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Parisien M, Khoury S, Chabot-Doré AJ, Sotocinal SG, Slade GD, Smith SB, Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, Maixner W, Mogil JS, Belfer I, Diatchenko L. Effect of Human Genetic Variability on Gene Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglia and Association with Pain Phenotypes. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1940-52. [PMID: 28564610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) relay sensory information to the brain, giving rise to the perception of pain, disorders of which are prevalent and burdensome. Here, we mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in a collection of human DRGs. DRG eQTLs were enriched within untranslated regions of coding genes of low abundance, with some overlapping with other brain regions and blood cell cis-eQTLs. We confirm functionality of identified eQTLs through their significant enrichment within open chromatin and highly deleterious SNPs, particularly at the exon level, suggesting substantial contribution of eQTLs to alternative splicing regulation. We illustrate pain-related genetic association results explained by DRG eQTLs, with the strongest evidence for contribution of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus, confirmed using a mouse inflammatory pain model. Finally, we show that DRG eQTLs are found among hits in numerous genome-wide association studies, suggesting that this dataset will help address pain components of non-pain disorders.
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52
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Meiselles D, Aviram J, Suzan E, Pud D, Eisenberg E. Does self-perception of sensitivity to pain correlate with actual sensitivity to experimental pain? J Pain Res 2017; 10:2657-2663. [PMID: 29180892 PMCID: PMC5691952 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s149663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People often state that they are “sensitive” or “insensitive” to pain. However, the accuracy and clinical relevance of such statements is unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to search for associations between self-perception of sensitivity to pain and experimental pain measures, including known psychophysical inhibitory or excitatory pain paradigms. Subjects and methods Subjective sensitivity to pain was reported by 75 healthy participants and included three self-perceived variables: pain threshold, pain sensitivity and pain intensity in response to a hypothetical painful event (hypothetical pain intensity [HPI]). Experimental pain measures consisted of thermal pain threshold (°C), suprathreshold thermal pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale, 0–100) and the psychophysical paradigms of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal summation (TS), representing inhibitory and excitatory pain processes, respectively. Results No significant correlations were found between self-perceived pain threshold or pain sensitivity and any of the experimental pain measures. In contrast, the reported HPI correlated with thermal pain threshold (r = −0.282; p = 0.014), suprathreshold thermal pain intensity (r = 0.367; p = 0.001) and CPM (r = 0.233; p = 0.044), but not with TS. Conclusion Self-perception of pain sensitivity articulated by intangible expressions such as pain threshold or pain sensitivity is unrelated to actual sensitivity to experimental pain. In contrast, when measured by intensity of a hypothetical painful event (HPI), sensitivity to pain is associated with some, but not all, experimental pain reports. Further studies are needed for better understanding of these associations and their potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Meiselles
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Joshua Aviram
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa
| | - Erica Suzan
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Dorit Pud
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa
| | - Elon Eisenberg
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.,Institute of Pain Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Nothnagel H, Puta C, Lehmann T, Baumbach P, Menard MB, Gabriel B, Gabriel HHW, Weiss T, Musial F. How stable are quantitative sensory testing measurements over time? Report on 10-week reliability and agreement of results in healthy volunteers. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2067-2078. [PMID: 28919806 PMCID: PMC5587201 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is a diagnostic tool for the assessment of the somatosensory system. To establish QST as an outcome measure for clinical trials, the question of how similar the measurements are over time is crucial. Therefore, long-term reliability and limits of agreement of the standardized QST protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain were tested. Methods QST on the lower back and hand dorsum (dominant hand) were assessed twice in 22 healthy volunteers (10 males and 12 females; mean age: 46.6±13.0 years), with sessions separated by 10.0±2.9 weeks. All measurements were performed by one investigator. To investigate long-term reliability and agreement of QST, differences between the two measurements, correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland–Altman plots (limits of agreement), and standard error of measurement were used. Results Most parameters of the QST were reliable over 10 weeks in healthy volunteers: Almost-perfect ICCs were observed for heat pain threshold (hand) and mechanical pain sensitivity (back). Substantial ICCs were observed for heat pain threshold (back), pressure pain threshold (back), mechanical pain sensitivity (hand), and vibration detection threshold (back and hand). Some QST parameters, such as cold detection threshold, exhibited low ICCs, but also very low variability. Generally, QST measures exhibited narrow limits of agreement in the Bland–Altman plots. Conclusion The standardized QST protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain is feasible to be used in treatment trials. Moreover, defining a statistically meaningful change is possible, which is a prerequisite for the use of QST in clinical trials as well as in long-term investigations of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nothnagel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Department of Community Medicine, National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Department of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation, Friedrich Schiller University
| | - Philipp Baumbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Martha B Menard
- Crocker Institute, Kiawah Island, SC.,School of Integrative Medicine and Health Sciences, Saybrook University, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Brunhild Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger H W Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Frauke Musial
- Department of Community Medicine, National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Carmona S, Weinschelbaum R, Pardal A, Marchesoni C, Zuberbuhler P, Acosta P, Cáceres G, Kisinovsky I, Bayón L, Reisin R. Neuro-Otological and Peripheral Nerve Involvement in Fabry Disease. Audiol Res 2017; 7:176. [PMID: 28794847 PMCID: PMC5534773 DOI: 10.4081/audiores.2017.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease, with multisystemic glycosphingolipids deposits. Neuro-otological involvement leading to hearing loss and vestibular dysfunctions has been described, but there is limited information about the frequency, site of lesion, or the relationship with peripheral neuropathy. The aim was to evaluate the presence of auditory and vestibular symptoms, and assess neurophysiological involvement of the VIII cranial nerve, correlating these findings with clinical and neurophysiological features of peripheral neuropathy. We studied 36 patients with FD with a complete neurological and neuro-otological evaluation including nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing (to evaluate small fiber by warm and cold threshold detection and cold and heat pain), vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, videonistagmography, audiometry and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Neuro-otologic symptoms included hearing loss (22.2%), vertigo (27.8%) or both (25%). An involvement of either cochlear or vestibular function was identified in most patients (75%). In 70% of our patients the involvement of both cochlear and vestibular function could not be explained by a neural or vascular mechanism. Small fiber neuropathy was identified in 77.7%. There were no significant associations between neuro-otological and QST abnormalities. Neuro-otologic involvement is frequent and most likely under-recognized in patients with FD. It lacks a specific neural or vascular pattern, suggesting multi-systemic, end organ damage. Small fiber neuropathy is an earlier manifestation of FD, but there is no correlation between the development of neuropathy and neuro-otological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Carmona
