are still in need of a major taxonomic revision to define monophyletic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus A. Koch
- Department of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Center for Organismal Studies (COS Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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553
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Montaut S, Bleeker RS. Review on Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) A. wood ( Brassicaceae): ethnobotany and glucosinolate chemistry. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:401-408. [PMID: 23892204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) A. Wood, commonly called toothwort, is a spring perennial herb belonging to the Brassicaceae family. This endemic plant of Eastern North America has been widely used by multiple American First Nations (i.e. indigenous people of North America) for food and medicine for centuries. APPROACH AND METHODS The aim of the review is to describe the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of Cardamine diphylla. The review covers literature on Cardamine diphylla, and the alternative name Dentaria diphylla, from English and French language sources. RESULTS Multiple traditional uses of Cardamine diphylla by American First Nations are well documented. Initial health studies showed that the tested concentrations of the extract were not toxic against brine shrimp larvae and the same extract had a weak free-radical scavenging activity. However, bioactive compounds in the form of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates and some indole alkaloids have been isolated from this plant. Ecological research regarding Cardamine diphylla-insect interactions (such as feeding and oviposition) is also available in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The wide range of traditional uses by multiple American First Nations suggests that the antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulant, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant should be explored in in vitro and in vivo tests. Traditional modes of preparation of the plant suggest that some of the medicinal properties could certainly be attributed to glucosinolate degradation products (i.e. isothiocyanates), but a clear assignment of active molecules and mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. The presence of glucosinolates indicates that the plant could be probed for cancer chemopreventive properties. Overall, the review shows that more investigation is necessary to determine the possible benefits of Cardamine diphylla extracts to pharmaceutical companies as a nutraceutic specialty phytotherapeutic agent against respiratory (cold and sore throat) or gastrointestinal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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554
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Abstract
Feasible regeneration protocol for economically important plant Eruca sativa was established and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity of regenerated tissues was evaluated and compared with plant material collected from the wild. Leaf portions inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium responded to all plant growth regulators exploited. Optimum callus production was achieved on a combination of 2.0 mg l(-1) 6-benzyladenine (BA) + 1.0 mg l(-1) α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the lowest response was recorded for 0.5 mg l(-1) gibberellic acid (GA3) + 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA. The callus was subcultured on similar composition/concentrations of plant growth regulators after 4 weeks of culture time. A 5.0 mg l(-1) 6-BA + 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA produced optimum percentage shoot organogenesis after 4 weeks of subculturing. However, optimum number of shoots per explant was recorded for moderate concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 mg l(-1)) of kinetin. Incorporation of NAA into MS medium-containing GA3 also produced a feasible number of shoots/explant. Similar mean shoot length was recorded for 2.0 mg l(-1) kinetin + 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA and optimum concentrations (2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg l(-1)) of GA3 + 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA. In vitro generated shoots were shifted to MS medium augmented with indole acetic acid (IAA) for rooting after 4 weeks of subculturing. Moderate concentrations (5.0 mg l(-1)) of IAA produced feasible rooting. Investigation of radical scavenging activity showed that callus possesses higher levels of radical scavengers than other plant tissues tested. Phenolics and glucosides are reported to be active components of Eruca sativa phytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saleem A Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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555
