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Tsitsiklis A, Osborne CM, Kamm J, Williamson K, Kalantar K, Dudas G, Caldera S, Lyden A, Tan M, Neff N, Soesanto V, Harris JK, Ambroggio L, Maddux AB, Carpenter TC, Reeder RW, Locandro C, Simões EAF, Leroue MK, Hall MW, Zuppa AF, Carcillo J, Meert KL, Sapru A, Pollack MM, McQuillen PS, Notterman DA, Dean JM, Zinter MS, Wagner BD, DeRisi JL, Mourani PM, Langelier CR. Lower respiratory tract infections in children requiring mechanical ventilation: a multicentre prospective surveillance study incorporating airway metagenomics. The Lancet Microbe 2022; 3:e284-e293. [PMID: 35544065 PMCID: PMC9446282 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsitsiklis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Osborne
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kayla Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Gytis Dudas
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saharai Caldera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Lyden
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Soesanto
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Kirk Harris
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Section of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd C Carpenter
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ron W Reeder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chris Locandro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew K Leroue
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Athena F Zuppa
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Carcillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Meert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Murray M Pollack
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital and George Washington School of Medicine and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matt S Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charles R Langelier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Pannaraj PS, Irby K, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Maddux AB, Mack EH, Bradford TT, Schuster JE, Nofziger RA, Cameron MA, Chiotos K, Cullimore ML, Gertz SJ, Levy ER, Kong M, Cvijanovich NZ, Staat MA, Kamidani S, Chatani BM, Bhumbra SS, Bline KE, Gaspers MG, Hobbs CV, Heidemann SM, Maamari M, Flori HR, Hume JR, Zinter MS, Michelson KN, Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Critical Covid-19 in Adolescents. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:713-723. [PMID: 35021004 PMCID: PMC8781318 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of pediatric hospitalizations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States has offered an opportunity to assess the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine in adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. METHODS We used a case-control, test-negative design to assess vaccine effectiveness against Covid-19 resulting in hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of life-supporting interventions (mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), or death. Between July 1 and October 25, 2021, we screened admission logs for eligible case patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 at 31 hospitals in 23 states. We estimated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of antecedent full vaccination (two doses of BNT162b2) in case patients as compared with two hospital-based control groups: patients who had Covid-19-like symptoms but negative results on testing for SARS-CoV-2 (test-negative) and patients who did not have Covid-19-like symptoms (syndrome-negative). RESULTS A total of 445 case patients and 777 controls were enrolled. Overall, 17 case patients (4%) and 282 controls (36%) had been fully vaccinated. Of the case patients, 180 (40%) were admitted to the ICU, and 127 (29%) required life support; only 2 patients in the ICU had been fully vaccinated. The overall effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against hospitalization for Covid-19 was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90 to 96); the effectiveness was 95% (95% CI, 91 to 97) among test-negative controls and 94% (95% CI, 89 to 96) among syndrome-negative controls. The effectiveness was 98% against ICU admission and 98% against Covid-19 resulting in the receipt of life support. All 7 deaths occurred in patients who were unvaccinated. CONCLUSIONS Among hospitalized adolescent patients, two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine were highly effective against Covid-19-related hospitalization and ICU admission or the receipt of life support. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Olson
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Ashley M Price
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Julie A Boom
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Leila C Sahni
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Katherine Irby
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Tracie C Walker
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Melissa A Cameron
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Kathleen Chiotos
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Shira J Gertz
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Emily R Levy
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Michele Kong
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mary A Staat
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Brandon M Chatani
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Samina S Bhumbra
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Katherine E Bline
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mary G Gaspers
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Mia Maamari
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Heidi R Flori
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Janet R Hume
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Matt S Zinter
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Kelly N Michelson
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Laura D Zambrano
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Angela P Campbell
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S.M.O., A.M.P., L.D.Z., A.P.C., M.M.P.), and the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.) - both in Atlanta; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital (M.M.N., A.G.R.), and the Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School (A.G.R.) - both in Boston; the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.A.B., L.C.S.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (P.S.P.), the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego (M.A.C.), the Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland (N.Z.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.S.Z.) - all in California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (T.C.W., S.P.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron (R.A.N.), the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (M.A.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Columbus (K.E.B.) - all in Ohio; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (K.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (M.L.C.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (S.J.G.); the Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester (E.R.L.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.) - both in Minnesota; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami (B.M.C.); the Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (S.S.B.); University of Arizona, Diamond Children's Banner Children's Medical Center, Tucson (M.G.G.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M.H.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.R.F.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (K.N.M.)
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Halasa NB, Olson SM, Staat MA, Newhams MM, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Cameron MA, Pannaraj PS, Bline KE, Bhumbra SS, Bradford TT, Chiotos K, Coates BM, Cullimore ML, Cvijanovich NZ, Flori HR, Gertz SJ, Heidemann SM, Hobbs CV, Hume JR, Irby K, Kamidani S, Kong M, Levy ER, Mack EH, Maddux AB, Michelson KN, Nofziger RA, Schuster JE, Schwartz SP, Smallcomb L, Tarquinio KM, Walker TC, Zinter MS, Gilboa SM, Polen KN, Campbell AP, Randolph AG, Patel MM. Effectiveness of Maternal Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine During Pregnancy Against COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization in Infants Aged <6 Months - 17 States, July 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:264-270. [PMID: 35176002 PMCID: PMC8853480 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for persons who are pregnant, breastfeeding, trying to get pregnant now, or who might become pregnant in the future, to protect them from COVID-19.§ Infants are at risk for life-threatening complications from COVID-19, including acute respiratory failure (1). Evidence from other vaccine-preventable diseases suggests that maternal immunization can provide protection to infants, especially during the high-risk first 6 months of life, through passive transplacental antibody transfer (2). Recent studies of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy suggest the possibility of transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies that might provide protection to infants (3-5); however, no epidemiologic evidence currently exists for the protective benefits of maternal immunization during pregnancy against COVID-19 in infants. The Overcoming COVID-19 network conducted a test-negative, case-control study at 20 pediatric hospitals in 17 states during July 1, 2021-January 17, 2022, to assess effectiveness of maternal completion of a 2-dose primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy against COVID-19 hospitalization in infants. Among 379 hospitalized infants aged <6 months (176 with COVID-19 [case-infants] and 203 without COVID-19 [control-infants]), the median age was 2 months, 21% had at least one underlying medical condition, and 22% of case- and control-infants were born premature (<37 weeks gestation). Effectiveness of maternal vaccination during pregnancy against COVID-19 hospitalization in infants aged <6 months was 61% (95% CI = 31%-78%). Completion of a 2-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy might help prevent COVID-19 hospitalization among infants aged <6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children’s Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Kamidani S, Tarquinio KM, Maddux AB, Heidemann SM, Bhumbra SS, Bline KE, Nofziger RA, Hobbs CV, Bradford TT, Cvijanovich NZ, Irby K, Mack EH, Cullimore ML, Pannaraj PS, Kong M, Walker TC, Gertz SJ, Michelson KN, Cameron MA, Chiotos K, Maamari M, Schuster JE, Orzel AO, Patel MM, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:52-58. [PMID: 35025852 PMCID: PMC8757620 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7102e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe postinfectious hyperinflammatory condition, which generally occurs 2-6 weeks after a typically mild or asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1-3). In the United States, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine is currently authorized for use in children and adolescents aged 5-15 years under an Emergency Use Authorization and is fully licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for persons aged ≥16 years (4). Prelicensure randomized trials in persons aged ≥5 years documented high vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity (5),§ and real-world studies in persons aged 12-18 years demonstrated high vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe COVID-19 (6). Recent evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccination is associated with lower MIS-C incidence among adolescents (7); however, VE of the 2-dose Pfizer-BioNTech regimen against MIS-C has not been evaluated. The effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine received ≥28 days before hospital admission in preventing MIS-C was assessed using a test-negative case-control design¶ among hospitalized patients aged 12-18 years at 24 pediatric hospitals in 20 states** during July 1-December 9, 2021, the period when most MIS-C patients could be temporally linked to SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant predominance. Patients with MIS-C (case-patients) and two groups of hospitalized controls matched to case-patients were evaluated: test-negative controls had at least one COVID-19-like symptom and negative SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antigen-based assay results, and syndrome-negative controls were hospitalized patients without COVID-19-like illness. Among 102 MIS-C case-patients and 181 hospitalized controls, estimated effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine against MIS-C was 91% (95% CI = 78%-97%). All 38 MIS-C patients requiring life support were unvaccinated. Receipt of 2 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is associated with a high level of protection against MIS-C in persons aged 12-18 years, highlighting the importance of vaccination among all eligible children.
