[The distribution and localization of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist on the bladder and urethra of female rats]

The distribution of selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-glycinamidoethanol hydrochloride, midodrine, and its active metabolite 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol, DMAE, was evaluated on bladder and urethra of 8-weeks and 52-weeks old female rats. Prior to the intravenous injection of 14C-labeled midodrine and DMAE, bilateral ureters were ligated to prevent drug uptake from the urinary tract. In 8-weeks rats, 14C-midodrine activity was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in the bladder than in the femoral muscle, which served as a control for drug distribution. Similarly, higher uptake of 14C-DMAE was observed in the bladder than in the femoral muscle (p less than 0.01) and the urethra (p less than 0.05). In 52-weeks rats, there was no significant difference of midodrine uptake among these tissues. However, significantly higher uptake of 14C-DMAE was observed in the urethra than in the femoral muscle (p less than 0.05). Compared with midodrine, the concentration of DMAE was significantly increased in the bladder of 8-weeks rat and in the urethra of 52-weeks rats (respectively, p less than 0.05). In autoradiogram, the grains corresponding to midodrine and DMAE were diffusely distributed on the smooth muscles of bladder (mainly bladder neck and trigone) and urethra. The grains were also recognized on the vessels and perivascular areas of these tissues. These findings support that midodrine and DMAE could be effective for stress incontinence, because these drugs are known to bind specifically to alpha 1-adrenoceptor.

[Evaluation of immunosuppressive acid protein (IAP) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) is evaluated to be a useful parameter for the observation of the clinical course of patients with cancer, who are frequently associated with an increment of serum IAP levels. And also, immune complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), SLE and so on, have been described to produce immune-complex and, consequently, to generate IAP in vivo. Our study focuses on correlations of the IAP values with acute phase reactants, chronic phase reactants and grading of bone stages in patients with RA. Serum IAP showed the positive relationships with grading of bone stages, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), CRP, RF, RAHA, beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) and IgA in RA. Serum IAP was influenced by deterioration of bone pathological change. The more progressed pathological change of bone, the more increased serum IAP levels. It seems likely that there exist the similar mechanisms with production of IAP and parts of acute and chronic phase reactants and also, serum IAP level may be a useful parameter to predict bone pathological change in patients with RA.

Plasma vasopressin and atrial natriuretic hormone levels in hypopituitarism with and without hydrocortisone treatments: responses to an acute water load

To assess whether arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic hormone participate in impaired urinary dilution and excretion in glucocorticoid deficiency secondary to hypopituitarism, an acute oral water load of 20 ml.kg-1 BW was undertaken in the absence and presence of an oral hydrocortisone (60 mg) treatment in patients with ACTH deficiency (N = 7) and panhypopituitarism (N = 2). Plasma arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic hormone and renal water handling were simultaneously determined and compared with those in similarly water-loaded normal subjects. Plasma arginine vasopressin did not fall in response to decreased blood osmolality after an acute water load in the absence of hydrocortisone; plasma atrial natriuretic hormone did not change despite blood volume expansion; and impairment in urinary dilution and excretion remained. On the other hand, in the presence of hydrocortisone, plasma arginine vasopressin fell in response to a decrease in plasma osmolality and plasma atrial natriuretic hormone increased, thereby restoring urinary dilution and excretion. These results demonstrate that the impaired arginine vasopressin response to acute water loading play an essential role in deranged renal water and electrolyte handling in the state of glucocorticoid deficiency; the impaired release of atrial natriuretic hormone also may affect these disorders.

Clinical trials of bestatin for leukemia and solid tumors

A new immunomodulating agent, bestatin (INN: ubenimex) has low toxicity after long-term oral administration and significantly modifies immunological responses. Prolongation of remission duration and survival was achieved in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with bestatin immunotherapy combined with remission maintenance chemotherapy. Patients with myelodysplatic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) responded to bestatin, and it is noted that cytogenetic remission was obtained in CML. MDS and CML are thought to be a family of clonal malignant disorders in which malignant transformations occurs at the level of the pluripotent stem cell. Bestatin may be capable of modifying the biological-proliferative disequilibrium of the disease, and the therapy opens new and promising prospects in the treatment of both MDS and CML. Randomized controlled studies of bestatin immunotherapy were performed in solid tumors including malignant melanoma, carcinoma of the lung, stomach, bladder, head and neck, and esophagus, and therapeutic benefits on disease free-interval or survival were observed in certain types of these cancers. However, the adjuvant activity of bestatin immunotherapy for these cancers should be further investigated to confirm its activity.