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Tremmel M, Müller C. The consequences of alternating diet on performance and food preferences of a specialist leaf beetle. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59:840-847. [PMID: 23727303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The food quality of a given host plant tissue will influence the performance and may also affect the preference behavior of herbivorous animals. As nutrient contents and defense metabolite concentrations can vary significantly between different parts of a plant and change over time, herbivores are potentially confronted with diet differing in quality even when feeding on a single plant individual. Here we investigated to what extent feeding exclusively either on young or old, mature leaves of Brassica rapa or on a mixed diet of young and old leaves offered in alternating order affects the larval performance, food consumption, and the host preference behavior of adult mustard leaf beetles, Phaedon cochleariae. Analyzing different leaf quality traits, we found lower water contents, no changes in C:N ratio but more than threefold higher glucosinolate concentrations in young compared to old leaves. Individuals reared on mixed diet performed as well as animals reared on young leaves. Thus, compared to animals feeding exclusively on highly nutritious young leaves, diet-mixing individuals may balance the lower nutrient intake by a dilution of adverse secondary metabolites. Alternatively, they may integrate over the variation in their food, using a previously assimilated resource for growth at times of scarcity. Animals reared on old leaves grew less and had a prolonged larval developmental time, although they showed increased consumption indicating compensatory feeding. Additionally, we found that experience with a certain diet affected the preference behavior. Whereas individuals reared exclusively on young leaves preferred young over old leaves for feeding and oviposition, we did not find any preferences by animals reared exclusively on old leaves or by females reared on alternating diet. Thus, in contrast to positive feedbacks for animals reared on young leaves, an integrative growth of diet-mixing individuals potentially leads to a lack of feedback during development. Taken together, our results suggest that different diet regimes can lead to comparable performance of mustard leaf beetles but experienced feedbacks may differ and thus convey distinct diet preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tremmel
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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556
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Hiroi K, Sone M, Sakazono S, Osaka M, Masuko-Suzuki H, Matsuda T, Suzuki G, Suwabe K, Watanabe M. Time-lapse imaging of self- and cross-pollinations in Brassica rapa. Ann Bot 2013; 112:115-22. [PMID: 23644359 PMCID: PMC3690991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollination is an important process in the life cycle of plants and is the first step in bringing together the male and female gametophytes for plant reproduction. While pollination has been studied for many years, accurate knowledge of the morphological aspects of this process is still far from complete. This study therefore focuses on a morphological characterization of pollination, using time-series image analysis of self- and cross-pollinations in Brassica rapa. METHODS Time-lapse imaging of pollen behaviour during self- and cross-pollinations was recorded for 90 min, at 1 min intervals, using a stereoscopic microscope. Using time-series digital images of pollination, characteristic features of pollen behaviours during self- and cross-pollinations were studied. KEY RESULTS Pollen exhibited various behaviours in both self- and cross-pollinations, and these were classified into six representative patterns: germination, expansion, contraction, sudden contraction, pulsation and no change. It is noteworthy that in 'contraction' pollen grains shrunk within a short period of 30-50 min, and in 'pulsation' repeated expansion and contraction occurred with an interval of 10 min, suggesting that a dehydration system is operating in pollination. All of the six patterns were observed on an individual stigma with both self- and cross-pollinations, and the difference between self- and cross-pollinations was in the ratios of the different behaviours. With regard to water transport to and from pollen grains, this occurred in multiple steps, before, during and after hydration. Thus, pollination is regulated by a combination of multiple components of hydration, rehydration and dehydration systems. CONCLUSIONS Regulated hydration of pollen is a key process for both pollination and self-incompatibility, and this is achieved by a balanced complex of hydration, dehydration and nutrient supply to pollen grains from stigmatic papilla cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Hiroi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mikako Sone
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satomi Sakazono
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaaki Osaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Masuko-Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577, Kurima-machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keita Suwabe
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577, Kurima-machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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557
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Cacho NI, Strauss SY. Single-copy nuclear gene primers for Streptanthus and other Brassicaceae from genomic scans, published data, and ESTs. Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps.1200002. [PMID: 25202560 PMCID: PMC4103123 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY We report 11 primer sets for nine single-copy nuclear genes in Streptanthus and other Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae) and their utility at tribal-level and species-level phylogenetics in this poorly resolved group. • METHODS AND RESULTS We selected regions based on a cross-referenced matrix of previous studies and public Brassica expressed sequence tags. To design primers, we used alignments of low-depth-coverage Illumina sequencing of genomic DNA for two species of Brassica mapped onto Arabidopsis thaliana. We report several primer combinations for five regions that consistently amplified a single band and yielded high-quality sequences for at least 70% of the species assayed, and for four additional regions whose utility might be clade specific. • CONCLUSIONS Our primers will be useful in improving resolution at shallow depths across the Thelypodieae, and likely in other Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ivalú Cacho