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Affiliation(s)
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- CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan; The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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55
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Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Feldstein LR, Novak T, Weiss SL, Coates BM, Schuster JE, Schwarz AJ, Maddux AB, Hall MW, Nofziger RA, Flori HR, Gertz SJ, Kong M, Sanders RC, Irby K, Hume JR, Cullimore ML, Shein SL, Thomas NJ, Stewart LS, Barnes JR, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Life-Threatening Influenza Illness in US Children. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:230-238. [PMID: 35024795 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predominance of 2 antigenically drifted influenza viruses during the 2019-2020 season offered an opportunity to assess vaccine effectiveness against life-threatening pediatric influenza disease from vaccine-mismatched viruses in the United States. METHODS We enrolled children aged <18 years admitted to the intensive care unit with acute respiratory infection across 17 hospitals. Respiratory specimens were tested using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for influenza viruses and sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated vaccine effectiveness comparing odds of vaccination in test-positive case patients vs test-negative controls, stratifying by age, virus type, and severity. Life-threating influenza included death or invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, dialysis, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. RESULTS We enrolled 159 critically ill influenza case-patients (70% ≤8 years; 51% A/H1N1pdm09 and 25% B-Victoria viruses) and 132 controls (69% were aged ≤8 years). Among 56 sequenced A/H1N1pdm09 viruses, 29 (52%) were vaccine-mismatched (A/H1N1pdm09/5A+156K) and 23 (41%) were vaccine-matched (A/H1N1pdm09/5A+187A,189E). Among sequenced B-lineage viruses, majority (30 of 31) were vaccine-mismatched. Effectiveness against critical influenza was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38% to 78%) and similar by age. Effectiveness was 75% (95% CI, 49% to 88%) against life-threatening influenza vs 57% (95% CI, 24% to 76%) against non-life-threating influenza. Effectiveness was 78% (95% CI, 41% to 92%) against matched A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, 47% (95% CI, -21% to 77%) against mismatched A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, and 75% (95% CI, 37% to 90%) against mismatched B-Victoria viruses. CONCLUSIONS During a season when vaccine-mismatched influenza viruses predominated, vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of critical and life-threatening influenza illness in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Olson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leora R Feldstein
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott L Weiss
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam J Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan A Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ronald C Sanders
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Janet R Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melissa L Cullimore
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Steven L Shein
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura S Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manish M Patel
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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56
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Bhalla AK, Klein MJ, Modesto I Alapont V, Emeriaud G, Kneyber MCJ, Medina A, Cruces P, Diaz F, Takeuchi M, Maddux AB, Mourani PM, Camilo C, White BR, Yehya N, Pappachan J, Di Nardo M, Shein S, Newth C, Khemani R. Mechanical power in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: a PARDIE study. Crit Care 2022; 26:2. [PMID: 34980228 PMCID: PMC8722295 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical power is a composite variable for energy transmitted to the respiratory system over time that may better capture risk for ventilator-induced lung injury than individual ventilator management components. We sought to evaluate if mechanical ventilation management with a high mechanical power is associated with fewer ventilator-free days (VFD) in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). METHODS Retrospective analysis of a prospective observational international cohort study. RESULTS There were 306 children from 55 pediatric intensive care units included. High mechanical power was associated with younger age, higher oxygenation index, a comorbid condition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, higher tidal volume, higher delta pressure (peak inspiratory pressure-positive end-expiratory pressure), and higher respiratory rate. Higher mechanical power was associated with fewer 28-day VFD after controlling for confounding variables (per 0.1 J·min-1·Kg-1 Subdistribution Hazard Ratio (SHR) 0.93 (0.87, 0.98), p = 0.013). Higher mechanical power was not associated with higher intensive care unit mortality in multivariable analysis in the entire cohort (per 0.1 J·min-1·Kg-1 OR 1.12 [0.94, 1.32], p = 0.20). But was associated with higher mortality when excluding children who died due to neurologic reasons (per 0.1 J·min-1·Kg-1 OR 1.22 [1.01, 1.46], p = 0.036). In subgroup analyses by age, the association between higher mechanical power and fewer 28-day VFD remained only in children < 2-years-old (per 0.1 J·min-1·Kg-1 SHR 0.89 (0.82, 0.96), p = 0.005). Younger children were managed with lower tidal volume, higher delta pressure, higher respiratory rate, lower positive end-expiratory pressure, and higher PCO2 than older children. No individual ventilator management component mediated the effect of mechanical power on 28-day VFD. CONCLUSIONS Higher mechanical power is associated with fewer 28-day VFDs in children with PARDS. This association is strongest in children < 2-years-old in whom there are notable differences in mechanical ventilation management. While further validation is needed, these data highlight that ventilator management is associated with outcome in children with PARDS, and there may be subgroups of children with higher potential benefit from strategies to improve lung-protective ventilation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Higher mechanical power is associated with fewer 28-day ventilator-free days in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. This association is strongest in children <2-years-old in whom there are notable differences in mechanical ventilation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoopindar K Bhalla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Margaret J Klein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Guillaume Emeriaud
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin C J Kneyber
- Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Critical Care, Anaesthesiology, Peri-Operative & Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Medina
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Cruces
- Centro de Investigación de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría, Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico, Hospital El Carmen de Maipú, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Diaz
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación ed Medicina (ICIM), Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Clínico La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muneyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Nadir Yehya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Pappachan
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matteo Di Nardo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Shein
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Newth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robinder Khemani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sigal GB, Novak T, Mathew A, Chou J, Zhang Y, Manjula N, Bathala P, Joe J, Padmanabhan N, Romero D, Allegri-Machado G, Joerger J, Loftis LL, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Fitzgerald JC, Tarquinio KM, Zinter MS, Schuster JE, Halasa NB, Cullimore ML, Maddux AB, Staat MA, Irby K, Flori HR, Coates BM, Crandall H, Gertz SJ, Randolph AG, Pollock NR. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antigens in plasma of pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 or MIS-C using an ultrasensitive and quantitative immunoassay. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.08.21267502. [PMID: 34909787 PMCID: PMC8669854 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.08.21267502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens in blood has high sensitivity in adults with acute COVID-19, but sensitivity in pediatric patients is unclear. Recent data suggest that persistent SARS-CoV-2 spike antigenemia may contribute to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We quantified SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) antigens in blood of pediatric patients with either acute COVID-19 or MIS-C using ultrasensitive immunoassays (Meso Scale Discovery). METHODS Plasma was collected from inpatients (<21 years) enrolled across 15 hospitals in 15 US states. Acute COVID-19 patients (n=36) had a range of disease severity and positive nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR within 24 hours of blood collection. Patients with MIS-C (n=53) met CDC criteria and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR or serology). Controls were patients pre-COVID-19 (n=67) or within 24h of negative RT-PCR (n=43). RESULTS Specificities of N and S assays were 95-97% and 100%, respectively. In acute COVID-19 patients, N/S plasma assays had 89%/64% sensitivity, respectively; sensitivity in patients with concurrent nasopharyngeal swab cycle threshold (Ct) ≤ 35 were 93%/63%. Antigen concentrations ranged from 1.28-3,844 pg/mL (N) and 1.65-1,071 pg/mL (S) and correlated with disease severity. In MIS-C, antigens were detected in 3/53 (5.7%) samples (3 N-positive: 1.7, 1.9, 121.1 pg/mL; 1 S-positive: 2.3 pg/mL); the patient with highest N had positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR (Ct 22.3) concurrent with blood draw. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasensitive blood SARS-CoV-2 antigen measurement has high diagnostic yield in children with acute COVID-19. Antigens were undetectable in most MIS-C patients, suggesting that persistent antigenemia is not a common contributor to MIS-C pathogenesis. KEY POINTS In a U.S. pediatric cohort tested with ultrasensitive immunoassays, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigens were detectable in most patients with acute COVID-19, and spike antigens were commonly detectable. Both antigens were undetectable in almost all MIS-C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anu Mathew
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica Joe
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jill Joerger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laura L. Loftis
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie P. Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tracie C. Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie C. Fitzgerald
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keiko M. Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matt S. Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City MO, USA
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melissa L. Cullimore
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Heidi R. Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children’s Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hillary Crandall
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shira J. Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | - Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nira R. Pollock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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58
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Olson LM, Perry GN, Yang S, Galyean PO, Zickmund SL, Sorenson S, Pinto NP, Maddux AB, Watson RS, Fink EL. Parents' Experiences Caring for a Child after a Critical Illness: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives This article described parents' experience and identifies outcomes important to parents following their child's critical illness.
Methods Semistructured interviews with 22 female and 4 male parents representing 26 critically ill children with predominately neurologic and respiratory diagnoses. Most children were younger than 5 years at discharge with a median (interquartile range) of 2 (2.0–3.0) years from discharge to interview.
Results Many children returned home with life-altering physical and cognitive disabilities requiring months to years of rehabilitation. Parents remembered feeling unprepared and facing an intense, chaotic time when the child first returned home. They described how they suddenly had to center their daily activities around the child's needs amidst competing needs of siblings and partners, and in some cases, the medicalization of the home. They recounted negotiating adjustments almost daily with insurance agencies, medical doctors and therapists, employers, the child, and other family members to keep the family functioning. In the long term, families developed a new norm, choosing to focus on what the child could still do rather than what they could not. Even if the child returned to baseline, parents remembered the adjustments made to keep the child alive and the family functioning.
