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Hallberg AR, Vorrink SU, Hudachek DR, Cramer-Morales K, Milhem MM, Cornell RA, Domann FE. Aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A gene constitutes a mechanism for loss of TFAP2A expression in human metastatic melanoma. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1641-7. [PMID: 25625848 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.988062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly treatment-resistant form of skin cancer whose global incidence is on the rise. During melanocyte transformation and melanoma progression the expression profile of many genes changes. Among these, a gene implicated in several steps of melanocyte development, TFAP2A, is frequently silenced; however, the molecular mechanism of TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma remains unknown. In this study, we measured TFAP2A mRNA expression in primary human melanocytes compared to 11 human melanoma samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we assessed CpG DNA methylation of the TFAP2A promoter in these samples using bisulfite sequencing. Compared to primary melanocytes, which showed high TFAP2A mRNA expression and no promoter methylation, human melanoma samples showed decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression and increased promoter methylation. We further show that increased CpG methylation correlates with decreased TFAP2A mRNA expression. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, we further identified TFAP2A as a gene displaying among the most decreased expression in stage 4 melanomas vs. non-stage 4 melanomas, and whose CpG methylation was frequently associated with lack of mRNA expression. Based on our data, we conclude that TFAP2A expression in human melanomas can be silenced by aberrant CpG methylation of the TFAP2A promoter. We have identified aberrant CpG DNA methylation as an epigenetic mark associated with TFAP2A silencing in human melanoma that could have significant implications for the therapy of human melanoma using epigenetic modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Hallberg
- a Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology; Graduate College ; The University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Rose M, Schubert C, Dierichs L, Gaisa NT, Heer M, Heidenreich A, Knüchel R, Dahl E. OASIS/CREB3L1 is epigenetically silenced in human bladder cancer facilitating tumor cell spreading and migration in vitro. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1626-40. [PMID: 25625847 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.988052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB3L1 has been recently proposed as a novel metastasis suppressor gene in breast cancer. Our current study highlights CREB3L1 expression, regulation, and function in bladder cancer. We demonstrate a significant downregulation of CREB3L1 mRNA expression (n = 64) in primary bladder cancer tissues caused by tumor-specific CREB3L1 promoter hypermethylation (n = 51). Based on pyrosequencing CREB3L1 methylation was shown to be potentially associated with a more aggressive phenotype of bladder cancer. These findings were verified by an independent public data set containing data from 184 bladder tumors. In addition, immunohistochemical evaluation showed that CREB3L1 protein expression is decreased in bladder cancer tissues as well. Interestingly, protein loss is predominately observed in the nuclei of aggressive tumor cells. Based on in vitro models we clearly show that CREB3L1 re-expression mediates suppression of tumor cell migration and colony growth of high grade and invasive bladder cancer cells. The candidate tumor suppressor and TGF-β signaling inhibitor HTRA3 was furthermore identified as putative target gene of CREB3L1 in both invasive J82 bladder cells and primary bladder tumors. Hence, our data provide for the first time evidence that the transcription factor CREB3L1 may have an important role as a putative tumor suppressor in bladder cancer.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2
- CA, California
- CIS, Carcinoma in situ
- CREB3L1, element binding protein 3-like 1
- DAB, 3-3′ diaminobenzidine
- DAC, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine
- DNA, desoxyribonucleic acid
- EK, ethics committee
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FC, fold change
- FFPE, formalin fixed paraffin embedded
- G1, well differentiated
- G2, moderately differentiated
- G3, poorly differentiated
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- HTRA (1-4), high-temperature requirement factor A (1-4)
- HTRA3
- IQR, interquartile range
- IRS, immunoreactive score
- LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
- M, methylated
- MIBC, muscle invasive bladder cancer
- MSP, methylation specific PCR
- NMIBC, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
- NU, normal urothelium
- OASIS / CREB3L1
- OASIS, old astrocyte specifically-induced substance
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RIP, regulated intramembrane proteolysis
- RWTH, Rheinisch Westfälisch Technische Hochschule
- SP1, site 1 protease
- SP2, site 2 protease
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TSA, trichostatin A
- TSS, transcription start site
- U, unmethylated
- UC, urothelial cell cancer
- UPR, unfold protein response
- USA, United States of America
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WI, Wisconsin
- bladder cancer
- cDNA, copy number desoxyribonucleic acid
- mRNA, messenger ribo nucleic acid
- n, number
- ns, not significant
- pTa, papillary non-invasive tumors
- promoter methylation
- s.e.m., standard error of the margin
- tumor cell migration
- tumor suppressor gene
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rose
- a Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology ; RWTH Aachen University ; Aachen , Germany
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Cheng H, Fertig EJ, Ozawa H, Hatakeyama H, Howard JD, Perez J, Considine M, Thakar M, Ranaweera R, Krigsfeld G, Chung CH. Decreased SMAD4 expression is associated with induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1252-8. [PMID: 26046389 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1056418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting this receptor, is widely used to treat these patients. In the following investigation, we examined the role of SMAD4 down-regulation in mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cetuximab resistance in HNSCC. We determined that SMAD4 downregulation was significantly associated with increased cell motility, increased expression of vimentin, and cetuximab resistance in HNSCC cell lines. In the HNSCC genomic dataset obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, SMAD4 was altered in 20/279 (7%) of HNSCC via homozygous deletion, and nonsense, missense, and silent mutations. When SMAD4 expression was compared with respect to human papillomavirus (HPV) status, HPV-positive tumors had higher expression compared to HPV-negative tumors. Furthermore, higher SMAD4 expression also correlated with higher CDKN2A (p16) expression. Our data suggest that SMAD4 down-regulation plays an important role in the induction of EMT and cetuximab resistance. Patients with higher SMAD4 expression may benefit from cetuximab use in the clinic.