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5294 USA
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5294 USA
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558
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de Lange PJ, Heenan PB, Houliston GJ, Rolfe JR, Mitchell AD. New lepidium ( brassicaceae) from new zealand. PhytoKeys 2013; 24:1-147. [PMID: 23794938 PMCID: PMC3689132 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A revision of the New Zealand endemic Lepidium oleraceum and allied species is presented. Sixteen species are recognised, 10 of these are new. The new species are segregated on the basis of morphological characters supported by molecular data obtained from three DNA markers (two rDNA and one cpDNA). One species, Lepidium castellanum sp. nov., is endemic to the Kermadec Islands where it is sympatric with Lepidium oleraceum. The North Island of New Zealand supports four species, with two of them, Lepidium amissum sp. nov. and Lepidium obtusatum, now extinct. The South Island supports six species, that, aside from Lepidium banksii, Lepidium flexicaule and Lepidium oleraceum, are all confined to the south-eastern half of the island (Lepidium aegrum sp. nov., Lepidium crassum sp. nov. and Lepidium juvencum sp. nov.). One of these, Lepidium juvencum sp. nov., extends to Stewart Island. The Chatham Islands support six species (Lepidium flexicaule, Lepidium oblitum sp. nov., Lepidium oleraceum, Lepidium oligodontum sp. nov., Lepidium panniforme sp. nov., and Lepidium rekohuense sp. nov.), one of which, Lepidium oligodontum sp. nov., extends to the Antipodes Islands group. The remote, subantarctic Bounty Islands group supports one endemic, Lepidium seditiosum sp. nov., which is the only vascular plant to be recorded from there. Lepidium limenophylax sp. nov. is known from islands off the south-western side of Stewart Island/Rakiura, The Snares and Auckland islands. Lepidium naufragorum, although not related to Lepidium oleraceum and its allies, is also treated because populations with entire leaves are now known. Typification is undertaken for Lepidium banksii, Lepidium oleraceum, Lepidium oleraceum var. acutidentatum, var. frondosum and var. serrulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Lange
- Science & Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908 Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand
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559
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Yang R, Jarvis DE, Chen H, Beilstein MA, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, Shu S, Prochnik S, Xin M, Ma C, Schmutz J, Wing RA, Mitchell-Olds T, Schumaker KS, Wang X. The Reference Genome of the Halophytic Plant Eutrema salsugineum. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:46. [PMID: 23518688 PMCID: PMC3604812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are plants that can naturally tolerate high concentrations of salt in the soil, and their tolerance to salt stress may occur through various evolutionary and molecular mechanisms. Eutrema salsugineum is a halophytic species in the Brassicaceae that can naturally tolerate multiple types of abiotic stresses that typically limit crop productivity, including extreme salinity and cold. It has been widely used as a laboratorial model for stress biology research in plants. Here, we present the reference genome sequence (241 Mb) of E. salsugineum at 8× coverage sequenced using the traditional Sanger sequencing-based approach with comparison to its close relative Arabidopsis thaliana. The E. salsugineum genome contains 26,531 protein-coding genes and 51.4% of its genome is composed of repetitive sequences that mostly reside in pericentromeric regions. Comparative analyses of the genome structures, protein-coding genes, microRNAs, stress-related pathways, and estimated translation efficiency of proteins between E. salsugineum and A. thaliana suggest that halophyte adaptation to environmental stresses may occur via a global network adjustment of multiple regulatory mechanisms. The E. salsugineum genome provides a resource to identify naturally occurring genetic alterations contributing to the adaptation of halophytic plants to salinity and that might be bioengineered in related crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Yang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - David E. Jarvis
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jane Grimwood
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute of BiotechnologyHuntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute of BiotechnologyHuntsville, AL, USA
| | - ShengQiang Shu
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Simon Prochnik
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Mingming Xin
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chuang Ma
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute of BiotechnologyHuntsville, AL, USA
| | - Rod A. Wing
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karen S. Schumaker
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Schumaker and Xiangfeng Wang, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 303 Forbes Hall, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA. e-mail: ;
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Schumaker and Xiangfeng Wang, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 303 Forbes Hall, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA. e-mail: ;
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560