Conclusion Heightened awareness of family experiences after pediatric critical illness will allow health care providers to improve family preparedness for the transition from hospital to home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenora M. Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Grace N. Perry
- Qualitative Research Core, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Serena Yang
- Qualitative Research Core, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Patrick O'Roke Galyean
- Qualitative Research Core, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Susan L. Zickmund
- Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center of Innovation, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Samuel Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Neethi P. Pinto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - R Scott Watson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ericka L. Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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59
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Killien EY, Loftis LL, Clark JD, Muszynski JA, Rissmiller BJ, Singleton MN, White BR, Zimmerman JJ, Maddux AB, Pinto NP, Fink EL, Watson RS, Smith M, Ringwood M, Graham RJ. Health-related quality of life outcome measures for children surviving critical care: a scoping review. Qual Life Res 2021; 30:3383-3394. [PMID: 34185224 PMCID: PMC9116894 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-02928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been identified as one of the core outcomes most important to assess following pediatric critical care, yet there are no data on the use of HRQL in pediatric critical care research. We aimed to determine the HRQL instruments most commonly used to assess children surviving critical care and describe study methodology, patient populations, and instrument characteristics to identify areas of deficiency and guide investigators conducting HRQL research. METHODS We queried PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Registry for studies evaluating pediatric critical care survivors published 1970-2017. We used dual review for article selection and data extraction. RESULTS Of 60,349 citations, 66 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were observational (89.4%) and assessed HRQL at one post-discharge time-point (86.4%), and only 10.6% of studies included a baseline assessment. Time to the first follow-up assessment ranged from 1 month to 10 years post-hospitalization (median 3 years, IQR 0.5-6). For 26 prospective studies, the median follow-up time was 0.5 years [IQR 0.25-1]. Parent/guardian proxy-reporting was used in 83.3% of studies. Fifteen HRQL instruments were employed, with four used in >5% of articles: the Health Utility Index (n = 22 articles), the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (n = 17), the Child Health Questionnaire (n = 16), and the 36-Item Short Form Survey (n = 9). CONCLUSION HRQL assessment in pediatric critical care research has been centered around four instruments, though existing literature is limited by minimal longitudinal follow-up and infrequent assessment of baseline HRQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Y Killien
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, FA 2.112, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Laura L Loftis
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonna D Clark
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, FA 2.112, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Jennifer A Muszynski
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian J Rissmiller
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcy N Singleton
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital At Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Benjamin R White
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jerry J Zimmerman
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, FA 2.112, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neethi P Pinto
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ericka L Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Scott Watson
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, FA 2.112, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - McKenna Smith
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Melissa Ringwood
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert J Graham
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Carlton EF, Pinto N, Smith M, Fink EL, Watson RS, Hoehn KS, Marupudi N, Dervan LA, Lackey M, Ringwood M, Maddux AB. Overall Health Following Pediatric Critical Illness: A Scoping Review of Instruments and Methodology. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:1061-1071. [PMID: 34261948 PMCID: PMC8639621 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Families identify overall health as a key outcome after pediatric critical illness. We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a scoping review to determine the methods, populations, and instruments used to evaluate overall health outcomes for both children and their families after critical illness. DESIGN Planned Secondary Analysis of a Scoping Review. SETTING We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry databases from 1970 to 2017 to identify studies which measured postdischarge overall health of children who survived critical illness and their families. SUBJECTS Articles reporting overall health outcomes after pediatric critical illness. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among the 407 articles which measured outcomes following pediatric critical illness, 161 (40%) measured overall health. The overall health domain was most commonly measured in traumatic brain injury (44%) and the general PICU populations (16%). In total, there were 39 unique measures used to evaluate overall health. Across all subjects, seven measures accounted for 89% of instruments, with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (47%) and the Pediatric Overall Performance Category (17%) being most commonly used. Excluding studies targeting survivors of traumatic brain injury, Pediatric Overall Performance Category, Glasgow Outcome Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire were the most commonly used instruments. Patients were followed for a median 10.5 months (interquartile range, 4.5-21 mo). CONCLUSIONS Overall health was commonly assessed post-PICU discharge, especially in the traumatic brain injury population, using a heterogenous array of measures. Evaluation and consensus are imperative to identify the most appropriate method to measure overall health with the goal of improving care efficacy and facilitating recovery across populations of critically ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Carlton
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Neethi Pinto
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - McKenna Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ericka L. Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - R. Scott Watson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K. Sarah Hoehn
- University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital. Chicago, IL
| | - Neelima Marupudi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Leslie A. Dervan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mellanye Lackey
- University of Nevada Las Vegas Health Sciences Library, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Melissa Ringwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Maddux AB, Campbell K, Woodruff AG, LaVelle J, Lutmer J, Kennedy CE, Malakooti M, McGuire JK, Shekerdemian L, Harris ZL, McCrory MC, Carpenter TC. The Impact of Strict Public Health Restrictions on Pediatric Critical Illness. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:2033-2041. [PMID: 34259665 PMCID: PMC8594504 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the impact of public health interventions on the volume and characteristics of admissions to the PICU. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective cohort study. SETTING Six U.S. referral PICUs during February 15, 2020-May 14, 2020, compared with the same months during 2017-2019 (baseline). PATIENTS PICU admissions excluding admissions for illnesses due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and readmissions during the same hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Primary outcome was admission volumes during the period of stay-at-home orders (March 15, 2020-May 14, 2020) compared with baseline. Secondary outcomes were hospitalization characteristics including advanced support (e.g., invasive mechanical ventilation), PICU and hospital lengths of stay, and mortality. We used generalized linear mixed modeling to compare patient and admission characteristics during the stay-at-home orders period to baseline. We evaluated 7,960 admissions including 1,327 during March 15, 2020-May 14, 2020. Daily admissions and patients days were lower during the period of stay-at-home orders compared with baseline: median admissions 21 (interquartile range, 17-25) versus 36 (interquartile range, 30-42) (p < 0.001) and median patient days 93.0 (interquartile range, 55.9-136.7) versus 143.6 (interquartile range, 108.5-189.2) (p < 0.001). Admissions during the period of stay-at-home orders were less common in young children and for respiratory and infectious illnesses and more common for poisonings, endocrinopathies and for children with race/ethnicity categorized as other/unspecified. There were no differences in hospitalization characteristics except fewer patients received noninvasive ventilation during the period of stay-at-home orders. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in PICU admissions suggest that much of pediatric critical illness in younger children and for respiratory and infectious illnesses may be preventable through targeted public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristen Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Alan G Woodruff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Jaime LaVelle
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Jeffrey Lutmer
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Curt E Kennedy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Marcelo Malakooti
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John K McGuire
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lara Shekerdemian
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Z Leah Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Austin and Dell Children's Medical Center, Austin, TX
| | - Michael C McCrory
- Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Todd C Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Irby K, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Pannaraj PS, Maddux AB, Bradford TT, Nofziger RA, Boutselis BJ, Cullimore ML, Mack EH, Schuster JE, Gertz SJ, Cvijanovich NZ, Kong M, Cameron MA, Staat MA, Levy ER, Chatani BM, Chiotos K, Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccination Against COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, June-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1483-1488. [PMID: 34673751 PMCID: PMC9361838 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7042e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in children and adolescents aged 12-15 years and is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for persons aged ≥16 (1). A randomized placebo-controlled trial demonstrated an efficacy of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 75.3%-100%) in preventing outpatient COVID-19 in persons aged 12-15 years (2); however, data among adolescents on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 in real-world settings are limited, especially among hospitalized patients. In early September 2021, U.S. pediatric COVID-19 hospitalizations reached the highest level during the pandemic (3,4). In a test-negative, case-control study at 19 pediatric hospitals in 16 states during June 1-September 30, 2021, the effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalization was assessed among children and adolescents aged 12-18 years. Among 464 hospitalized persons aged 12-18 years (179 case-patients and 285 controls), the median age was 15 years, 72% had at least one underlying condition, including obesity, and 68% attended in-person school. Effectiveness of 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalization was 93% (95% CI = 83%-97%), during the period when B.1.617.2 (Delta) was the predominant variant. This evaluation demonstrated that 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine are highly effective at preventing COVID-19 hospitalization among persons aged 12-18 years and reinforces the importance of vaccination to protect U.S. youths against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas; Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey; Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, University of California San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UHealth/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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63