- Department of Neuro-otology INEBA, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Pardal
- Department of Neurology, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paz Zuberbuhler
- Department of Neurology, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Acosta
- Department of Neurology, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Luciana Bayón
- Department of Neuro-otology INEBA, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Reisin
- Department of Neurology, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Samuelsen PJ, Nielsen CS, Wilsgaard T, Stubhaug A, Svendsen K, Eggen AE. Pain sensitivity and analgesic use among 10,486 adults: the Tromsø study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:45. [PMID: 28599683 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased pain sensitivity is a putative risk factor for chronic pain and consequently for analgesic use. Conversely, analgesic use may be a cause of increased pain sensitivity, e.g., through opioid-induced hyperalgesia. We aimed to study the association between pain sensitivity and analgesic use in a general population, and to test the hypothesis that increased baseline pain sensitivity is a risk factor for future persistent analgesic use. Methods The Tromsø Study (2007–08), a population-based health study, was linked with eight years of prescription data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. The cold pressor test was completed in 10,486 participants aged 30+ years, and we used cold pressor endurance time as a proxy measure of pain sensitivity. Cross-sectional associations with different measures of analgesic use were assessed. Furthermore, a cohort of 9,657 persons was followed for 4.5 years. Results In the cross-sectional analysis, increased pain sensitivity was associated with analgesic use; regular users of opioids alone were more pain sensitive than regular users of non-opioid analgesics. Increased baseline pain sensitivity was a risk factor for persistent analgesic use, i.e., using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, or opioids for ≥ 90 days and proportion-of-days-covered ≥ 40% (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.40), although not statistical significant after confounder adjustment. Conclusions Increased pain sensitivity was associated with analgesic use in general, and reduced pain tolerance was found for both opioid and non-opioid analgesic users. The data suggest that hyperalgesia is an effect of analgesics, whereas pain tolerance has little impact on future analgesic use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-017-0149-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Roor W, Konrad H, Mamadjanov D, Geburek T. Population Differentiation in Common Walnut (Juglans regia L.) across Major Parts of Its Native Range-Insights from Molecular and Morphometric Data. J Hered 2017; 108:391-404. [PMID: 28498991 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Juglans regia is an economically highly important species for fruit and wood production in the warm temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Besides the natural influence of climatic and geomorphological barriers, its genetic structure has been strongly modified by humans and the population history is still unclear. For this reason, we investigated mainly natural walnut populations across the Eurasian continent on a molecular (44 populations, 581 trees) and morphometric level (23 populations, 1391 ripe nuts). Population genetic diversity and differentiation were examined by using 7 microsatellite loci. Morphometric characteristics of the nuts (mainly roundness index and nut density) were used to estimate trait variation and population differentiation. Highest allelic richness Rs12 = 7.05 was observed in a Pakistani and the lowest value Rs12 = 3.04 in a Kyrgyz population. The genetic differentiation among populations was high (FST = 0.217; RST = 0.530) indicating a strong phylogeographic pattern. While variation of the roundness index within single populations was high, this trait neither differentiated geographical regions nor was it associated to genetic clusters. Approximated QST based on this trait equalled FST, while approximated QST based on nut density considerably exceeded FST, indicating selection. Nut density was moderately correlated with altitude, latitude, and longitude, and differentiated populations according to their origin. Pakistani and Indian populations showed highest nut densities. These South Asian populations contain putatively ancestral nut forms, which probably have been lost in other populations as a consequence of human selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Roor
- From the Department of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heino Konrad
- From the Department of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Geburek
- From the Department of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
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Sangesland A, Støren C, Vaegter HB. Are preoperative experimental pain assessments correlated with clinical pain outcomes after surgery? A systematic review. Scand J Pain 2016; 15:44-52. [PMID: 28850344 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain after surgery is not uncommon with 30% of patients reporting moderate to severe postoperative pain. Early identification of patients prone to postoperative pain may be a step forward towards individualized pain medicine providing a basis for improved clinical management through treatment strategies targeting relevant pain mechanisms in each patient. Assessment of pain processing by quantitative sensory testing (QST) prior to surgery has been proposed as a method to identify patients at risk for postoperative pain, although results have been conflicting. Since the last systematic review, several studies investigating the association between postoperative pain and more dynamic measures of pain processing like temporal summation of pain and conditioned pain modulation have been conducted. OBJECTIVES According to the PRISMA guidelines, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate whether assessment of experimental pain processing including measures of central pain mechanisms prior to surgery was associated with pain intensity after surgery. METHODS Systematic database searches in PubMed and EMBASE with the following search components: QST, association, and postoperative pain, for studies that assessed the association between QST and pain after surgery were performed. Two authors independently reviewed all titles and abstracts to assess their relevance for inclusion. Studies were included if (1) QST was performed prior to surgery, (2) pain was assessed after surgery, and (3) the association between QST and pain after surgery was investigated. Forty-four unique studies were identified, with 30 studies on 2738 subjects meeting inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the include studies was assessed and data extraction included study population, type of surgery, QST variables, clinical pain outcome measure and main result. RESULTS Most studies showed moderate to high risk of bias. Type of surgery investigated include 7 studies on total knee replacement, 5 studies on caesarean section, 4 studies on thoracic surgery, 2 studies on herniotomy, 2 studies on hysterectomy/myomectomy, 1 study on tubal ligation, 1 study on gynecologic laparoscopy, 1 study on arthroscopic knee surgery, 