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Kobayashi K, Arai M, Tanaka A, Matsuyama S, Honda H, Ohsawa R. Variation in floral scent compounds recognized by honeybees in Brassicaceae crop species. Breed Sci 2012; 62:293-302. [PMID: 23341742 PMCID: PMC3528325 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.62.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent attracts pollinators. We investigated the floral scent compounds recognized by pollinators in six Brassica crop species, including allogamous species with different genomes and autogamous species with two parental genomes and radish (Raphanus sativus). Biologically active compounds recognized by honeybees were screened from all floral compounds by combined gas chromatography-electroantennogram analysis and their profiles were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fourteen of the 52 compounds were active. All accessions had more than two active compounds, but the compounds greatly differed between the two genera. On the basis of similarities in whether active compounds were presence or absence, their amount and their composition ratio, we divided the Brassica accessions into three to five groups by cluster analyses. Most groups were composed of a mixture of allogamous and autogamous species sharing same genome, indicating that the variation depended on genome, not species. These results suggest that all species require pollinator visits for reproduction, despite their different reproductive systems. However, the inter-genus and intra-specific variations shown by the multiple groups within a species might cause different visitation frequencies by pollinators between genera and among accessions within a species, resulting in insufficient seed production in some accessions or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwa Kobayashi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Miyako Arai
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Tohoku Seed Company, 1625 Nishihara, Himuro, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-3232, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsuyama
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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561
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Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes genome integrity by continually synthesizing a short telomere repeat sequence on chromosome ends. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex whose integral RNA subunit TER contains a template domain with a sequence complementary to the telomere repeat that is reiteratively copied by the catalytic subunit. Although TER harbors well-conserved secondary structure elements, its nucleotide sequence is highly divergent, even among closely related organisms. Thus, it has been extremely challenging to identify TER orthologs by bioinformatics strategies. Recently, TER was reported in the flowering plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to other model organisms, A. thaliana encodes two TER subunits, only one of which is required to maintain telomere tracts in vivo. Here we investigate the evolution of the loci that encode TER in Arabidopsis by comparison to the same locus in its close relatives. We employ a combination of PCR and bioinformatics approaches to identify putative TER loci based on syntenic regions flanking the TER1 and TER2 loci of A. thaliana. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the genomic regions encoding the two A. thaliana TERs occur as a single locus in other Brassicaceae. Moreover, we find striking sequence divergence within the telomere template domain of putative TERs from Brassicaceae, including some orthologous loci that completely lack a template domain. Finally, evolution of the locus is characterized by lineage-specific events rather than changes shared among closely related species. We conclude that the Arabidopsis TER duplication occurred very recently, and further that changes at this locus in other Brassicaceae indicate the process of TER evolution may be different in plants compared with vertebrates and yeast.
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562
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Martínez-Nieto MI, Merlo ME, Mota JF, Salmerón-Sánchez E, Segarra-Moragues JG. Microsatellite loci in the Gypsophyte Lepidium subulatum ( Brassicaceae), and transferability to other Lepidieae. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11861-11869. [PMID: 23109887 PMCID: PMC3472779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the Ibero-North African, strict gypsophyte Lepidium subulatum to unravel the effects of habitat fragmentation in levels of genetic diversity, genetic structure and gene flow among its populations. Using 454 pyrosequencing 12 microsatellite loci including di- and tri-nucleotide repeats were characterized in L. subulatum. They amplified a total of 80 alleles (2–12 alleles per locus) in a sample of 35 individuals of L. subulatum, showing relatively high levels of genetic diversity, HO = 0.645, HE = 0.627. Cross-species transferability of all 12 loci was successful for the Iberian endemics Lepidium cardamines, Lepidium stylatum, and the widespread, Lepidium graminifolium and one species each of two related genera, Cardaria draba and Coronopus didymus. These microsatellite primers will be useful to investigate genetic diversity, population structure and to address conservation genetics in species of Lepidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Martínez-Nieto
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, CITE-2, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.M.); (J.F.M.); (E.S.-S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-950-015-003; Fax: +34-950-015-069
| | - María Encarna Merlo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, CITE-2, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.M.); (J.F.M.); (E.S.-S.)