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Geva A, Patel MM, Newhams MM, Young CC, Son MBF, Kong M, Maddux AB, Hall MW, Riggs BJ, Singh AR, Giuliano JS, Hobbs CV, Loftis LL, McLaughlin GE, Schwartz SP, Schuster JE, Babbitt CJ, Halasa NB, Gertz SJ, Doymaz S, Hume JR, Bradford TT, Irby K, Carroll CL, McGuire JK, Tarquinio KM, Rowan CM, Mack EH, Cvijanovich NZ, Fitzgerald JC, Spinella PC, Staat MA, Clouser KN, Soma VL, Dapul H, Maamari M, Bowens C, Havlin KM, Mourani PM, Heidemann SM, Horwitz SM, Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Newburger JW, Mandl KD, Randolph AG. Data-driven clustering identifies features distinguishing multisystem inflammatory syndrome from acute COVID-19 in children and adolescents. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 40:101112. [PMID: 34485878 PMCID: PMC8405351 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) consensus criteria were designed for maximal sensitivity and therefore capture patients with acute COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS We performed unsupervised clustering on data from 1,526 patients (684 labeled MIS-C by clinicians) <21 years old hospitalized with COVID-19-related illness admitted between 15 March 2020 and 31 December 2020. We compared prevalence of assigned MIS-C labels and clinical features among clusters, followed by recursive feature elimination to identify characteristics of potentially misclassified MIS-C-labeled patients. FINDINGS Of 94 clinical features tested, 46 were retained for clustering. Cluster 1 patients (N = 498; 92% labeled MIS-C) were mostly previously healthy (71%), with mean age 7·2 ± 0·4 years, predominant cardiovascular (77%) and/or mucocutaneous (82%) involvement, high inflammatory biomarkers, and mostly SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative (60%). Cluster 2 patients (N = 445; 27% labeled MIS-C) frequently had pre-existing conditions (79%, with 39% respiratory), were similarly 7·4 ± 2·1 years old, and commonly had chest radiograph infiltrates (79%) and positive PCR testing (90%). Cluster 3 patients (N = 583; 19% labeled MIS-C) were younger (2·8 ± 2·0 y), PCR positive (86%), with less inflammation. Radiographic findings of pulmonary infiltrates and positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR accurately distinguished cluster 2 MIS-C labeled patients from cluster 1 patients. INTERPRETATION Using a data driven, unsupervised approach, we identified features that cluster patients into a group with high likelihood of having MIS-C. Other features identified a cluster of patients more likely to have acute severe COVID-19 pulmonary disease, and patients in this cluster labeled by clinicians as MIS-C may be misclassified. These data driven phenotypes may help refine the diagnosis of MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Geva
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston,
These authors contributed equally to this work. A complete list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. MA, USA - Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish M. Patel
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret M. Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston,
These authors contributed equally to this work. A complete list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. MA, USA
| | - Cameron C. Young
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston,
These authors contributed equally to this work. A complete list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. MA, USA
| | - Mary Beth F. Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark W. Hall
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Becky J. Riggs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aalok R. Singh
- Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - John S. Giuliano
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charlotte V. Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Disease; Microbiology; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Laura L. Loftis
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn E. McLaughlin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie P. Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shira J. Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | - Sule Doymaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Janet R. Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tamara T. Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - John K. McGuire
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keiko M. Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney M. Rowan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Julie C. Fitzgerald
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip C. Spinella
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katharine N. Clouser
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Vijaya L. Soma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heda Dapul
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mia Maamari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Health Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cindy Bowens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Louisville, and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kevin M. Havlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Heidemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven M. Horwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Leora R. Feldstein
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W. Tenforde
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jane W. Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston,
These authors contributed equally to this work. A complete list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. MA, USA - Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Bader 634, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Maddux AB, Mourani PM, Banks R, Reeder RW, Pollack MM, Berg RA, Meert KL, McQuillen PS, Yates AR, Notterman DA, Berger JT. Inhaled Nitric Oxide Use and Outcomes in Critically Ill Children With a History of Prematurity. Respir Care 2021; 66:1549-1559. [PMID: 34552014 PMCID: PMC8810581 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.08766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) is used to treat hypoxic respiratory failure without clear evidence of benefit. Future trials to evaluate its use will be designed based on an understanding of the populations in which this therapy is provided and with outcomes based on patient characteristics, for example, a history of premature birth. METHODS This was a multi-center prospective observational study that evaluated subjects in the pediatric ICU who were treated with INO for a respiratory indication, excluding those treated in the neonatal ICU or treated for birth-related disease. We used logistic regression to evaluate characteristics associated with mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation. Specifically, we compared subjects born early preterm (<32 weeks post-conceptual age), late preterm (32-37 weeks post-conceptual age), and full term. RESULTS A total of 163 children (median age [interquartile range], 1.8 [0.7-6.0] y) were included, 41 (25.2%) had a history of preterm birth (18 born early preterm and 23 born late preterm). INO was initiated for less-severe lung disease in the early preterm versus late preterm versus full-term subjects (median mean airway pressures, 16 vs 19 vs 19 cm H2O; P = .03), although the oxygenation index and oxygenation saturation index did not differ. The early preterm subjects had more ventilator-free days (median, 18.0, 7.0, 4.5 d; P = .02) and lower 28-d mortality (0, 26.1, 32.0%; P = .007). Lower respiratory tract disease, but not a history of prematurity, was independently associated with lower mortality. CONCLUSIONS INO was used differently in early preterm subjects. Clinical trials that evaluate INO use should have standardized oxygenation deficit thresholds for initiation of therapy and should consider stratifying by early preterm status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Maddux
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | | | | | - Robert A Berg
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Andrew R Yates
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel A Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE For children hospitalized with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI), to use postdischarge insurance claims to identify: (1) healthcare utilization patterns representative of functional outcome phenotypes and (2) patient and hospitalization characteristics that predict outcome phenotype. SETTING Two pediatric trauma centers and a state-level insurance claim aggregator. PATIENTS A total of 289 children, who survived a hospitalization after TBI between 2009 and 2014, were in the hospital trauma registry, and had postdischarge insurance eligibility. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURES Unsupervised machine learning to identify phenotypes based on postdischarge insurance claims. Regression analyses to identify predictors of phenotype. RESULTS Median age 5 years (interquartile range 2-12), 29% (84/289) female. TBI severity: 30% severe, 14% moderate, and 60% mild. We identified 4 functional outcome phenotypes. Phenotypes 3 and 4 were the highest utilizers of resources. Morbidity burden was highest during the first 4 postdischarge months and subsequently decreased in all domains except respiratory. Severity and mechanism of injury, intracranial pressure monitor placement, seizures, and hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay were phenotype predictors. CONCLUSIONS Unsupervised machine learning identified postdischarge phenotypes at high risk for morbidities. Most phenotype predictors are available early in the hospitalization and can be used for prognostic enrichment of clinical trials targeting mitigation or treatment of domain-specific morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B. Maddux
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Carter Sevick
- Data Analyst, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew Cox-Martin
- Data Analyst, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tellen D. Bennett
- Associate Professor and Section Head, Section of Informatics and Data Science, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Son MBF, Murray N, Friedman K, Young CC, Newhams MM, Feldstein LR, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Singh AR, Heidemann SM, Soma VL, Riggs BJ, Fitzgerald JC, Kong M, Doymaz S, Giuliano JS, Keenaghan MA, Hume JR, Hobbs CV, Schuster JE, Clouser KN, Hall MW, Smith LS, Horwitz SM, Schwartz SP, Irby K, Bradford TT, Maddux AB, Babbitt CJ, Rowan CM, McLaughlin GE, Yager PH, Maamari M, Mack EH, Carroll CL, Montgomery VL, Halasa NB, Cvijanovich NZ, Coates BM, Rose CE, Newburger JW, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - Initial Therapy and Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:23-34. [PMID: 34133855 PMCID: PMC8220972 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of real-world effectiveness of immunomodulatory medications for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may guide therapy. METHODS We analyzed surveillance data on inpatients younger than 21 years of age who had MIS-C and were admitted to 1 of 58 U.S. hospitals between March 15 and October 31, 2020. The effectiveness of initial immunomodulatory therapy (day 0, indicating the first day any such therapy for MIS-C was given) with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) plus glucocorticoids, as compared with IVIG alone, was evaluated with propensity-score matching and inverse probability weighting, with adjustment for baseline MIS-C severity and demographic characteristics. The primary outcome was cardiovascular dysfunction (a composite of left ventricular dysfunction or shock resulting in the use of vasopressors) on or after day 2. Secondary outcomes included the components of the primary outcome, the receipt of adjunctive treatment (glucocorticoids in patients not already receiving glucocorticoids on day 0, a biologic, or a second dose of IVIG) on or after day 1, and persistent or recurrent fever on or after day 2. RESULTS A total of 518 patients with MIS-C (median age, 8.7 years) received at least one immunomodulatory therapy; 75% had been previously healthy, and 9 died. In the propensity-score-matched analysis, initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids (103 patients) was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular dysfunction on or after day 2 than IVIG alone (103 patients) (17% vs. 31%; risk ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.94). The risks of the components of the composite outcome were also lower among those who received IVIG plus glucocorticoids: left ventricular dysfunction occurred in 8% and 17% of the patients, respectively (risk ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.19 to 1.15), and shock resulting in vasopressor use in 13% and 24% (risk ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.00). The use of adjunctive therapy was lower among patients who received IVIG plus glucocorticoids than among those who received IVIG alone (34% vs. 70%; risk ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.65), but the risk of fever was unaffected (31% and 40%, respectively; risk ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.13). The inverse-probability-weighted analysis confirmed the results of the propensity-score-matched analysis. CONCLUSIONS Among children and adolescents with MIS-C, initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids was associated with a lower risk of new or persistent cardiovascular dysfunction than IVIG alone. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth F Son
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Nancy Murray
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Kevin Friedman
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Cameron C Young
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Leora R Feldstein
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Laura L Loftis
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Aalok R Singh
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Vijaya L Soma
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Becky J Riggs
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Julie C Fitzgerald
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Michele Kong
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Sule Doymaz
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - John S Giuliano
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Michael A Keenaghan
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Janet R Hume
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Katharine N Clouser
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Mark W Hall
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Lincoln S Smith
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Steven M Horwitz
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Stephanie P Schwartz
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Katherine Irby