1 study on shoulder surgery, 1 study on disc herniation surgery, 1 study on cholecystectomy, 1 study on percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 1 study on molar surgery, 1 study on abdominal surgery, and 1 study on total knee replacement and total hip replacement. The majority of the preoperative QST variables showed no consistent association with pain intensity after surgery. Thermal heat pain above the pain threshold and temporal summation of pressure pain were the QST variables, which showed the most consistent association with acute or chronic pain after surgery. CONCLUSIONS QST before surgery does not consistently predict pain after surgery. High quality studies investigating the presence of different QST variables in combination or along with other pain-related psychosocial factors are warranted to confirm the clinical relevance of QST prior to surgery. IMPLICATIONS Although preoperative QST does not show consistent results, future studies in this area should include assessment of central pain mechanisms like temporal summation of pressure pain, conditioned pain modulation, and responses to pain above the pain threshold since these variables show promising associations to pain after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sangesland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, odense, Denmark
| | - Carl Støren
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Vaegter
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, odense, Denmark.,Pain Research Group, Pain Center South, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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58
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Janal MN, Raphael KG, Cook DB, Sirois DA, Nemelivsky L, Staud R. Thermal temporal summation and decay of after-sensations in temporomandibular myofascial pain patients with and without comorbid fibromyalgia. J Pain Res 2016; 9:641-52. [PMID: 27672341 PMCID: PMC5026221 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may have multiple etiological and maintenance factors. One potential factor, central pain sensitization, was quantified here as the response to the temporal summation (TS) paradigm, and that response was compared between case and control groups. Objectives As previous research has shown that fibromyalgia (FM) is diagnosed iñ20% of TMD patients, Aim 1 determined whether central sensitization is found preferentially in myofascial TMD cases that have orofacial pain as a regional manifestation of FM. Aim 2 determined if the report of after-sensations (AS) following TS varied depending on whether repeated stimuli were rated as increasingly painful. Methods One hundred sixty-eight women, 43 controls, 100 myofascial TMD-only cases, and 25 myofascial TMD + FM cases, were compared on thermal warmth and pain thresholds, thermal TS, and decay of thermal AS. All cases met Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD; comorbid cases also met the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for FM. Results Pain thresholds and TS were similar in all groups. When TS was achieved (~60%), significantly higher levels of AS were reported in the first poststimulus interval, and AS decayed more slowly over time, in myofascial TMD cases than controls. By contrast, groups showed similar AS decay patterns following steady state or decreasing responses to repetitive stimulation. Conclusion In this case–control study, all myofascial TMD cases were characterized by a similar delay in the decay of AS. Thus, this indicator of central sensitization failed to suggest different pain maintenance factors in myofascial TMD cases with and without FM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen G Raphael
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Dane B Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - David A Sirois
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Lena Nemelivsky
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Roland Staud
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Brönnimann B, Meier ML, Hou MY, Parkinson C, Ettlin DA. Novel Air Stimulation MR-Device for Intraoral Quantitative Sensory Cold Testing. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:335. [PMID: 27445771 PMCID: PMC4928459 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of neuroimaging in dental research provides exciting opportunities for relating excitation of trigeminal neurons to human somatosensory perceptions. Cold air sensitivity is one of the most frequent causes of dental discomfort or pain. Up to date, devices capable of delivering controlled cold air in an MR-environment are unavailable for quantitative sensory testing. This study therefore aimed at constructing and evaluating a novel MR-compatible, computer-controlled cold air stimulation apparatus (CASA) that produces graded air puffs. CASA consisted of a multi-injector air jet delivery system (AJS), a cold exchanger, a cooling agent, and a stimulus application construction. Its feasibility was tested by performing an fMRI stimulation experiment on a single subject experiencing dentine cold sensitivity. The novel device delivered repetitive, stable air stimuli ranging from room temperature (24.5°C ± 2°C) to -35°C, at flow rates between 5 and 17 liters per minute (l/min). These cold air puffs evoked perceptions similar to natural stimuli. Single-subject fMRI-analysis yielded brain activations typically associated with acute pain processing including thalamus, insular and cingulate cortices, somatosensory, cerebellar, and frontal brain regions. Thus, the novel CASA allowed for controlled, repetitive quantitative sensory testing by using air stimuli at graded temperatures (room temperature down to -35°C) while simultaneously recording brain responses. No MR-compatible stimulation device currently exists that is capable of providing non-contact natural-like stimuli at a wide temperature range to tissues in spatially restricted areas such as the mouth. The physical characteristics of this novel device thus holds promise for advancing the field of trigeminal and spinal somatosensory research, namely with respect to comparing therapeutic interventions for dentine hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Brönnimann
- Pain Research Lab, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Meier
- Pain Research Lab, Center of Dental Medicine, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Interdisciplinary Spinal Pain Research ISR, Balgrist University HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Mei-Yin Hou
- Pain Research Lab, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominik A Ettlin
- Pain Research Lab, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Botelho LM, Morales-Quezada L, Rozisky JR, Brietzke AP, Torres ILS, Deitos A, Fregni F, Caumo W. A Framework for Understanding the Relationship between Descending Pain Modulation, Motor Corticospinal, and Neuroplasticity Regulation Systems in Chronic Myofascial Pain. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:308. [PMID: 27445748 PMCID: PMC4921500 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a leading cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain. However, its neurobiological mechanisms are not entirely elucidated. Given the complex interaction between the networks involved in pain process, our approach, to providing insights into the neural mechanisms of pain, was to investigate the relationship between neurophysiological, neurochemical and clinical outcomes such as corticospinal excitability. Recent evidence has demonstrated that three neural systems are affected in chronic pain: (i) motor corticospinal system; (ii) internal descending pain modulation system; and (iii) the system regulating neuroplasticity. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to examine the relationship between these three central systems in patients with chronic MPS of whom do/do not respond to the Conditioned Pain Modulation Task (CPM-task). The CPM-task was to immerse her non-dominant hand in cold water (0-1°C) to produce a heterotopic nociceptive stimulus. Corticospinal excitability was the primary outcome; specifically, the motor evoked potential (MEP) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Secondary outcomes were the cortical excitability parameters [current silent period (CSP) and short intracortical inhibition (SICI)], serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), heat pain threshold (HPT), and the disability related to pain (DRP). We included 33 women, (18-65 years old). The MANCOVA model using Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test revealed that non-responders (n = 10) compared to responders (n = 23) presented increased intracortical facilitation (ICF; mean ± SD) 1.43 (0.3) vs. 1.11 (0.12), greater motor-evoked potential amplitude (μV) 1.93 (0.54) vs. 1.40 (0.27), as well a higher serum BDNF (pg/Ml) 32.56 (9.95) vs. 25.59 (10.24), (P < 0.05 for all). Also, non-responders presented a higher level of DRP and decreased HPT (P < 0.05 for all). These findings suggest that the loss of net descending pain inhibition was associated with an increase in ICF, serum BDNF levels, and DRP. We propose a framework to explain the relationship and potential directionality of these factors. In this framework we hypothesize that increased central sensitization leads to a loss of descending pain inhibition that triggers compensatory mechanisms as shown by increased motor cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Botelho