| | - Juan Francisco Mota
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, CITE-2, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.M.); (J.F.M.); (E.S.-S.)
| | - Esteban Salmerón-Sánchez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, CITE-2, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.M.); (J.F.M.); (E.S.-S.)
| | - José Gabriel Segarra-Moragues
- Desertification Research Center (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera de Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, E-46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
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563
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Cheng F, Wu J, Fang L, Wang X. Syntenic gene analysis between Brassica rapa and other Brassicaceae species. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:198. [PMID: 22969786 PMCID: PMC3430884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal synteny analysis is important in genome comparison to reveal genomic evolution of related species. Shared synteny describes genomic fragments from different species that originated from an identical ancestor. Syntenic genes are orthologs located in these syntenic fragments, so they often share similar functions. Syntenic gene analysis is very important in Brassicaceae species to share gene annotations and investigate genome evolution. Here we designed and developed a direct and efficient tool, SynOrths, to identify pairwise syntenic genes between genomes of Brassicaceae species. SynOrths determines whether two genes are a conserved syntenic pair based not only on their sequence similarity, but also by the support of homologous flanking genes. Syntenic genes between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa, Arabidopsis lyrata and B. rapa, and Thellungiella parvula and B. rapa were then identified using SynOrths. The occurrence of genome triplication in B. rapa was clearly observed, many genes that were evenly distributed in the genomes of A. thaliana, A. lyrata, and T. parvula had three syntenic copies in B. rapa. Additionally, there were many B. rapa genes that had no syntenic orthologs in A. thaliana, but some of these had syntenic orthologs in A. lyrata or T. parvula. Only 5,851 genes in B. rapa had no syntenic counterparts in any of the other three species. These 5,851 genes could have originated after B. rapa diverged from these species. A tool for syntenic gene analysis between species of Brassicaceae was developed, SynOrths, which could be used to accurately identify syntenic genes in differentiated but closely-related genomes. With this tool, we identified syntenic gene sets between B. rapa and each of A. thaliana, A. lyrata, T. parvula. Syntenic gene analysis is important for not only the gene annotation of newly sequenced Brassicaceae genomes by bridging them to model plant A. thaliana, but also the study of genome evolution in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaowu Wang
- *Correspondence: Xiaowu Wang, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. e-mail:
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564
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Uğur A, Süntar I, Aslan S, Orhan IE, Kartal M, Sekeroğlu N, Eşiyok D, Sener B. Variations in fatty acid compositions of the seed oil of Eruca sativa Mill. caused by different sowing periods and nitrogen forms. Pharmacogn Mag 2011; 6:305-8. [PMID: 21120033 PMCID: PMC2992144 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.71801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Eruca is a native plant genus of the South Europe and central Asia where it has been cultivated since centuries. As the genus name implies, the oil is high in erucic acid. Materials and Methods: In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of sowing periods (autumn and spring) and three forms of the nitrogen-containing fertilizers (manure, calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2, 15.5% N], and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4, 21% N]) on fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained from Eruca sativa Mill. seeds cultivated. All oils were obtained by maceration of the seeds with n-hexane at room temperature and converted to their methyl ester derivatives by trans-methylesterification reaction using boron-trifluorur (BF3). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the oils were detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: All the samples analyzed were found to contain quite high amounts of erucic acid ranging between 46.64-54.79%, followed by oleic (17.86-19.95%), palmitic (7.25-10.97%), linoleic (4.23-9.72%), and linolenic (1.98-3.01%) acids. Conclusion: Our data pointed out that there is a statistically important alteration caused by these applications on the contents of only C12:0 and C14:0 found as the minor fatty acids, whereas no other fatty acids in the samples seemed to be affected by those criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atnan Uğur
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
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565