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Christopher J Babbitt
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Courtney M Rowan
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Gwenn E McLaughlin
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Phoebe H Yager
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Mia Maamari
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Christopher L Carroll
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Vicki L Montgomery
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Bria M Coates
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Charles E Rose
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Jane W Newburger
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common manifestation of severe COVID-19. Prone positioning has been used successfully in adult patients with ARDS and has been shown to decrease mortality. The efficacy of prone positioning in pediatric ARDS is less clear. In this review, we discuss the physiologic principles and literature on prone positioning in adults and children relative to COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS There are limited published data on prone positioning in respiratory failure because of COVID-19. The use of proning in nonintubated patients with COVID-19 may improve oxygenation and dyspnea but has not been associated with improved outcomes. Initial adult cohort studies of intubated patients undergoing prone positioning in severe ARDS related to COVID-19 have shown an improvement in mortality. Although the use of proning in children with severe COVID-19 is recommended, data supporting its use is scarce. SUMMARY Additional studies to evaluate the efficacy of prone positioning in pediatric ARDS are needed to provide evidence for or against this treatment strategy in children. Given the unknown evolution of this pandemic, collaborative research efforts across pediatric centers provides the greatest opportunity to develop a data driven-approach to make use of this potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Leroue
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, Young CC, Newhams MM, Maamari M, Walker TC, Singh AR, Dapul H, Hobbs CV, McLaughlin GE, Son MBF, Maddux AB, Clouser KN, Rowan CM, McGuire JK, Fitzgerald JC, Gertz SJ, Shein SL, Munoz AC, Thomas NJ, Irby K, Levy ER, Staat MA, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, Halasa NB, Giuliano JS, Hall MW, Kong M, Carroll CL, Schuster JE, Doymaz S, Loftis LL, Tarquinio KM, Babbitt CJ, Nofziger RA, Kleinman LC, Keenaghan MA, Cvijanovich NZ, Spinella PC, Hume JR, Wellnitz K, Mack EH, Michelson KN, Flori HR, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:536-547. [PMID: 33666649 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the nervous system in adult patients. The spectrum of neurologic involvement in children and adolescents is unclear. Objective To understand the range and severity of neurologic involvement among children and adolescents associated with COVID-19. Setting, Design, and Participants Case series of patients (age <21 years) hospitalized between March 15, 2020, and December 15, 2020, with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test result (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and/or antibody) at 61 US hospitals in the Overcoming COVID-19 public health registry, including 616 (36%) meeting criteria for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Patients with neurologic involvement had acute neurologic signs, symptoms, or diseases on presentation or during hospitalization. Life-threatening involvement was adjudicated by experts based on clinical and/or neuroradiologic features. Exposures Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Main Outcomes and Measures Type and severity of neurologic involvement, laboratory and imaging data, and outcomes (death or survival with new neurologic deficits) at hospital discharge. Results Of 1695 patients (909 [54%] male; median [interquartile range] age, 9.1 [2.4-15.3] years), 365 (22%) from 52 sites had documented neurologic involvement. Patients with neurologic involvement were more likely to have underlying neurologic disorders (81 of 365 [22%]) compared with those without (113 of 1330 [8%]), but a similar number were previously healthy (195 [53%] vs 723 [54%]) and met criteria for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (126 [35%] vs 490 [37%]). Among those with neurologic involvement, 322 (88%) had transient symptoms and survived, and 43 (12%) developed life-threatening conditions clinically adjudicated to be associated with COVID-19, including severe encephalopathy (n = 15; 5 with splenial lesions), stroke (n = 12), central nervous system infection/demyelination (n = 8), Guillain-Barré syndrome/variants (n = 4), and acute fulminant cerebral edema (n = 4). Compared with those without life-threatening conditions (n = 322), those with life-threatening neurologic conditions had higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (median, 12.2 vs 4.4) and higher reported frequency of D-dimer greater than 3 μg/mL fibrinogen equivalent units (21 [49%] vs 72 [22%]). Of 43 patients who developed COVID-19-related life-threatening neurologic involvement, 17 survivors (40%) had new neurologic deficits at hospital discharge, and 11 patients (26%) died. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, many children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children had neurologic involvement, mostly transient symptoms. A range of life-threatening and fatal neurologic conditions associated with COVID-19 infrequently occurred. Effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri L LaRovere
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Becky J Riggs
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tina Y Poussaint
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cameron C Young
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mia Maamari
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Health Medical Center Dallas
| | - Tracie C Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill
| | - Aalok R Singh
- Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Heda Dapul
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gwenn E McLaughlin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mary Beth F Son
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Katharine N Clouser
- Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Courtney M Rowan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis
| | - John K McGuire
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Julie C Fitzgerald
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey
| | - Steven L Shein
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alvaro Coronado Munoz
- Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock
| | - Emily R Levy
- Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mary A Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark W Tenforde
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leora R Feldstein
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John S Giuliano
- Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark W Hall
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Jennifer E Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sule Doymaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn
| | - Laura L Loftis
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Ryan A Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Lawrence C Kleinman
- Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michael A Keenaghan
- Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Natalie Z Cvijanovich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Janet R Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis
| | - Kari Wellnitz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Elizabeth H Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Kelly N Michelson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Manish M Patel
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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69
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Meert KL, Reeder RW, Maddux AB, Banks R, Berg RA, Newth CJ, Hall MW, Quasney M, Carcillo JA, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM, Chima RS, Holubkov R, Sorenson S, McGalliard J, Dean JM, Zimmerman JJ. Health-Related Quality of Life After Community-Acquired Septic Shock in Children With Preexisting Severe Developmental Disabilities. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:e302-e313. [PMID: 33156209 PMCID: PMC8099927 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To serially evaluate health-related quality of life during the first year after community-acquired septic shock in children with preexisting severe developmental disabilities and explore factors associated with health-related quality of life changes in these children. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the Life after Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation investigation. SETTING Twelve academic PICU in the United States. PATIENTS Children greater than or equal to 1 month and less than 18 years old identified by their family caregiver (e.g., parent/guardian) as having severe developmental disability prior to septic shock. INTERVENTIONS Family caregivers completed the Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form as a measure of their child's health-related quality of life at baseline (reflecting preadmission status), day 7, and months 1, 3, 6, and 12 following PICU admission. Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form scores were linearly transformed to a 0-100 scale, with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 392 Life after Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation participants, 137 were identified by their caregiver as having a severe developmental disability. Sixteen children (11.6%) with severe disability died during the 12 months following septic shock. Among 121 survivors, Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form scores declined from preadmission baseline to day 7 (70.7 ± 16.1 vs 55.6 ± 19.2; p < 0.001). Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form scores remained below baseline through month 12 (59.1 ± 21.0, p < 0.001 vs baseline). After adjusting for baseline Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form, the caregiver being a single parent/guardian was associated with lower month 3 Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form scores (p = 0.041). No other baseline child or caregiver characteristic, or critical illness-related factors were significantly associated with month 3 Stein-Jessop Functional Status II-R Short Form scores. CONCLUSIONS Health-related quality of life among children with severe developmental disability remains, on average, below baseline during the first year following community-acquired septic shock. Children with severe disability and septic shock that are in single parent families are at increased risk. Clinical awareness of the potential for decline in health-related quality of life among disabled children is essential to prevent this adverse outcome from being missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Meert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI
| | - Ron W. Reeder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Russell Banks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert A. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher J. Newth
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark W. Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael Quasney
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph A. Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick S. McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ranjit S. Chima
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Samuel Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Julie McGalliard
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - J. Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jerry J. Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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70
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Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Williamson KM, Harris JK, Reeder R, Locandro C, Carpenter TC, Maddux AB, Ziegler K, Simões EAF, Osborne CM, Ambroggio L, Leroue MK, Robertson CE, Langelier C, DeRisi JL, Kamm J, Hall MW, Zuppa AF, Carcillo J, Meert K, Sapru A, Pollack MM, McQuillen P, Notterman DA, Dean JM, Wagner BD. Temporal airway microbiome changes related to ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.01829-2020. [PMID: 33008935 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01829-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether temporal changes in the lower airway microbiome are associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children.Using a multicentre prospective study of children aged 31 days to 18 years requiring mechanical ventilation support for >72 h, daily tracheal aspirates were collected and analysed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. VAP was assessed using 2008 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention paediatric criteria. The association between microbial factors and VAP was evaluated using joint longitudinal time-to-event modelling, matched case-control comparisons and unsupervised clustering.Out of 366 eligible subjects, 66 (15%) developed VAP at a median of 5 (interquartile range 3-5) days post intubation. At intubation, there was no difference in total bacterial load (TBL), but Shannon diversity and the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Lactobacillales and Prevotella were lower for VAP subjects versus non-VAP subjects. However, higher TBL on each sequential day was associated with a lower hazard (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% CI 0.23-0.64) for developing VAP, but sequential values of diversity were not associated with VAP. Similar findings were observed from the matched analysis and unsupervised clustering. The most common dominant VAP pathogens included Prevotella species (19%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%) and Streptococcus mitis/pneumoniae (10%). Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma were also identified as dominant organisms in several subjects.In mechanically ventilated children, changes over time in microbial factors were marginally associated with VAP risk, although these changes were not suitable for predicting VAP in individual patients. These findings suggest that focusing exclusively on pathogen burden may not adequately inform VAP diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Mourani