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Pain and Palliative Care Service at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation of Spaulding Rehabilitation of Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna R Rozisky
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline P Brietzke
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alicia Deitos
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation of Spaulding Rehabilitation of Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Pain and Palliative Care Service at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil; Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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Evans LM, Kaluthota S, Pearce DW, Allan GJ, Floate K, Rood SB, Whitham TG. Bud phenology and growth are subject to divergent selection across a latitudinal gradient in Populus angustifolia and impact adaptation across the distributional range and associated arthropods. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4565-81. [PMID: 27386097 PMCID: PMC4931002 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate forest tree species that span large geographical areas and climatic gradients often have high levels of genetic variation. Such species are ideal for testing how neutral demographic factors and climate‐driven selection structure genetic variation within species, and how this genetic variation can affect ecological communities. Here, we quantified genetic variation in vegetative phenology and growth traits in narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, using three common gardens planted with genotypes originating from source populations spanning the species' range along the Rocky Mountains of North America (ca. 1700 km). We present three main findings. First, we found strong evidence of divergent selection (QST > FST) on fall phenology (bud set) with adaptive consequences for frost avoidance. We also found evidence for selection on bud flush duration, tree height, and basal diameter, resulting in population differentiation. Second, we found strong associations with climate variables that were strongly correlated with latitude of origin. More strongly differentiated traits also showed stronger climate correlations, which emphasizes the role that climate has played in divergent selection throughout the range. We found population × garden interaction effects; for some traits, this accounted for more of the variance than either factor alone. Tree height was influenced by the difference in climate of the source and garden locations and declined with increasing transfer distance. Third, growth traits were correlated with dependent arthropod community diversity metrics. Synthesis. Overall, we conclude that climate has influenced genetic variation and structure in phenology and growth traits and leads to local adaptation in P. angustifolia, which can then impact dependent arthropod species. Importantly, relocation of genotypes far northward or southward often resulted in poor growth, likely due to a phenological mismatch with photoperiod, the proximate cue for fall growth cessation. Genotypes moved too far southward suffer from early growth cessation, whereas those moved too far northward are prone to fall frost and winter dieback. In the face of current and forecasted climate change, habitat restoration, forestry, and tree breeding efforts should utilize these findings to better match latitudinal and climatic source environments with management locations for optimal future outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences & Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University PO Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011
| | - Sobadini Kaluthota
- Biological Science University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - David W Pearce
- Biological Science University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Department of Biological Sciences & Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University PO Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011
| | - Kevin Floate
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Alberta T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Stewart B Rood
- Biological Science University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences & Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University PO Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011
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Beleggia R, Rau D, Laidò G, Platani C, Nigro F, Fragasso M, De Vita P, Scossa F, Fernie AR, Nikoloski Z, Papa R. Evolutionary Metabolomics Reveals Domestication-Associated Changes in Tetraploid Wheat Kernels. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1740-53. [PMID: 27189559 PMCID: PMC4915355 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication and breeding have influenced the genetic structure of plant populations due to selection for adaptation from natural habitats to agro-ecosystems. Here, we investigate the effects of selection on the contents of 51 primary kernel metabolites and their relationships in three Triticum turgidum L. subspecies (i.e., wild emmer, emmer, durum wheat) that represent the major steps of tetraploid wheat domestication. We present a methodological pipeline to identify the signature of selection for molecular phenotypic traits (e.g., metabolites and transcripts). Following the approach, we show that a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids was associated with selection during domestication of emmer (primary domestication). We also show that changes in the amino acid content due to selection mark the domestication of durum wheat (secondary domestication). These effects were found to be partially independent of the associations that unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids have with other domestication-related kernel traits. Changes in contents of metabolites were also highlighted by alterations in the metabolic correlation networks, indicating wide metabolic restructuring due to domestication. Finally, evidence is provided that wild and exotic germplasm can have a relevant role for improvement of wheat quality and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Beleggia
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laidò
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Platani
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell' economia agraria - Unità di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CREA-ORA), Monsampolo del Tronto (AP), Italy
| | - Franca Nigro
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Fragasso
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy