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Key Words
- CDKN2A, cyclin-dependent kinase Inhibitor 2A
- CTX, cetuximab
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-to-msenchymal transition
- FDR, false delivery rate
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- KD, knocked-down
- RPPA, reverse phase protein arrays
- RSEM, RNA-Seq by Expectation Maximization
- SMAD4
- SMAD4, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- cetuximab
- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- mIR, microRNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- shRNA, small hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Cheng
- a Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD USA
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Lal N, Beggs AD, Willcox BE, Middleton GW. An immunogenomic stratification of colorectal cancer: Implications for development of targeted immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e976052. [PMID: 25949894 PMCID: PMC4404815 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.976052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density is prognostic and predictive in colorectal cancer (CRC), the impact of tumor genetics upon colorectal immunobiology is unclear. Identification of genetic factors that influence the tumor immunophenotype is essential to improve the effectiveness of stratified immunotherapy approaches. We carried out a bioinformatics analysis of CRC data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) involving two-dimensional hierarchical clustering to define an immune signature that we used to characterize the immune response across key patient groups. An immune signature termed The Co-ordinate Immune Response Cluster (CIRC) comprising 28 genes was coordinately regulated across the patient population. Four patient groups were delineated on the basis of cluster expression. Group A, which was heavily enriched for patients with microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and POL mutations, exhibited high CIRC expression, including the presence of several inhibitory molecules: CTLA4, PDL1, PDL2, LAG3, and TIM3. In contrast, RAS mutation was enriched in patient groups with lower CIRC expression. This work links the genetics and immunobiology of colorectal tumorigenesis, with implications for the development of stratified immunotherapeutic approaches. Microsatellite instability and POL mutations are linked with high mutational burden and high immune infiltration, but the coordinate expression of inhibitory pathways observed suggests combination checkpoint blockade therapy may be required to improve efficacy. In contrast, RAS mutant tumors predict for a relatively poor immune infiltration and low inhibitory molecule expression. In this setting, checkpoint blockade may be less efficacious, highlighting a requirement for novel strategies in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Lal
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary W Middleton
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham, UK
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Jagtap JC, Parveen D, Shah RD, Desai A, Bhosale D, Chugh A, Ranade D, Karnik S, Khedkar B, Mathur A, Natesh K, Chandrika G, Shastry P. Secretory prostate apoptosis response (Par)-4 sensitizes multicellular spheroids (MCS) of glioblastoma multiforme cells to tamoxifen-induced cell death. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 5:8-19. [PMID: 25685660 PMCID: PMC4309838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of brain tumor and is associated with resistance to conventional therapy and poor patient survival. Prostate apoptosis response (Par)-4, a tumor suppressor, is expressed as both an intracellular and secretory/extracellular protein. Though secretory Par-4 induces apoptosis in cancer cells, its potential in drug-resistant tumors remains to be fully explored. Multicellular spheroids (MCS) of cancer cells often acquire multi-drug resistance and serve as ideal experimental models. We investigated the role of Par-4 in Tamoxifen (TAM)-induced cell death in MCS of human cell lines and primary cultures of GBM tumors. TCGA and REMBRANT data analysis revealed that low levels of Par-4 correlated with low survival period (21.85 ± 19.30 days) in GBM but not in astrocytomas (59.13 ± 47.26 days) and oligodendrogliomas (58.04 ± 59.80 days) suggesting low PAWR expression as a predictive risk factor in GBM. Consistently, MCS of human cell lines and primary cultures displayed low Par-4 expression, high level of chemo-resistance genes and were resistant to TAM-induced cytotoxicity. In monolayer cells, TAM-induced cytotoxicity was associated with enhanced expression of Par-4 and was alleviated by silencing of Par-4 using specific siRNA. TAM effectively induced secretory Par-4 in conditioned medium (CM) of cells cultured as monolayer but not in MCS. Moreover, MCS were rendered sensitive to TAM-induced cell death by exposure to conditioned medium (CM)-containing Par-4 (derived from TAM-treated monolayer cells). Also TAM reduced the expression of Akt and PKCζ in GBM cells cultured as monolayer but not in MCS. Importantly, combination of TAM with inhibitors to PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or PKCζ resulted in secretion of Par-4 and cell death in MCS. Since membrane GRP78 is overexpressed in most cancer cells but not normal cells, and secretory Par-4 induces apoptosis by binding to membrane GRP78, secretory Par-4 is an attractive candidate for potentially overcoming therapy-resistance not only in malignant glioma but in broad spectrum of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Parveen
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Ashish Chugh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cimet’s Inamdar Multispeciality Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Ranade
- Department of Neurosurgery, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Swapnil Karnik
- Department of Histopathology, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Kumar Natesh
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | | | - Padma Shastry
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
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