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marci K Sontag
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Kirk Harris
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ron Reeder
- Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Todd C Carpenter
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine Ziegler
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christina M Osborne
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew K Leroue
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Dept of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Dept of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Athena F Zuppa
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Meert
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Murray M Pollack
- Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick McQuillen
- Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brandie D Wagner
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
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71
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Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Friedman KG, Newhams M, Rose EB, Dapul H, Soma VL, Maddux AB, Mourani PM, Bowens C, Maamari M, Hall MW, Riggs BJ, Giuliano JS, Singh AR, Li S, Kong M, Schuster JE, McLaughlin GE, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Loftis LL, Hobbs CV, Halasa NB, Doymaz S, Babbitt CJ, Hume JR, Gertz SJ, Irby K, Clouser KN, Cvijanovich NZ, Bradford TT, Smith LS, Heidemann SM, Zackai SP, Wellnitz K, Nofziger RA, Horwitz SM, Carroll RW, Rowan CM, Tarquinio KM, Mack EH, Fitzgerald JC, Coates BM, Jackson AM, Young CC, Son MBF, Patel MM, Newburger JW, Randolph AG. Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared With Severe Acute COVID-19. JAMA 2021; 325:1074-1087. [PMID: 33625505 PMCID: PMC7905703 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Refinement of criteria for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may inform efforts to improve health outcomes. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of children and adolescents with MIS-C vs those with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SETTING, DESIGN, AND PARTICIPANTS Case series of 1116 patients aged younger than 21 years hospitalized between March 15 and October 31, 2020, at 66 US hospitals in 31 states. Final date of follow-up was January 5, 2021. Patients with MIS-C had fever, inflammation, multisystem involvement, and positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antibody test results or recent exposure with no alternate diagnosis. Patients with COVID-19 had positive RT-PCR test results and severe organ system involvement. EXPOSURE SARS-CoV-2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Presenting symptoms, organ system complications, laboratory biomarkers, interventions, and clinical outcomes. Multivariable regression was used to compute adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) of factors associated with MIS-C vs COVID-19. RESULTS Of 1116 patients (median age, 9.7 years; 45% female), 539 (48%) were diagnosed with MIS-C and 577 (52%) with COVID-19. Compared with patients with COVID-19, patients with MIS-C were more likely to be 6 to 12 years old (40.8% vs 19.4%; absolute risk difference [RD], 21.4% [95% CI, 16.1%-26.7%]; aRR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.33-1.72] vs 0-5 years) and non-Hispanic Black (32.3% vs 21.5%; RD, 10.8% [95% CI, 5.6%-16.0%]; aRR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.76] vs White). Compared with patients with COVID-19, patients with MIS-C were more likely to have cardiorespiratory involvement (56.0% vs 8.8%; RD, 47.2% [95% CI, 42.4%-52.0%]; aRR, 2.99 [95% CI, 2.55-3.50] vs respiratory involvement), cardiovascular without respiratory involvement (10.6% vs 2.9%; RD, 7.7% [95% CI, 4.7%-10.6%]; aRR, 2.49 [95% CI, 2.05-3.02] vs respiratory involvement), and mucocutaneous without cardiorespiratory involvement (7.1% vs 2.3%; RD, 4.8% [95% CI, 2.3%-7.3%]; aRR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.84-2.85] vs respiratory involvement). Patients with MIS-C had higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (median, 6.4 vs 2.7, P < .001), higher C-reactive protein level (median, 152 mg/L vs 33 mg/L; P < .001), and lower platelet count (<150 ×103 cells/μL [212/523 {41%} vs 84/486 {17%}, P < .001]). A total of 398 patients (73.8%) with MIS-C and 253 (43.8%) with COVID-19 were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 10 (1.9%) with MIS-C and 8 (1.4%) with COVID-19 died during hospitalization. Among patients with MIS-C with reduced left ventricular systolic function (172/503, 34.2%) and coronary artery aneurysm (57/424, 13.4%), an estimated 91.0% (95% CI, 86.0%-94.7%) and 79.1% (95% CI, 67.1%-89.1%), respectively, normalized within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This case series of patients with MIS-C and with COVID-19 identified patterns of clinical presentation and organ system involvement. These patterns may help differentiate between MIS-C and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora R. Feldstein
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mark W. Tenforde
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin G. Friedman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Newhams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erica Billig Rose
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Heda Dapul
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Vijaya L. Soma
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Cindy Bowens
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Dallas
| | - Mia Maamari
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Dallas
| | - Mark W. Hall
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Becky J. Riggs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John S. Giuliano
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aalok R. Singh
- Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Simon Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children’s Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jennifer E. Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Gwenn E. McLaughlin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Stephanie P. Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital
| | - Tracie C. Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children’s Hospital
| | - Laura L. Loftis
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Charlotte V. Hobbs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sule Doymaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Christopher J. Babbitt
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Janet R. Hume
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis
| | - Shira J. Gertz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey
| | - Katherine Irby
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock
| | - Katharine N. Clouser
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Natalie Z. Cvijanovich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Tamara T. Bradford
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans
| | - Lincoln S. Smith
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sabrina M. Heidemann
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit
| | - Sheemon P. Zackai
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Kari Wellnitz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Ryan A. Nofziger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Steven M. Horwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ryan W. Carroll
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney M. Rowan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis
| | - Keiko M. Tarquinio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth H. Mack
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Julie C. Fitzgerald
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashley M. Jackson
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cameron C. Young
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Beth F. Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manish M. Patel
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jane W. Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne G. Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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72
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Fink EL, Maddux AB, Pinto N, Sorenson S, Notterman D, Dean JM, Carcillo JA, Berg RA, Zuppa A, Pollack MM, Meert KL, Hall MW, Sapru A, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM, Wessel D, Amey D, Argent A, de Carvalho WB, Butt W, Choong K, Curley MA, del Pilar Arias Lopez M, Demirkol D, Grosskreuz R, Houtrow AJ, Knoester H, Lee JH, Long D, Manning JC, Morrow B, Sankar J, Slomine BS, Smith M, Olson LM, Watson RS. A Core Outcome Set for Pediatric Critical Care. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:1819-1828. [PMID: 33048905 PMCID: PMC7785252 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES More children are surviving critical illness but are at risk of residual or new health conditions. An evidence-informed and stakeholder-recommended core outcome set is lacking for pediatric critical care outcomes. Our objective was to create a multinational, multistakeholder-recommended pediatric critical care core outcome set for inclusion in clinical and research programs. DESIGN A two-round modified Delphi electronic survey was conducted with 333 invited research, clinical, and family/advocate stakeholders. Stakeholders completing the first round were invited to participate in the second. Outcomes scoring greater than 69% "critical" and less than 15% "not important" advanced to round 2 with write-in outcomes considered. The Steering Committee held a virtual consensus conference to determine the final components. SETTING Multinational survey. PATIENTS Stakeholder participants from six continents representing clinicians, researchers, and family/advocates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Overall response rates were 75% and 82% for each round. Participants voted on seven Global Domains and 45 Specific Outcomes in round 1, and six Global Domains and 30 Specific Outcomes in round 2. Using overall (three stakeholder groups combined) results, consensus was defined as outcomes scoring greater than 90% "critical" and less than 15% "not important" and were included in the final PICU core outcome set: four Global Domains (Cognitive, Emotional, Physical, and Overall Health) and four Specific Outcomes (Child Health-Related Quality of Life, Pain, Survival, and Communication). Families (n = 21) suggested additional critically important outcomes that did not meet consensus, which were included in the PICU core outcome set-extended. CONCLUSIONS The PICU core outcome set and PICU core outcome set-extended are multistakeholder-recommended resources for clinical and research programs that seek to improve outcomes for children with critical illness and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka L. Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neethi Pinto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J. Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joseph A Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Athena Zuppa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray M Pollack
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen L Meert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Wessel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah Amey
- Advocate, Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network Family Collaborative, Great Falls, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Argent
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, and Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Warwick Butt
- Intensive Care Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Choong
- Departments of Pediatrics and Critical Care, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martha A.Q. Curley
- Department of Family and Community Health (Nursing), Anesthesiology and Critical Care (Perelman School of Medicine), University of Pennsylvania; Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Demet Demirkol
- Istanbul University, Child Health Institute and Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruth Grosskreuz
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy J. Houtrow
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hennie Knoester
- Department of Paediatrics, Centrum Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialities, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Debbie Long
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland Children’s Hospital, and PCCRG, Centre for Children’s Health Research, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph C. Manning
- Children and Young People Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham and Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda Morrow
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jhuma Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Beth S. Slomine