| | - Federico Scossa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell' economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura (CREA-FRU), Roma, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Roberto Papa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura (CREA-CER), Foggia, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Liepe KJ, Hamann A, Smets P, Fitzpatrick CR, Aitken SN. Adaptation of lodgepole pine and interior spruce to climate: implications for reforestation in a warming world. Evol Appl 2016; 9:409-19. [PMID: 26834833 PMCID: PMC4721073 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated adaptation to climate in populations of two widespread tree species across a range of contrasting environments in western Canada. In a series of common garden experiments, bud phenology, cold hardiness, and seedling growth traits were assessed for 254 populations in the interior spruce complex (Picea glauca, P. engelmannii, and their hybrids) and for 281 populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Complex multitrait adaptations to different ecological regions such as boreal, montane, coastal, and arid environments accounted for 15-20% of the total variance. This population differentiation could be directly linked to climate variables through multivariate regression tree analysis. Our results suggest that adaptation to climate does not always correspond linearly to temperature gradients. For example, opposite trait values (e.g., early versus late budbreak) may be found in response to apparently similar cold environments (e.g., boreal and montane). Climate change adaptation strategies may therefore not always be possible through a simple shift of seed sources along environmental gradients. For the two species in this study, we identified a relatively small number of uniquely adapted populations (11 for interior spruce and nine for lodgepole pine) that may be used to manage adaptive variation under current and expected future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Liepe
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Pia Smets
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Connor R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) may occur following fractures, surgery or different trauma. Development of CRPS following snake-bite has only been published in three reports (from Turkey, Nepal and Korea), although snake bites occur frequently world-wide. There has been no report from Western Europe. Vipera Berus is a common snake in European countries and the only venomous snake in Norway. We here describe the development of CRPS in a young woman as a consequence of a viper bite (Vipera Berus) in the right arm. METHODS We performed a clinical investigation (inspection, measurement of skin temperatures, sensory and motor evaluation) of the patient six months following the viper-bite, measurement of thermal thresholds (quantitative sensory testing, QST), measurement of resting sweat output (RSO) and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex (QSART) from both arms. RESULTS The patient fulfilled the Budapest criteria for a CRPS-condition, with continuous pain and symptoms and findings of autonomic dysfunction. In addition, we found elevated thresholds of warmth and cold, evidence of an affection of afferent A-delta and C-fibres as well as an affection of the efferent sympathetic sudomotor C-fibres by QSART. An increased RSO-volume was in inverse relationship to the decreased QSART result. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS It is important to be aware of viper-bite as a possible eliciting event for CRPS for early diagnosis and treatment of a patient. As long-lasting pain and oedema are known complications, it is probable that CRPS after viper-bites previously may have been underdiagnosed. As many patients are unaware of being bit, viper bite should be considered in cases of unexplained sudden pain and swelling of a limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Petter Kleggetveit
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyOslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ellen Jørum
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyOslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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65
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Wood JLA, Tezel D, Joyal D, Fraser DJ. Population size is weakly related to quantitative genetic variation and trait differentiation in a stream fish. Evolution 2015. [PMID: 26207947 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
How population size influences quantitative genetic variation and differentiation among natural, fragmented populations remains unresolved. Small, isolated populations might occupy poor quality habitats and lose genetic variation more rapidly due to genetic drift than large populations. Genetic drift might furthermore overcome selection as population size decreases. Collectively, this might result in directional changes in additive genetic variation (VA ) and trait differentiation (QST ) from small to large population size. Alternatively, small populations might exhibit larger variation in VA and QST if habitat fragmentation increases variability in habitat types. We explored these alternatives by investigating VA and QST using nine fragmented populations of brook trout varying 50-fold in census size N (179-8416) and 10-fold in effective number of breeders, Nb (18-135). Across 15 traits, no evidence was found for consistent differences in VA and QST with population size and almost no evidence for increased variability of VA or QST estimates at small population size. This suggests that (i) small populations of some species may retain adaptive potential according to commonly adopted quantitative genetic measures and (ii) populations of varying sizes experience a variety of environmental conditions in nature, however extremely large studies are likely required before any firm conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L A Wood
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 2E5, Canada. .,Group for interuniversity research in limnology and aquatic environment (GRIL), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Defne Tezel
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 2E5, Canada
| | - Destin Joyal
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 2E5, Canada
| | - Dylan J Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 2E5, Canada.,Group for interuniversity research in limnology and aquatic environment (GRIL), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
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66
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Schäfer AGM, Hall TM, Rolke R, Treede RD, Lüdtke K, Mallwitz J, Briffa KN. Low back related leg pain: an investigation of construct validity of a new classification system. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2015; 27:409-18. [PMID: 24614828 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-140461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leg pain is associated with back pain in 25-65% of all cases and classified as somatic referred pain or radicular pain. However, distinction between the two may be difficult as different pathomechanisms may cause similar patterns of pain. Therefore a pathomechanism based classification system was proposed, with four distinct hierarchical and mutually exclusive categories: Neuropathic Sensitization (NS) comprising major features of neuropathic pain with sensory sensitization; Denervation (D) arising from significant axonal compromise; Peripheral Nerve Sensitization (PNS) with marked nerve trunk mechanosensitivity; and Musculoskeletal (M) with pain referred from musculoskeletal structures. OBJECTIVE To investigate construct validity of the classification system. METHODS Construct validity was investigated by determining the relationship of nerve functioning with subgroups of patients and asymptomatic controls. Thus somatosensory profiles of subgroups of patients with low back related leg pain (LBRLP) and healthy controls were determined by a comprehensive quantitative sensory test (QST) protocol. It was hypothesized that subgroups of patients and healthy controls would show differences in QST profiles relating to underlying pathomechanisms. RESULTS 77 subjects with LBRLP were recruited and classified in one of the four groups. Additionally, 18 age and gender matched asymptomatic controls were measured. QST revealed signs of pain hypersensitivity in group NS and sensory deficits in group D whereas Groups PNS and M showed no significant differences when compared to the asymptomatic group. CONCLUSIONS These findings support construct validity for two of the categories of the new classification system, however further research is warranted to achieve construct validation of the classification system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G M Schäfer
- HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Toby M Hall
- School of Physiotherapy, Curtin Innovation Health Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology Perth, Perth, Australia Manual Concepts, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn N Briffa
- School of Physiotherapy, Curtin Innovation Health Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology Perth, Perth, Australia
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67
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Leder EH, McCairns RJS, Leinonen T, Cano JM, Viitaniemi HM, Nikinmaa M, Primmer CR, Merilä J. The evolution and adaptive potential of transcriptional variation in sticklebacks--signatures of selection and widespread heritability. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:674-89. [PMID: 25429004 PMCID: PMC4327155 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence implicating differential gene expression as a significant driver of evolutionary novelty continues to accumulate, but our understanding of the underlying sources of variation in expression, both environmental and genetic, is wanting. Heritability in particular may be underestimated when inferred from genetic mapping studies, the predominant "genetical genomics" approach to the study of expression variation. Such uncertainty represents a fundamental limitation to testing for adaptive evolution at the transcriptomic level. By studying the inheritance of expression levels in 10,495 genes (10,527 splice variants) in a threespine stickleback pedigree consisting of 563 individuals, half of which were subjected to a thermal treatment, we show that 74-98% of transcripts exhibit significant additive genetic variance. Dominance variance is also prevalent (41-99% of transcripts), and genetic sources of variation seem to play a more significant role in expression variance in the liver than a key environmental variable, temperature. Among-population comparisons suggest that the majority of differential expression in the liver is likely due to neutral divergence; however, we also show that signatures of directional selection may be more prevalent than those of stabilizing selection. This predominantly aligns with the neutral model of evolution for gene expression but also suggests that natural selection may still act on transcriptional variation in the wild. As genetic variation both within- and among-populations ultimately defines adaptive potential, these results indicate that broad adaptive potential may be found within the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Leder
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R J Scott McCairns
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Leinonen
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - José M Cano
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Heidi M Viitaniemi
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Nikinmaa
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Leamy LJ, Lee CR, Cousins V, Mujacic I, Manzaneda AJ, Prasad K, Mitchell-Olds T, Song BH. Large-scale adaptive divergence in Boechera fecunda, an endangered wild relative of Arabidopsis. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3175-86. [PMID: 25473471 PMCID: PMC4222205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological species are threatened with extinction because of a number of factors such as climate change and habitat loss, and their preservation depends on an accurate understanding of the extent of their genetic variability within and among populations. In this study, we assessed the genetic divergence of five quantitative traits in 10 populations of an endangered cruciferous species, Boechera fecunda, found in only several populations in each of two geographic regions (WEST and EAST) in southwestern Montana. We analyzed variation in quantitative traits, neutral molecular markers, and environmental factors and provided evidence that despite the restricted geographical distribution of this species, it exhibits a high level of genetic variation and regional adaptation. Conservation efforts therefore should be directed to the preservation of populations in each of these two regions without attempting transplantation between regions. Heritabilities and genetic coefficients of variation estimated from nested ANOVAs were generally high for leaf and rosette traits, although lower (and not significantly different from 0) for water-use efficiency. Measures of quantitative genetic differentiation, QST, were calculated for each trait from each pair of populations. For three of the five traits, these values were significantly higher between regions compared with those within regions (after adjustment for neutral genetic variation, FST). This suggested that natural selection has played an important role in producing regional divergence in this species. Our analysis also revealed that the B. fecunda populations appear to be locally adapted due, at least in part, to differences in environmental conditions in the EAST and WEST regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Leamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
| | - Cheng-Ruei Lee
- Department of Biology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina, 27705
| | - Vanessa Cousins
- Department of Biology, Duke University Durham, North Carolina, 27705
| | - Ibro Mujacic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
| | - Antonio J Manzaneda
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Kasavajhala Prasad
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | | | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
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Hernández-Serrano A, Verdú M, Santos-Del-Blanco L, Climent J, González-Martínez SC, Pausas JG. Heritability and quantitative genetic divergence of serotiny, a fire-persistence plant trait. Ann Bot 2014; 114:571-7. [PMID: 25008363 PMCID: PMC4204669 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although it is well known that fire acts as a selective pressure shaping plant phenotypes, there are no quantitative estimates of the heritability of any trait related to plant persistence under recurrent fires, such as serotiny. In this study, the heritability of serotiny in Pinus halepensis is calculated, and an evaluation is made as to whether fire has left a selection signature on the level of serotiny among populations by comparing the genetic divergence of serotiny with the expected divergence of neutral molecular markers (QST-FST comparison). METHODS A common garden of P. halepensis was used, located in inland Spain and composed of 145 open-pollinated families from 29 provenances covering the entire natural range of P. halepensis in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Narrow-sense heritability (h(2)) and quantitative genetic differentiation among populations for serotiny (QST) were estimated by means of an 'animal model' fitted by Bayesian inference. In order to determine whether genetic differentiation for serotiny is the result of differential natural selection, QST estimates for serotiny were compared with FST estimates obtained from allozyme data. Finally, a test was made of whether levels of serotiny in the different provenances were related to different fire regimes, using summer rainfall as a proxy for fire regime in each provenance. KEY RESULTS Serotiny showed a significant narrow-sense heritability (h(2)) of 0·20 (credible interval 0·09-0·40). Quantitative genetic differentiation among provenances for serotiny (QST = 0·44) was significantly higher than expected under a neutral process (FST = 0·12), suggesting adaptive differentiation. A significant negative relationship was found between the serotiny level of trees in the common garden and summer rainfall of their provenance sites. CONCLUSIONS Serotiny is a heritable trait in P. halepensis, and selection acts on it, giving rise to contrasting serotiny levels among populations depending on the fire regime, and supporting the role of fire in generating genetic divergence for adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-Serrano
