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Bem RA, van Woensel JBM, Lutter R, Domachowske JB, Medema JP, Rosenberg HF, Bos AP. Granzyme A- and B-cluster deficiency delays acute lung injury in pneumovirus-infected mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:931-8. [PMID: 20018616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection by the human pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus is a frequent cause of acute lung injury in children. Severe pneumovirus disease in humans is associated with activation of the granzyme pathway by effector lymphocytes, which may promote pathology by exaggerating proapoptotic caspase activity and proinflammatory activity. The main goal of this study was to determine whether granzymes contribute to the development of acute lung injury in pneumovirus-infected mice. Granzyme-expressing mice and granzyme A- and B-cluster single- and double-knockout mice were inoculated with the rodent pneumovirus pneumonia virus of mice strain J3666, and were studied for markers of lung inflammation and injury. Expression of granzyme A and B is detected in effector lymphocytes in mouse lungs in response to pneumovirus infection. Mice deficient for granzyme A and the granzyme B cluster have unchanged virus titers in the lungs but show a significantly delayed clinical response to fatal pneumovirus infection, a feature that is associated with delayed neutrophil recruitment, diminished activation of caspase-3, and reduced lung permeability. We conclude that granzyme A- and B-cluster deficiency delays the acute progression of pneumovirus disease by reducing alveolar injury.
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Kijlstra A, Meerburg BG, Bos AP. Food safety in free-range and organic livestock systems: risk management and responsibility. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2629-37. [PMID: 20003752 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.12.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal production systems that offer outdoor access to the animals have become increasingly popular in the Western world due to the growing general discontent of consumers with conventional bioindustrial farming practices. These open production systems offer improved animal welfare but may create new problems for animal health, resulting in increased food safety risks from bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections or environmental contaminants. Examples of these new problems include increased Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs and high dioxin levels in eggs from free-range hens. In this review, the relation between positive and negative points of free-range and organic livestock production systems is discussed with reference to production in The Netherlands. We investigated how proponents of more animal welfare friendly systems deal with potential negative issues in public and whether any risk communication is used. Generally, we found that the existence of a dilemma is disputed or avoided in communication with the consumer. This avoidance could be detrimental for public trust in alternative animal production systems, should problems occur. To prevent future problems, it will be necessary to communicate about the relevant types and sources of the food safety risks to the consumers. The responsibility for protecting food safety should be properly divided among the various parties involved: producers, processors, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and consumers.
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Bronner MB, Kayser AM, Knoester H, Bos AP, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA. A pilot study on peritraumatic dissociation and coping styles as risk factors for posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression in parents after their child's unexpected admission to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2009; 3:33. [PMID: 19832987 PMCID: PMC2770447 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression in parents three months after pediatric intensive care treatment of their child and examine if peritraumatic dissocation and coping styles are related to these mental health problems. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study and included parents of children unexpectedly admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from January 2006 to March 2007. At three months follow-up parents completed PTSD (n = 115), anxiety and depression (n = 128) questionnaires. Immediately after discharge, parents completed peritraumatic dissocation and coping questionnaires. Linear regression models with generalized estimating equations examined risk factors for mental health problems. RESULTS Over 10% of the parents were likely to meet criteria for PTSD and almost one quarter for subclinical PTSD. Respectively 15% to 23% of the parents reported clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety. Peritraumatic dissocation was most strongly associated with PTSD, anxiety as well as depression. Avoidance coping was primarily associated with PTSD. CONCLUSION A significant number of parents have mental health problems three months after unexpected PICU treatment of their child. Improving detection and raise awareness of mental health problems is important to minimize the negative effect of these problems on parents' well-being.