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Koelling VA, Mauricio R. Genetic factors associated with mating system cause a partial reproductive barrier between two parapatric species of leavenworthia ( brassicaceae). Am J Bot 2010; 97:412-22. [PMID: 20526457 PMCID: PMC2879664 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive barriers play a major role in the origin and maintenance of biodiversity by restricting gene flow between species. Although both pre- and postzygotic barriers often isolate species, prezygotic barriers are thought to contribute more to reproductive isolation. We investigated possible reproductive barriers between Leavenworthia alabamica and L. crassa, parapatric species with high morphological and ecological similarity and the ability to hybridize. Using greenhouse and field experiments, we tested for habitat isolation and genetic incompatibilities. From controlled crosses, we identified unilateral incompatibility (a partial prezygotic barrier associated with the self-incompatibility system), but no evidence of other genetic incompatibilities. We found a small reduction in pollen viability of F(1) hybrids and early germination of F(1), F(2), and BC hybrids relative to L. alabamica and L. crassa in a common garden experiment, but the effect on fitness was not tested. Field studies of hybrid pollen viability and germination are needed to determine if they contribute to reproductive isolation. In a reciprocal transplant, we found no evidence of habitat isolation or reduced hybrid survival (from seedling to adult stage) or reproduction. These data suggest unilateral incompatibility partially reproductively isolates L. alabamica and L. crassa, but no other reproductive barriers could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Koelling
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7223 USA
| | - Rodney Mauricio
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7223 USA
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566
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D'Aloia M, Périlleux C. Stability of SaFLC repression in Sinapis alba: A link with quantitative effect of vernalization. Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:1002-1004. [PMID: 19704434 PMCID: PMC2633757 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization promotes flowering by repressing the floral inhibitor FLOWERING LOCUS C (AtFLC). This repression is mediated through epigenetic modifications at the AtFLC locus, leading to gene silencing. Whether the well-known quantitative effect of vernalization is due to the degree of AtFLC repression and/or its stability after return to normal temperature conditions has not been clarified. Here, we examine this question in white mustard, Sinapis alba, taking advantage of our recent cloning of the AtFLC ortholog SaFLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Aloia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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567
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Travers-Martin N, Müller C. Specificity of induction responses in Sinapis alba L.: Plant growth and development. Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:311-3. [PMID: 19841655 PMCID: PMC2634267 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.5.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses are expected to be negatively correlated with plant growth, development and reproduction. In a recent study, we investigated the specificity of induction responses of chemical defenses in the Brassicaceae Sinapis alba.1 It was shown that glucosinolate levels and myrosinase activities increased to different degrees after 24-hours-feeding by a specialist or generalist herbivore or mechanical wounding. Here, we present the specific influences of these treatments on organ biomasses which were recorded as a measure of growth. Directly after the treatments, organ biomasses were reduced locally and systemically by herbivore feeding, but not by mechanical wounding compared to control plants. Induction of glucosinolates, which increased in all treatments, is thus not necessarily expressed as cost in terms of reduced growth in S. alba. No significant long-term differences in plant development between herbivore treated and control plants were found. Thus, tissue loss and increased investments in chemical defenses could be compensated over time, but compensation patterns depended on the inducing agent. Furthermore, herbivore treatments resulted in an increased mechanical defense, measured as abaxial trichome densities. Plants respond highly dynamic with regard to defense and growth allocation and due to different inductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Travers-Martin
- University of Würzburg; Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- University of Würzburg; Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences; Würzburg, Germany
- University of Bielefeld; Department of Chemical Ecology; Bielefeld, Germany
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568
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Vierheilig H, Bennett R, Kiddle G, Kaldorf M, Ludwig-Müller J. Differences in glucosinolate patterns and arbuscular mycorrhizal status of glucosinolate-containing plant species. New Phytol 2000; 146:343-352. [PMID: 33862976 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under defined laboratory conditions it was shown that two glucosinolate-containing plant species, Tropaeolum majus and Carica papaya, were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, whereas it was not possible to detect AM fungal structures in other glucosinolate-containing plants (including several Brassicaceae). Benzylglucosinolate was present in all of the T. majus cultivars and in C. papaya it was the major glucosinolate. 2-Phenylethylglucosinolate was found in most of the non-host plants tested. Its absence in the AM host plants indicates a possible role for the isothiocyanate produced from its myrosinase-catalysed hydrolysis as a general AM inhibitory factor in non-host plants. The results suggest that some of the indole glucosinolates might also be involved in preventing AM formation in some of the species. In all plants tested, both AM hosts and non-hosts, the glucosinolate pattern was altered after inoculation with one of three different AM fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora rosea), indicating signals between AM fungi and plants even before root colonization. The glucosinolate induction was not specifically dependent on the AM fungus. A time-course study in T. majus showed that glucosinolate induction was present during all stages of mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vierheilig