- CIDE-CSIC, Ctra. Moncada - Nàquera Km. 4·5 (IVIA campus), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Verdú
- CIDE-CSIC, Ctra. Moncada - Nàquera Km. 4·5 (IVIA campus), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luís Santos-Del-Blanco
- INIA-Forest Research Centre, Ctra. A Coruña Km 7·5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, INIA-University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José Climent
- INIA-Forest Research Centre, Ctra. A Coruña Km 7·5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, INIA-University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Santiago C González-Martínez
- INIA-Forest Research Centre, Ctra. A Coruña Km 7·5, 28040 Madrid, Spain Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juli G Pausas
- CIDE-CSIC, Ctra. Moncada - Nàquera Km. 4·5 (IVIA campus), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Phillips TJ, Brown M, Ramirez JD, Perkins J, Woldeamanuel YW, Williams ACDC, Orengo C, Bennett DL, Bodi I, Cox S, Maier C, Krumova EK, Rice AS. Sensory, psychological, and metabolic dysfunction in HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy: A cross-sectional deep profiling study. Pain 2014; 155:1846-1860. [PMID: 24973717 PMCID: PMC4165602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a frequent complication of HIV infection and a major source of morbidity. A cross-sectional deep profiling study examining HIV-SN was conducted in people living with HIV in a high resource setting using a battery of measures which included the following: parameters of pain and sensory symptoms (7day pain diary, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory [NPSI] and Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]), sensory innervation (structured neurological examination, quantitative sensory testing [QST] and intraepidermal nerve fibre density [IENFD]), psychological state (Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 [PASS-20], Depression Anxiety and Positive Outlook Scale [DAPOS], and Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS], insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]), and quality of life (Short Form (36) Health Survey [SF-36]). The diagnostic utility of the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS), Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) were evaluated. Thirty-six healthy volunteers and 66 HIV infected participants were recruited. A novel triumvirate case definition for HIV-SN was used that required 2 out of 3 of the following: 2 or more abnormal QST findings, reduced IENFD, and signs of a peripheral neuropathy on a structured neurological examination. Of those with HIV, 42% fulfilled the case definition for HIV-SN (n=28), of whom 75% (n=21) reported pain. The most frequent QST abnormalities in HIV-SN were loss of function in mechanical and vibration detection. Structured clinical examination was superior to QST or IENFD in HIV-SN diagnosis. HIV-SN participants had higher plasma triglyceride, concentrations depression, anxiety and catastrophizing scores, and prevalence of insomnia than HIV participants without HIV-SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor J.C. Phillips
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Matthew Brown
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Juan D. Ramirez
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, UK
| | - James Perkins
- Department of Bioinformatics, University College London, UK
| | - Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amanda C. de C. Williams
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Istvan Bodi
- Department of Neuropathology, Kings College London, UK
| | - Sarah Cox
- Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Pain Management, BG University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena K. Krumova
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Corresponding author at: Pain Research Group, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 2087468816.
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Shirk RY, Hamrick JL. Multivariate adaptation but no increase in competitive ability in invasive Geranium carolinianum L. (Geraniaceae). Evolution 2014; 68:2945-59. [PMID: 24931621 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can affect the successful establishment of invasive species, but changes in selective pressures, loss of genetic variation in relevant traits, and/or altered trait correlations can make adaptation difficult to predict. We used a common-garden experiment to assess trait correlations and patterns of adaptation in the invasive plant, Geranium carolinianum, sampled across 20 populations in its native (United States) and invasive (China) ranges. We used multivariate QST - FST tests to determine if phenotypic differences between countries are attributable to adaptation. We also compared population-level variation within each country to assess whether local adaptation resulted in similar multivariate phenotypes in the United States and China. Between countries, most phenotypic differences are indistinguishable from genetic drift, although we detected a signature of adaptation to the colder, drier winters in China. There was no evidence for increases in invasive traits in China. Within countries, strong multivariate adaptation appears to be driven by latitudinal climatic variation in the United States, but not in China. Additionally, adaptive trait combinations as well as their underlying correlations differ between the two countries, indicating that adaptation in invasive populations does not parallel patterns in native populations due to differences in selection pressures, genetic constraints, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y Shirk
- Department of Plant Biology, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the scientific literature relating to the use of quantitative sensory testing (QST) for mechanism-based pain management. DESIGN A literature search was undertaken using PubMed and search terms including quantitative sensory testing, pain, chronic pain, response to treatment, outcome measure. SETTINGS AND PATIENTS Studies including QST in healthy individuals and those with painful disorders were reviewed. MEASURES Publications reported on QST methodological issues including associations among measures and reliability. We also included publications on the use of QST measures in case-control studies, their associations with biopsychosocial mechanisms, QST measures predicting clinical pain, as well as predicting and reflecting treatment responses. RESULTS Although evidence suggests that QST may be useful in a mechanism-based classification of pain, there are gaps in our current understanding that need to be addressed including making QST more applicable in clinical settings. There is a need for developing shorter QST protocols that are clinically predictive of various pain subtypes and treatment responses without requiring expensive equipment. Future studies are needed, examining the clinical predictive value of QST including sensitivity and specificity for pain classification or outcome prediction. These findings could enable third-party payers' reimbursement, which would facilitate clinical implementation of QST. CONCLUSIONS With some developments, QST could become a cost-effective and clinically useful component of pain assessment and diagnosis, which can further our progress toward the goal of mechanism-based personalized pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, Department of Community Dentistry & Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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73