[A case of parkinsonism induced by an oral contraceptive]

We report a case of parkinsonism induced by long term administration of an oral contraceptive. A 38-year-old woman complained of easily stumbling, démarche à petit pas and fatiguability in her lower extremities since January, 1991. When examined on April 5, 1991, she explained taking an oral contraceptive for 7 years on her doctor's recommendation after two times artificial abortions. Her facial expression was mask-like and body was bent forward with knee joints flexed and arms flexed at elbow joints. She had frozen gait with inactive pendulousness of the arms. We could find her muscle rigidity in both upper and lower extremities, especially in her right side extremities. A brain MRI finding was lacunar infarction which proton density weighted and T2-weighted MR images showed small patches of high-signal intensities in white matter of the bilateral frontal lobes and in left periventricular white matter. Her symptoms improved after stopping administration of the oral contraceptive and starting combination therapy with nicergoline and bromocriptine. She had some leg fatiguability at the onset of her next menstruation in May, but it was much less than her previous condition. When her menstruation terminated, those symptoms disappeared and it was possible to stop the administration of bromocriptine and nicergoline, and her symptoms have improved.

Impaired water diuresis in a patient with pseudo-Bartter syndrome

A 32-year-old man was diagnosed as having pseudo-Bartter syndrome due to surreptitious habitual vomiting and to maldigestion related to decayed teeth. His chief complaints were muscle pain and weakness. In this case, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels were noticed with marked decreases in urinary chloride excretion. Creatinine clearance (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were also decreased. Blood pressure was normal, but the pressor response to angiotensin II was attenuated. Before treatment with 0.9% saline infusion, plasma vasopressin (AVP) was not suppressed sufficiently by lowering the plasma osmolality (Posm) with an oral water load (WL), but it normally responded to a rise in Posm due to hypertonic saline infusion. Moreover, plasma AVP was normally suppressed by WL after the replenishment of saline. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was low before WL, but increased normally in response to WL. However, inconsistent with the normal response in this case, decreases in plasma AVP failed to dilute urinary osmolality and to increase urine flow, irrespective of the levels of plasma ANP. These results indicate that chronic inanition due to surreptitious vomiting causes impaired renal diluting ability through decreases in GFR and RPF, irrespective of the levels of plasma AVP and ANP.

Interaction of ANP with endothelin on cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine function

To assess the interaction of endothelin (ET) with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on cardiovascular and renal function, arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, either a low or high dose of ET (4 or 12 pmol.kg-1.min-1) was administered with ANP (26 pmol.kg-1.min-1) for 45 min after the initial infusion of ANP alone in anesthetized dogs. In the other groups, either ANP or saline alone was administered for 90 min. ANP alone decreased blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), plasma aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA), increased urinary Na and K excretion (UNaV and UKV, respectively) and urine flow (UF), but did not affect plasma AVP. The low dose of ET had no effect on these ANP-induced changes. However, the high dose of ET curtailed the responses to ANP, increased BP and PRA, and decreased UNaV, UKV, and UF associated with decreased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. High ET also further potentiated the decrease in CO and the increase in total peripheral resistance induced by ANP and increased plasma AVP. These results indicate that a dose of ET one-half that of ANP (on the molar ratio) may have completely counteracted vascular, hormonal, and renal responses to ANP.

The effect of thyroid hormone on generation of free radicals by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages

We have sometimes observed the case of bronchial asthma accompanied by hyperthyroidism. But the pathophysiological mechanisms of both diseases remain obscure. In this study, we have shown that thyroid hormone directly stimulated the generation of superoxide anion by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. In addition, neutrophils incubated with thyroid hormone became activated and generated greater amount of superoxide anion in response to f-met-leu-phe (fMLP) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Our study suggests, for the first time, that reactive oxygen species may play one of the most important roles in exacerbating asthma in hyperthyroid patients.