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Bem RA, Bos AP, Wösten-van Asperen RM, Bruijn M, Lutter R, Sprick MR, van Woensel JBM. Potential role of soluble TRAIL in epithelial injury in children with severe RSV infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:697-705. [PMID: 19635930 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of acute lung injury in young children and infants. Studies in adults and animals suggest that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ligands may mediate lung injury by causing apoptosis of epithelial cells. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) pathway may be implicated in epithelial injury during severe RSV infection in children. We report elevated levels of soluble (s)TRAIL released by leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with RSV-associated respiratory failure (n = 22) as compared with mechanically ventilated patients without pulmonary illness (n = 7). Primary bronchial epithelial cells of children without pulmonary disease obtained by nonbronchoscopic cytobrushing expressed both death receptors TRAIL-R1 and -R2, and were found to be susceptible for cell death by human recombinant sTRAIL in vitro. Furthermore, BALF from a patient with RSV induced cell death in these cells, which was partly attenuated by inhibiting TRAIL signaling. These data suggest that the TRAIL pro-apoptotic pathway may contribute to lung epithelial injury in severe RSV infection in children.
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Ehrlich TR, Von Rosenstiel IA, Grootenhuis MA, Gerrits AI, Bos AP. Long-term psychological distress in parents of child survivors of severe meningococcal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:220-4. [PMID: 16087557 DOI: 10.1080/13638490400022246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study psychological distress in parents of child survivors of Severe Meningococcal Disease (SMD) after discharge of their child from the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). METHODS This study approached parents of child survivors of SMD treated on the PICU between 1993-2001. Five cross-sectional groups were created for mothers and fathers separately. The five groups differed from each other by the period after discharge they entered the project (ranging from 3 months to 7 years after discharge). For research purposes, mothers and fathers (n = 192) individually completed the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ), measuring their level of psychological distress. STATISTICS Mean group scores were examined and a one-way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed to study differences between groups for mothers and fathers separately. In addition, percentages of parents with GHQ scores above cut-off were calculated and it was determined whether it differed from norm data. RESULTS Data reveal that both mothers and fathers experience high mean levels of psychological distress after discharge, showing no significant differences in group means over time. High percentages of parents experience psychological distress after discharge, if compared with the normal population. CONCLUSIONS Parents of child survivors of SMD experience profound and prolonged psychological distress after discharge. Future interventions should focus on follow-up care for this population to help them re-adjust after this stressful event.
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Knoester H, Sol JJ, Ramsodit P, Kuipers IM, Clur SAB, Bos AP. Cardiac Function in Pediatric Septic Shock Survivors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 162:1164-8. [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.162.12.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bem RA, van Woensel JBM, Bos AP, Koski A, Farnand AW, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF, Martin TR, Matute-Bello G. Mechanical ventilation enhances lung inflammation and caspase activity in a model of mouse pneumovirus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L46-56. [PMID: 18996903 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00467.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children can progress to respiratory distress and acute lung injury (ALI). Accumulating evidence suggests that mechanical ventilation (MV) is an important cofactor in the development of ALI by modulating the host immune responses to bacteria. This study investigates whether MV enhances the host response to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a mouse pneumovirus that has been used as a model for RSV infection in humans. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with diluted clarified lung homogenates from mice infected with PVM strain J3666 or uninfected controls. Four days after inoculation, the mice were subjected to 4 h of MV (tidal volume, 10 ml/kg) or allowed to breathe spontaneously. When compared with that of mice inoculated with PVM only, the administration of MV to PVM-infected mice resulted in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of the cytokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1alpha (CCL3), and IL-6; increased alveolar-capillary permeability to high molecular weight proteins; and increased caspase-3 activity in lung homogenates. We conclude that MV enhances the activation of inflammatory and caspase cell death pathways in response to pneumovirus infection. We speculate that MV potentially contributes to the development of lung injury in patients with RSV infection.
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Bronner MB, Knoester H, Bos AP, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after paediatric intensive care treatment compared to children who survived a major fire disaster. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008; 2:9. [PMID: 18489798 PMCID: PMC2408565 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals were to determine the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after paediatric intensive care treatment, to identify risk factors for PTSD, and to compare this data with data from a major fire disaster in the Netherlands. METHODS Children completed the Dutch Children's Responses to Trauma Inventory at three and nine months after discharge from the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Comparison data were available from 355 children survivors who completed the same questionnaire 10 months after a major fire disaster. RESULTS Thirty-six children aged eight to 17 years completed questionnaires at three month follow-up, nine month follow-up, or both. More than one third (34.5%) of the children had subclinical PTSD, while 13.8% were likely to meet criteria for PTSD. Maternal PTSD was the strongest predictor for child PTSD. There were no significant differences in (subclinical) PTSD symptoms either over time or compared to symptoms of survivors from the fire disaster. CONCLUSION This study shows that a considerable number of children have persistent PTSD after PICU treatment. Prevention of PTSD is important to minimize the profound adverse effects that PTSD can have on children's well-being and future development.