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Ye Q, Tang F, Wei N, Yao X. Molecular and quantitative trait variation within and among small fragmented populations of the endangered plant species Psilopeganum sinense. Ann Bot 2014; 113:79-86. [PMID: 24265350 PMCID: PMC3864726 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Natural selection and genetic drift are important evolutionary forces in determining genetic and phenotypic differentiation in plant populations. The extent to which these two distinct evolutionary forces affect locally adaptive quantitative traits has been well studied in common plant and animal species. However, we know less about how quantitative traits respond to selection pressures and drift in endangered species that have small population sizes and fragmented distributions. To address this question, this study assessed the relative strengths of selection and genetic drift in shaping population differentiation of phenotypic traits in Psilopeganum sinense, a naturally rare and recently endangered plant species. METHODS Population differentiation at five quantitative traits (QST) obtained from a common garden experiment was compared with differentiation at putatively neutral microsatellite markers (FST) in seven populations of P. sinense. QST estimates were derived using a Bayesian hierarchical variance component method. KEY RESULTS Trait-specific QST values were equal to or lower than FST. Neutral genetic diversity was not correlated with quantitative genetic variation within the populations of P. sinense. CONCLUSIONS Despite the prevalent empirical evidence for QST > FST, the results instead suggest a definitive role of stabilizing selection and drift leading to phenotypic differentiation among small populations. Three traits exhibited a significantly lower QST relative to FST, suggesting that populations of P. sinense might have experienced stabilizing selection for the same optimal phenotypes despite large geographical distances between populations and habitat fragmentation. For the other two traits, QST estimates were of the same magnitude as FST, indicating that divergence in these traits could have been achieved by genetic drift alone. The lack of correlation between molecular marker and quantitative genetic variation suggests that sophisticated considerations are required for the inference of conservation measures of P. sinense from neutral genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Feiyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Ecology and Evolutional Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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74
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Freeman R, Baron R, Bouhassira D, Cabrera J, Emir B. Sensory profiles of patients with neuropathic pain based on the neuropathic pain symptoms and signs. Pain 2013; 155:367-376. [PMID: 24472518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript aimed to characterize the clinical profile of various neuropathic pain (NeP) disorders and to identify whether patterns of sensory symptoms/signs exist, based on baseline responses on the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI) questionnaire and the quantitative sensory testing (QST). These post hoc analyses were based on data from 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies of pregabalin (150-600mg/day) in patients with NeP syndromes: central poststroke pain, posttraumatic peripheral pain, painful HIV neuropathy, and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The NPSI questionnaire includes 10 different pain symptom descriptors. QST was used to detect sensory thresholds of accurately calibrated sensory stimuli and to quantify the intensity of evoked sensation. To identify symptoms/signs clusters and select the number of clusters, a principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering methods with clinical input were used. Analysis of the NPSI pain qualities and individual QST measures at baseline indicated no clear association between particular symptoms/signs profiles and etiologies. Based on NPSI symptoms, PCA identified 3 pain dimensions: provoked, deep, and pinpoint. A hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 clusters with distinct pain characteristics profiles independent of NeP syndrome. Based on QST signs, PCA identified 2 pain dimensions: evoked by cold and evoked by touch. A hierarchical cluster analysis identified 4 clusters with distinct pain characteristics profiles. These "trans-etiological" profiles may reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and therefore, potential differential responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Freeman
- Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany INSERM U987, Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt F-92100, France Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, Versailles F-78035, France Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
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Rolke R, Rolke S, Vogt T, Birklein F, Geber C, Treede RD, Letzel S, Voelter-Mahlknecht S. Hand-arm vibration syndrome: clinical characteristics, conventional electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1680-8. [PMID: 23507585 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workers exposed to vibrating tools may develop hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). We assessed the somatosensory phenotype using quantitative sensory testing (QST) in comparison to electrophysiology to characterize (1) the most sensitive QST parameter for detecting sensory loss, (2) the correlation of QST and electrophysiology, and (3) the frequency of a carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in HAVS. METHODS QST, cold provocation tests, fine motor skills, and median nerve neurography were used. QST included thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were examined (54 ± 11 years, 91% men) at the more affected hand compared to 16 matched controls. Vibration detection threshold was the most sensitive parameter to detect sensory loss that was more pronounced in the sensitivity range of Pacinian (150 Hz, x12) than Meissner's corpuscles (20 Hz, x3). QST (84% abnormal) was more sensitive to detect neural dysfunction than conventional electrophysiology (37% abnormal). Motor (34%) and sensory neurography (25%) were abnormal in HAVS. CTS frequency was not increased (9.4%). CONCLUSION Findings are consistent with a mechanically-induced, distally pronounced motor and sensory neuropathy independent of CTS. SIGNIFICANCE HAVS involves a neuropathy predominantly affecting large fibers with a sensory damage related to resonance frequencies of vibrating tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Rolke
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
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Pickup M, Field DL, Rowell DM, Young AG. Predicting local adaptation in fragmented plant populations: implications for restoration genetics. Evol Appl 2012; 5:913-24. [PMID: 23346235 PMCID: PMC3552408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding patterns and correlates of local adaptation in heterogeneous landscapes can provide important information in the selection of appropriate seed sources for restoration. We assessed the extent of local adaptation of fitness components in 12 population pairs of the perennial herb Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Asteraceae) and examined whether spatial scale (0.7-600 km), environmental distance, quantitative (Q(ST)) and neutral (F(ST)) genetic differentiation, and size of the local and foreign populations could predict patterns of adaptive differentiation. Local adaptation varied among populations and fitness components. Including all population pairs, local adaptation was observed for seedling survival, but not for biomass, while foreign genotype advantage was observed for reproduction (number of inflorescences). Among population pairs, local adaptation increased with Q(ST) and local population size for biomass. Q(ST) was associated with environmental distance, suggesting ecological selection for phenotypic divergence. However, low F(ST) and variation in population structure in small populations demonstrates the interaction of gene flow and drift in constraining local adaptation in R. leptorrhynchoides. Our study indicates that for species in heterogeneous landscapes, collecting seed from large populations from similar environments to candidate sites is likely to provide the most appropriate seed sources for restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Pickup
- CSIRO Plant IndustryCanberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - David M Rowell
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
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