[Clinical evaluation of panipenem/betamipron in severe infections complicating hematological disorders]

Forty-three patients with severe infections which were complicating hematological disorders were treated with panipenem/betamipron, and the efficacy and the safety of the drug were evaluated. The results obtained are summarized below. 1. Out of 40 patients in whom efficacies are evaluable, the clinical responses were excellent in 17 patients, good in 4, fair in 7 and poor in 12, and the total clinical efficacy rate was 52.5%. 2. The efficacy rate in 7 patients who had failed to respond to prior treatment with other antibiotics was 57.1%. Thus, no significant difference was observed in efficacy rates between the patients who had failed to respond to prior treatment with other antibiotics and the patients who received no preceding antibiotics therapy. 3. Out of the 43 patients in whom the safety was evaluable, no side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings were found.

The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to shorten the interval between cycles of mitomycin C, vindesine, and cisplatin chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer

We investigated the possibility of shortening the interval between courses of the commonly prescribed 28-day MVP (mitomycin C, vindesine, and cisplatin) regimen in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We conducted a nonrandomized phase II study using recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, Chugai) to explore the possibility of shortening the cycle length to 21 days and compared the results with those obtained in historical controls who had received the standard 28-day regimen. A total of 40 patients, 37 of whom were evaluable, were entered in the 21-day treatment group of the trial and were compared with 38 historical controls who had received standard 28-day cycles of MVP at our institution. Patients in the 21-day group received mitomycin C at 8 mg/m2 on day 1, vindesine at 3 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, and cisplatin at 80 mg/m2 on day 1, with the schedule being repeated every 21 days. Controls had received the same regimen, albeit at 28-day intervals. G-CSF was given s.c. to the patients in the 21-day group at a daily dose of 2 micrograms/kg from day 2 to day 21 of every MVP cycle. The administration of G-CSF to these patients accelerated neutrophil recovery as compared with that observed in the historical controls. Significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of mean neutrophil nadirs (2666/microliters in the first cycle and 1369/microliters in the second for the G-CSF group vs 416/microliters in the first cycle and 685/microliters in the second cycle for the control group; P < 0.0001) and the mean duration of neutropenia (< or = 1000/microliters; 1.0 day in the first cycle and 1.7 days in the second for the G-CSF group vs 8.0 days in the first cycle and 6.9 days in the second for the control group; P < 0.0001). This enabled 32 (86%) of 37 patients in the G-CSF group to complete > or = 2 cycles on schedule. In 10 patients, the bone marrow aspirates taken after G-CSF administration showed increases in band neutrophil and myelocyte percentages. In conclusion, MVP treatment of patients with NSCLC at 21-day intervals is possible with the support of G-CSF.

Usefulness of 31P-MRS as a method of evaluating the viability of preserved and transplanted rat liver

We used phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to evaluate the viability of transplanted rat liver. Wistar rats were used as donors and recipients. The donor livers were preserved in saline (group 1), Euro-Collins solution (group 2), or in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution (group 3) for 3 and 6 h in groups 1, 2 and 3 and for 9 h in groups 2 and 3. Thereafter the livers were orthotopically transplanted. 31P-MRS spectra were measured after portal reperfusion. Finally, all the recipients were divided into survivors and non-survivors. Survival rates were better in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. In the 9-h-preserved livers, the livers in group 3 showed a significantly higher beta-ATP/Pi ratio than those in group 2. Comparing survivors and non-survivors in the 6-h-preserved livers in group 2, survivors' livers showed significantly higher beta-ATP/Pi ratio than those of non-survivors. We concluded that 31P-MRS is a useful method for assessing viability of rat liver grafts.

Modified hemoglobin solution as possible perfusate relevant to organ transplantation

A modified hemoglobin solution (<pyridoxylated hemoglobin>-<polyoxyethylene> conjugate solution, PHP solution) has very interesting characteristics such as oxygen-carrying property without corpuscular components. Experimental use of the PHP solution has shown promising possibilities as a perfusate relevant to organ transplantations. 1) Elongation of warm ischemic time in canine kidneys: Dogs survived even with the unilateral kidneys which had been exposed up to 4.5 hour warm ischemia and, thereafter, perfused with the PHP solution. 2) Elongation of perfusion preservation period of canine livers: Dogs survived with the transplanted livers which had been perfused for 48 hours with the PHP solution. 3) Successful perfusion of rat small intestine: Lewis rat intestines perfused and preserved for 12 hours with the PHP solution showed a higher survival rate compared with those with Collins or UW solution. 4) Removal of antibodies: By exchange transfusion with a total of 30-60 ml of the PHP solution, a Lewis rat hematocrit lowered to 5% while IgG went down to nil from 8970 mg/dl, IgA to 28 mg/dl from 118 mg/dl and IgM to 190 mg/dl from 897 mg/dl. This technique is expected to be applicable for removal of the naturally existing antibodies in xenotransplantation.