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Knoester H, Bronner MB, Bos AP, Grootenhuis MA. Quality of life in children three and nine months after discharge from a paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2008; 6:21. [PMID: 18331652 PMCID: PMC2292170 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-6-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved survival in children with critical illnesses has led to new disease patterns. As a consequence evaluation of the well being of survivors of Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) has become important. Outcome assessment should therefore consist of evaluation of morbidity, functional health and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Awareness of HRQoL consequences and physical sequelae could lead to changes in support during the acute phase and thereafter. The aim of this study was to evaluate HRQoL in PICU survivors. METHODS Prospective follow-up study three and nine months after discharge from a 14-bed tertiary PICU. Eighty-one of 142 eligible, previously healthy children were included from December 2002 through October 2005. HRQoL was assessed with the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life Questionnaire (TAPQOL-PF) for children aged 1 to 6 years of age, the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Parent Form (TACQOL-PF) for children aged 6 to 12 years of age, and the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Child Form (TACQOL-CF) for children aged 8 to 15 years of age. The studied patients were compared with age appropriate normative data using non-parametric tests and effect sizes. RESULTS Thirty-one and 27 children, and 55 and 50 parents completed questionnaires respectively three and nine months after discharge. In 1-6 year old children parents reported more lung problems (3 and 9 months), worse liveliness (9 months) and better appetite and problem behaviour (3 months); in 6-12 year old children parents reported worse motor functioning (3 months); and 12-15 year old adolescents reported worse motor functioning (3 months). Large effect sizes indicating clinical significant differences in HRQoL with healthy control subjects were found on more domains. CONCLUSION In this small group of PICU survivors differences in HRQoL with the normative population exist three and nine months after discharge. Calculated effect sizes were smaller nine months after discharge. These changes suggest that HRQoL improves over time. More research is necessary but we believe that HRQoL assessment should be incorporated in follow-up programs of PICU survivors.
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Bronner MB, Knoester H, Bos AP, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA. Follow-up after paediatric intensive care treatment: parental posttraumatic stress. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:181-6. [PMID: 18254907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the prevalence of posttraumatic stress in parents after an acute admission to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to determine risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress. METHODS Parents completed posttraumatic stress questionnaires three months after their child's discharge. This questionnaire measures both symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and enables determination of the full psychiatric diagnosis of PTSD. Medical and demographic data concerning their child were gathered from physical evaluations three months after discharge. Of 250 eligible families, 144 (57.6%) participated in this study. The questionnaires were completed by 140 mothers and 107 fathers. RESULTS More than three-quarters of the parents experienced persistent symptoms of PTSD. In 21 mothers (15.0%) and 10 fathers (9.3%), the full psychiatric diagnosis of PTSD was determined. In six families, both parents had PTSD. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between symptoms of PTSD of the mothers and the fathers. No obvious medical risk factors could be distinguished. CONCLUSION The unexpected admission of a child to a PICU is a stressful event associated with parental posttraumatic stress. Treatment should not end after discharge. Follow-up care is warranted and research should be focused on prevention of these symptoms.
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Bem RA, Bos AP, Bots M, Wolbink AM, van Ham SM, Medema JP, Lutter R, van Woensel JBM. Activation of the granzyme pathway in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:650-5. [PMID: 18317234 PMCID: PMC7100119 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31816fdc32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes (Grs), serine proteases present in granules of effector lymphocytes, are involved in several host immune responses, including the activation of cell death and inflammatory pathways. The main goal of this study was to determine whether the local cell-mediated Gr pathway is activated during severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children. Tracheal aspirates (TA) from 23 children with RSV-LRTI and 12 controls without pulmonary disease were analyzed for Gr A and B. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from seven children with RSV-LRTI were analyzed for cellular expression of GrB. Levels of GrA and GrB in TA were significantly increased in RSV patients compared with controls and both Grs showed preserved activity. Gr levels correlated with the total leukocyte counts and IL-8 levels in the airways at several time points. However, no correlation between Gr levels and release of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 was found. There was evidence for marked expression of GrB by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells and natural killer cells in the respiratory tract. These findings suggest activation of the cell-mediated Gr pathway during severe RSV-LRTI in children.