- 1 Institut für Phytopathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - R Bennett
- 1 Institut für Phytopathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - G Kiddle
- 1 Institut für Phytopathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Kaldorf
- 1 Institut für Phytopathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Ludwig-Müller
- 1 Institut für Phytopathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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569
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Koenning SR, Overstreet C, Noling JW, Donald PA, Becker JO, Fortnum BA. Survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the United States for 1994. J Nematol 1999; 31:587-618. [PMID: 19270925 PMCID: PMC2620402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. Reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the University of Georgia, the Beltwide Cotton Conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. The Society of Nematologists Extension Committee contacted extension personnel in 49 U.S. states for information on estimated crop losses caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in major crops for the year 1994. Included in this paper are survey results from 35 states on various crops including corn, cotton, soybean, peanut, wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, tobacco, numerous vegetable crops, fruit and nut crops, and golf greens. The data are reported systematically by state and include the estimated loss, hectarage of production, source of information, nematode species or taxon when available, and crop value. The major genera of phytoparasitic nematodes reported to cause crop losses were Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, and Xiphinema.
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570
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Craig W, Wiegand A, O'Neill CM, Mathias RJ, Power JB, Davey MR. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from stem explants of Moricandia arvensis. Plant Cell Rep 1997; 17:27-31. [PMID: 30732415 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and reproducible plant regeneration has been established from stem internode explants of Moricandia arvensis, a crucifer of special interest due to its C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic activity. Somatic embryogenesis was induced in one-third of explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog based medium containing 9 mM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. High frequencies of plant regeneration (>90%) resulted when somatic embryos were germinated on medium lacking growth regulators. Regenerated plants were diploid, fertile and morphologically similar to seed-derived plants of M. arvensis. This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis in M. arvensis. This plant regeneration system should facilitate gene identification and localisation studies of C3-C4 physiology by insertional mutagenesis, a prerequisite for the isolation and transfer of genes involved in C3-C4 metabolism from Moricandia to cultivated brassicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Craig
- Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Faxno.: +44-115-9513251 , , , , , , GB
| | - A Wiegand
- Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Faxno.: +44-115-9513251 , , , , , , GB
| | - C M O'Neill
- Brassica and Oilseeds Research Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UJ, UK, , , , , , GB
| | - R J Mathias
- Brassica and Oilseeds Research Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UJ, UK, , , , , , GB
| | - J B Power
- Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Faxno.: +44-115-9513251 , , , , , , GB
| | - M R Davey
- Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Faxno.: +44-115-9513251 , , , , , , GB
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571
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Foisset N, Delourme R, Lucas MO, Renard M. In vitro androgenesis and segregation distortion inBrassica napus L.: spontaneous versus colchicine-doubled lines. Plant Cell Rep 1997; 16:464-468. [PMID: 30727633 DOI: 10.1007/bf01092767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1996] [Revised: 10/07/1996] [Accepted: 10/24/1996] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 750 plantlets were regenerated from 1,400 embryos produced through microspore cultures from one F1 plant of the cross 'Darmor-bzh' x 'Yudal'. Fifty-three percent of the regenerants were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis, which revealed that 31% were spontaneous diploid (SD), 63% were still haploid and the remaining 6% plants had other ploidy levels. Available segregation data (266 markers) produced on this androgenic progeny were used to study the interference between segregation distortion and the mode of chromosome doubling of androgenc lines. On the basis of the present results it is not possible to conclude that distortions are peculiar to one type of regenerated plant; only a difference in the intensity of the bias might be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Foisset
- INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Plantes, BP29, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - R Delourme
- INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Plantes, BP29, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - M -O Lucas
- INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Plantes, BP29, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - M Renard
- INRA, Station d'Amélioration des Plantes, BP29, 35650, Le Rheu, France
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