The Japanese Interferon Study Group (JISG) has established the efficacy of human interferon-beta for serious CMV pneumonitis in kidney recipients. Japanese Interferon Study Group

The Japanese Interferon Study Group (JISG) is a research organization formed by 30 special hospitals for organ transplantation. A joint multi-centre, double-blind trial was conducted in order to investigate the efficacy of human interferon-beta (HuIFN-beta) against serious cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in kidney recipients.

Relationship between plasma levels of hyaluronic acid and amyloid-associated osteoarthropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients

Plasma levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) and acute-phase reactants were determined in chronic hemodialysis patients with or without carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and/or shoulder pain, which are characteristic symptoms of amyloid-associated osteoarthropathy. While levels of acute-phase reactants tended to be higher in the patients with CTS and/or shoulder pain than in patients without these symptoms, the difference was not significant. However, plasma levels of HA were significantly higher in the patients with these symptoms. Analysis of plasma levels of HA in age-matched patients also demonstrated a significant correlation between elevated levels of HA and the presence of CTS and/or shoulder pain. Among the patients with CTS and/or shoulder pain, those patients with bone cysts in the carpal bone or humeral head had significantly higher plasma levels of HA than patients without bone cysts. Thus, there appears to be a relationship between elevated plasma HA and amyloid-associated osteoarthropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients that is more specific than any correlation with levels of acute-phase reactants.

Effect of prostaglandin E1 on graft function of kidneys from living related donors

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was used in renal transplant recipients with living related donors. The drug was given intravenously from day 1 to day 7 after transplantation at a dose of 40 microg/kg twice a day. A total of 45 patients were studied divided into two groups: 25 patients were treated with PGE1 (group B) and the remaining 20 patients did not receive the drug (group A). In group B, 24-h creatinine clearance (Ccr) was 66 +/- 12.8 ml/min compared with 40.3 +/- 13.4 ml/min in group A on the fifth postoperative day (P < 0.05). Urinary levels of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and serum levels of platelet factor 4 (PF4) in group B were significantly lower than in group A. On the fourth postoperative day, the urinary excretion of thromboxan B2 (TxB2) in group A was higher than in group B, but not significantly (5.1 +/- 3.0 ng/day and 2.8 +/- 1.1 ng/day, respectively). Acute rejection occurred in four patients in group B and in 10 patients (40%) in group A. The percentage of Leu2a-positive lymphocytes in group B was higher than in group A. We conclude that postoperative administration of PGE1 improves graft function in kidneys from living related donors.

Evaluation of a pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate solution as a perfusate for small intestine preservation

A new type of artificial blood, pyridoxylated hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) solution, (developed by PHP research group of the department of health and welfare of Japan, and produced by Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Tokyo) as an oxygen-carrying component, has been recently devised using hemoglobin obtained from hemolyzed human erythrocytes. Recently, the studies using this solution as a preservation solution were performed in some instances. To examine the mechanism of improved viability using this solution as a preservation solution, we developed a model of orthotopic small intestine transplantation (OIT) in the rat. As a baseline study, we compared parameters of viability of the grafts preserved in Collins and UW solution to those preserved in PHP solution including a survival rate, a serum level total protein and albumin, and a change in body weight after transplantation. In our study, the simple hypothermia storage together with intestinal perfusion preservation with PHP solution was performed. Animals were divided into 6, 12, and 24 hr preservation groups. All of the rats survived after 6 hr preservation following transplantation. However, in 12 hr storage, five of six rats in PHP solution preservation survived and recovery in body weight after grafting was better than those with Collins and UW solution. We conclude that the PHP solution is, therefore, considered to possibly be a more suitable perfusate for small intestine preservation than Collins and UW solution.