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - McKenna Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lenora M. Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R. Scott Watson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Meert KL, Reeder R, Maddux AB, Banks R, Berg RA, Zuppa A, Newth CJ, Wessel D, Pollack MM, Hall MW, Quasney M, Sapru A, Carcillo JA, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM, Chima RS, Holubkov R, Sorenson S, Varni JW, McGalliard J, Haaland W, Whitlock KB, Dean JM, Zimmerman JJ. Trajectories and Risk Factors for Altered Physical and Psychosocial Health-Related Quality of Life After Pediatric Community-Acquired Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:869-878. [PMID: 32667767 PMCID: PMC9059316 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the physical and psychosocial domains of health-related quality of life among children during the first year following community-acquired septic shock, and explore factors associated with poor physical and psychosocial health-related quality of life outcomes. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the Life After Pediatric Sepsis Evaluation. SETTING Twelve academic PICUs in the United States. PATIENTS Children greater than or equal to 1 month and less than 18 years old who were perceived to be without severe developmental disability by their family caregiver at baseline and who survived hospitalization for community-acquired septic shock. INTERVENTIONS Family caregivers completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory for children 2-18 years old or the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Infant Scales for children less than 2 years old at baseline (reflecting preadmission status), day 7, and months 1, 3, 6, and 12 following PICU admission. Higher Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Physical and Psychosocial Health Summary Scores indicate better health-related quality of life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 204 children, 58 (28.2%) had a complex chronic comorbid condition. Children with complex chronic comorbid conditions had lower baseline physical health-related quality of life (62.7 ± 22.6 vs 84.1 ± 19.7; p < 0.001) and psychosocial health-related quality of life (68.4 ± 14.1 vs 81.2 ± 15.3; p < 0.001) than reference norms, whereas children without such conditions had baseline scores similar to reference norms. Children with complex chronic comorbid conditions recovered to their baseline health-related quality of life, whereas children without such conditions did not (physical health-related quality of life 75.3 ± 23.7 vs 83.2 ± 20.1; p = 0.008 and psychosocial health-related quality of life 74.5 ± 18.7 vs 80.5 ± 17.9; p = 0.006). Age less than 2 years was independently associated with higher month 12 physical health-related quality of life, and abnormal neurologic examination and neurologic injury suspected by a healthcare provider during the PICU course were independently associated with lower month 12 physical health-related quality of life. Treatment of increased intracranial pressure and medical device use at month 1 were independently associated with lower month 12 psychosocial health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Physical and psychosocial health-related quality of life were reduced among children during the first year following community-acquired septic shock compared with reference norms, although many recovered to baseline. Risk factors for poor health-related quality of life included neurologic complications during the hospitalization and dependence on a medical device 1 month postadmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Meert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Ron Reeder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aline B. Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Russell Banks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert A. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Athena Zuppa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher J. Newth
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Wessel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Hospital, Washington DC
| | - Murray M. Pollack
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Hospital, Washington DC
| | - Mark W. Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael Quasney
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph A. Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick S. McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ranjit S. Chima
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Samuel Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - James W. Varni
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Julie McGalliard
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Wren Haaland
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathryn B. Whitlock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - J. Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jerry J. Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Rowan CM, Klein MJ, Hsing DD, Dahmer MK, Spinella PC, Emeriaud G, Hassinger AB, Piñeres-Olave BE, Flori HR, Haileselassie B, Lopez-Fernandez YM, Chima RS, Shein SL, Maddux AB, Lillie J, Izquierdo L, Kneyber MCJ, Smith LS, Khemani RG, Thomas NJ, Yehya N. Early Use of Adjunctive Therapies for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A PARDIE Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1389-1397. [PMID: 32130867 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201909-1807oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Few data exist to guide early adjunctive therapy use in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS).Objectives: To describe contemporary use of adjunctive therapies for early PARDS as a framework for future investigations.Methods: This was a preplanned substudy of a prospective, international, cross-sectional observational study of children with PARDS from 100 centers over 10 study weeks.Measurements and Main Results: We investigated six adjunctive therapies for PARDS: continuous neuromuscular blockade, corticosteroids, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), prone positioning, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Almost half (45%) of children with PARDS received at least one therapy. Variability was noted in the median starting oxygenation index of each therapy; corticosteroids started at the lowest oxygenation index (13.0; interquartile range, 7.6-22.0) and HFOV at the highest (25.7; interquartile range, 16.7-37.3). Continuous neuromuscular blockade was the most common, used in 31%, followed by iNO (13%), corticosteroids (10%), prone positioning (10%), HFOV (9%), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (3%). Steroids, iNO, and HFOV were associated with comorbidities. Prone positioning and HFOV were more common in middle-income countries and less frequently used in North America. The use of multiple ancillary therapies increased over the first 3 days of PARDS, but there was not an easily identifiable pattern of combination or order of use.Conclusions: The contemporary description of prevalence, combinations of therapies, and oxygenation threshold for which the therapies are applied is important for design of future studies. Region of the world, income, and comorbidities influence adjunctive therapy use and are important variables to include in PARDS investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Rowan
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Margaret J Klein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deyin Doreen Hsing
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mary K Dahmer
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Guillaume Emeriaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda B Hassinger
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Oishei Children's Hospital and University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Heidi R Flori
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bereketeab Haileselassie
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Ranjit S Chima
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Steven L Shein
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jon Lillie
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ledys Izquierdo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martin C J Kneyber
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lincoln S Smith
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robinder G Khemani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Science, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania and
| | - Nadir Yehya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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75
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Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, Newburger JW, Kleinman LC, Heidemann SM, Martin AA, Singh AR, Li S, Tarquinio KM, Jaggi P, Oster ME, Zackai SP, Gillen J, Ratner AJ, Walsh RF, Fitzgerald JC, Keenaghan MA, Alharash H, Doymaz S, Clouser KN, Giuliano JS, Gupta A, Parker RM, Maddux AB, Havalad V, Ramsingh S, Bukulmez H, Bradford TT, Smith LS, Tenforde MW, Carroll CL, Riggs BJ, Gertz SJ, Daube A, Lansell A, Coronado Munoz A, Hobbs CV, Marohn KL, Halasa NB, Patel MM, Randolph AG. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:334-346. [PMID: 32598831 PMCID: PMC7346765 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2021680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1705] [Impact Index Per Article: 426.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the epidemiology and clinical course of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and its temporal association with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is important, given the clinical and public health implications of the syndrome. METHODS We conducted targeted surveillance for MIS-C from March 15 to May 20, 2020, in pediatric health centers across the United States. The case definition included six criteria: serious illness leading to hospitalization, an age of less than 21 years, fever that lasted for at least 24 hours, laboratory evidence of inflammation, multisystem organ involvement, and evidence of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antibody testing, or exposure to persons with Covid-19 in the past month. Clinicians abstracted the data onto standardized forms. RESULTS We report on 186 patients with MIS-C in 26 states. The median age was 8.3 years, 115 patients (62%) were male, 135 (73%) had previously been healthy, 131 (70%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR or antibody testing, and 164 (88%) were hospitalized after April 16, 2020. Organ-system involvement included the gastrointestinal system in 171 patients (92%), cardiovascular in 149 (80%), hematologic in 142 (76%), mucocutaneous in 137 (74%), and respiratory in 131 (70%). The median duration of hospitalization was 7 days (interquartile range, 4 to 10); 148 patients (80%) received intensive care, 37 (20%) received mechanical ventilation, 90 (48%) received vasoactive support, and 4 (2%) died. Coronary-artery aneurysms (z scores ≥2.5) were documented in 15 patients (8%), and Kawasaki's disease-like features were documented in 74 (40%). Most patients (171 [92%]) had elevations in at least four biomarkers indicating inflammation. The use of immunomodulating therapies was common: intravenous immune globulin was used in 144 (77%), glucocorticoids in 91 (49%), and interleukin-6 or 1RA inhibitors in 38 (20%). CONCLUSIONS Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 led to serious and life-threatening illness in previously healthy children and adolescents. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora R Feldstein
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Erica B Rose
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Steven M Horwitz
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Jennifer P Collins
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Margaret M Newhams
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Mary Beth F Son
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Jane W Newburger
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Lawrence C Kleinman
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Sabrina M Heidemann
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Amarilis A Martin
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Aalok R Singh
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Simon Li
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Keiko M Tarquinio
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Preeti Jaggi
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Matthew E Oster
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Sheemon P Zackai
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Jennifer Gillen
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Adam J Ratner
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Rowan F Walsh
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Julie C Fitzgerald
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Michael A Keenaghan
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Hussam Alharash
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Sule Doymaz
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Katharine N Clouser
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - John S Giuliano
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Anjali Gupta
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Robert M Parker
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Aline B Maddux
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Vinod Havalad
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Stacy Ramsingh
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Hulya Bukulmez
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Tamara T Bradford
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Lincoln S Smith
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Mark W Tenforde
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Christopher L Carroll
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Becky J Riggs
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Shira J Gertz
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Ariel Daube
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Amanda Lansell
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Alvaro Coronado Munoz
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Charlotte V Hobbs
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Kimberly L Marohn
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Manish M Patel
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.)
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Fink EL, Jarvis JM, Maddux AB, Pinto N, Galyean P, Olson LM, Zickmund S, Ringwood M, Sorenson S, Dean JM, Carcillo JA, Berg RA, Zuppa A, Pollack MM, Meert KL, Hall MW, Sapru A, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM, Watson RS. Development of a core outcome set for pediatric critical care outcomes research. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 91:105968. [PMID: 32147572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) teams provide care for critically ill children with diverse and often complex medical and surgical conditions. Researchers often lack guidance on an approach to select the best outcomes when evaluating this critically ill population. Studies would be enhanced by incorporating multi-stakeholder preferences to better evaluate clinical care. This manuscript outlines the methodology currently being used to develop a PICU Core Outcome Set (COS). This PICU COS utilizes mixed methods, an inclusive stakeholder approach, and a modified Delphi consensus process that will serve as a resource for PICU research programs. METHODS A Scoping Review of the PICU literature evaluating outcomes after pediatric critical illness, a qualitative study interviewing PICU survivors and their parents, and other relevant literature will serve to inform a modified, international Delphi consensus process. The Delphi process will derive a set of minimum domains for evaluation of outcomes of critically ill children and their families. Delphi respondents include researchers, multidisciplinary clinicians, families and former patients, research funding agencies, payors, and advocates. Consensus meetings will refine and finalize the domains of the COS, outline a battery instruments for use in future studies, and prepare for extensive dissemination for broad implementation. DISCUSSION The PICU COS will be a guideline resource for investigators to assure that outcomes most important to all stakeholders are considered in PICU clinical research in addition to those deemed most important to individual scientists. TRIAL REGISTRATION COMET database (http://www.comet-initiative.org/, Record ID 1131, 01/01/18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka L Fink
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Faculty Pavilion, 2nd floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America.
| | - Jessica M Jarvis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Medical Building, Suite 910, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13121 E 17(th) Ave, MS 8414, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Neethi Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care, The University of Chicago, 5741 S. Maryland Ave. MC 1145, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America.
| | - Patrick Galyean
- Qualitative Research Core, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States of America.
| | - Lenora M Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America.
| | - Susan Zickmund
- VA Health Services Research, VA Salt Lake City Medical Center, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States of America.
| | - Melissa Ringwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America.
| | - Samuel Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America.
| | - J Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America.
| | - Joseph A Carcillo
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Faculty Pavilion, 2nd floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America.
| | - Robert A Berg
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Athena Zuppa
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Murray M Pollack
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Kathleen L Meert
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States of America.
| | - Mark W Hall
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
| | - Anil Sapru
- Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13121 E 17(th) Ave, MS 8414, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - R Scott Watson
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Maddux
- 1 Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado.,2 Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jerry J Zimmerman
- 3 Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle, Washington and.,4 Harborview Medical Center University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington
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79
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the rate, etiology, and timing of unplanned and planned hospital readmissions and to identify risk factors for unplanned readmission in children who survive a hospitalization for trauma. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective cohort study of a probabilistically linked dataset from the National Trauma Data Bank and the Pediatric Health Information System database, 2007-2012. SETTING Twenty-nine U.S. children's hospitals. PATIENTS 51,591 children (< 18 yr at admission) who survived more than or equal to a 2-day hospitalization for trauma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was unplanned readmission within 1 year of discharge from the injury hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included any readmission, reason for readmission, time to readmission, and number of readmissions within 1 year of discharge. The primary exposure groups were isolated traumatic brain injury, both traumatic brain injury and other injury, or nontraumatic brain injury only. We hypothesized a priori that any traumatic brain injury would be associated with both planned and unplanned hospital readmission. We used All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups codes to categorize readmissions by etiology and planned or unplanned. Overall, 4,301/49,982 of the patients (8.6%) with more than or equal to 1 year of observation time were readmitted to the same hospital within 1 year. Many readmissions were unplanned: 2,704/49,982 (5.4%) experienced an unplanned readmission in the first year. The most common reason for unplanned readmission was infection (22%), primarily postoperative or posttraumatic infection (38% of readmissions for infection). Traumatic brain injury was associated with lower odds of unplanned readmission in multivariable analyses. Seizure or RBC transfusion during the index hospitalization were the strongest predictors of unplanned, earlier, and multiple readmissions. CONCLUSIONS Many survivors of pediatric trauma experience unplanned, and potentially preventable, hospital readmissions in the year after discharge. Identification of those at highest risk of readmission can guide targeted in-hospital or postdischarge interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B. Maddux
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter E. DeWitt
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Tellen D. Bennett
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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80
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Abstract
PURPOSE Sepsis stimulates pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses. The innate immune response is critical to organ injury repair. We tested for an association between innate immune function and organ function recovery in a prospective cohort of immune-competent adults with sepsis. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational cohort study enrolling immune-competent adults with sepsis. We tested innate immune function by quantification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α production capacity in whole blood samples on hospital days 1, 4, and 6. The primary outcome was organ function recovery on day 4 defined as a 4-point decrease in the composite cardiovascular and respiratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score components or a SOFA score ≤2. RESULTS Patients with sepsis who recovered organ function by day 4 (n = 11) had similar baseline characteristics when compared to those with ongoing organ failure (n = 13). Tumor necrosis factor α production capacity was similar between the 2 groups on hospital days 1 and 4 but significantly different on day 6. Patients who regained organ function recovery had significantly higher TNF-α production capacity on day 6 ( P = .01), which persisted after adjustment for age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, and steroid administration ( P = .03). There was no difference in TNF-α production capacity over time in those who survived to hospital discharge versus nonsurvivors. CONCLUSION Increasing TNF-α production capacity is associated with improved organ failure recovery. Further studies are needed to evaluate a causal association between innate immune suppression and organ failure recovery as well as predictive accuracy for hospital survival. Impaired TNF-α production as a marker of sepsis-associated innate immune dysfunction may be a feasible target for immune stimulation to decrease time to organ failure recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Maddux
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,2 Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Terra D Hiller
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katherine H Overdier
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Laura L Pyle
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,4 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivor S Douglas
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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81
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Davis SM, Maddux AB, Alonso GT, Okada CR, Mourani PM, Maahs DM. Profound hypokalemia associated with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:61-5. [PMID: 25430801 PMCID: PMC4896141 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypokalemia is common during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); however, severe hypokalemia at presentation prior to insulin treatment is exceedingly uncommon. A previously healthy 8-yr-old female presented with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, severe DKA (pH = 6.98), and profound hypokalemia (serum K = 1.3 mmol/L) accompanied by cardiac dysrhythmia. Insulin therapy was delayed for 9 h to allow replenishment of potassium to safe serum levels. Meticulous intensive care management resulted in complete recovery. This case highlights the importance of measuring serum potassium levels prior to initiating insulin therapy in DKA, judicious fluid and electrolyte management, as well as delaying and/or reducing insulin infusion rates in the setting of severe hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlee M Davis
- Children’s Hospital Colorado Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aline B Maddux
- Children’s Hospital Colorado Intensive Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guy T Alonso
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carol R Okada
- Children’s Hospital Colorado Intensive Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Children’s Hospital Colorado Intensive Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David M Maahs
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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82
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Maddux AB, Douglas IS. Is the developmentally immature immune response in paediatric sepsis a recapitulation of immune tolerance? Immunology 2015; 145:1-10. [PMID: 25691226 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologically immature neonates suffer the highest incidence of paediatric sepsis. Postnatal immunological maturation is characterized by a relatively hypo-inflammatory immune response. The mechanisms that differentiate the mature and immature immune responses resemble those that differentiate the hyper- and hypo-inflammatory responses in severe sepsis. Immunological maturational differences likely affect the neonate's ability to mount an appropriate hyper-inflammatory response, a counteractive hypo-inflammatory response, and subsequent return to immune system homeostasis. To better understand the role of the hypo-inflammatory response in paediatric sepsis, we will explore the maturation of the immune system and the effect it may have on the sepsis-induced hypo-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Maddux
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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