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Wösten-van Asperen RM, Lutter R, Haitsma JJ, Merkus MP, van Woensel JB, van der Loos CM, Florquin S, Lachmann B, Bos AP. ACE mediates ventilator-induced lung injury in rats via angiotensin II but not bradykinin. Eur Respir J 2007; 31:363-71. [PMID: 17959639 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury is characterised by inflammation and apoptosis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study proposed a role for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) via angiotensin II (Ang II) and/or bradykinin in acute lung injury. The authors assessed whether ACE and, if so, Ang II and/or bradykinin are implicated in inflammation and apoptosis by mechanical ventilation. Rats were ventilated for 4 h with low- or high-pressure amplitudes in the absence or presence of the ACE inhibitor captopril. Nonventilated animals served as controls. ACE activity, Ang II and bradykinin levels, as well as inflammatory parameters (total protein, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and interleukin-6) were determined. Apoptosis was assessed by the number of activated caspase-3 and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelling)-positive cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ACE activity, levels of total protein, inflammatory parameters and the number of apoptotic cells were increased in the high-pressure amplitude group as compared with the control group. Blocking ACE activity by captopril attenuated inflammation and apoptosis in the latter group. Similar results were obtained by blocking Ang II receptors, but blocking bradykinin receptors did not attenuate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of captopril. The current authors conclude that inflammation and apoptosis in ventilator-induced lung injury is, at least in part, due to angiotensin-converting enzyme-mediated angiotensin II production.
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Bruijn M, van der Aa LB, van Rijn RR, Bos AP, van Woensel JBM. High incidence of acute lung injury in children with Down syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:2179-82. [PMID: 17673975 PMCID: PMC2092441 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Acute respiratory tract infection is a common reason for hospitalization in children with Down syndrome (CDS) and is characterized by a high morbidity. The severe course of disease in CDS may be related to a higher incidence of acute lung injury (ALI). This study evaluated the incidence of ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mechanically ventilated CDS. Design and setting Retrospective cohort study in a pediatric ICU. Patients and participants Cases were all mechanically ventilated CDS admitted to our unit between January 1998 and July 2005. All mechanically ventilated patients without Down syndrome from January 1998 to January 2001 served as controls. Postoperative patients (cases and controls) and those with a cardiac left to right shunt were excluded. Measurements and results The main outcome measure was the incidence of ALI and ARDS. The criteria for ALI were met in 14 of 24 CDS (58.3%) in 41 of 317 of controls (12.9%; OR 9.4, 95% CI 3.9–22.6). The criteria for ARDS were met in 11 of 24 CDS (46%) and in 21 of 317 of controls (7%; OR 11.9, 95% CI 4.8–29.8). None of the CDS with ALI died; in the control group ten patients with ALI died. Conclusions CDS had a significantly higher incidence of ALI and ARDS than children without Down syndrome. The explanation for this remains to be elucidated; further study is necessary before clinical implications become clear.
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Bos AP, van Zwieten MCB. Randomized, controlled trials in the emergency setting: a matter of physician-patient relationships, responsibility, and trust. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:979-80. [PMID: 17421105 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000257366.71279.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sol JJ, van Woensel JBM, van Ommen CH, Bos AP. Long-term complications of central venous catheters in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paed.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bem RA, Bos AP, Matute-Bello G, van Tuyl M, van Woensel JBM. Lung epithelial cell apoptosis during acute lung injury in infancy. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8:132-7. [PMID: 17273113 DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000257207.02408.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Apoptosis of lung epithelial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Most research on this subject has focused on adults. Very little is known about a potential interaction of this process with lung development in children. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current literature on lung epithelial cell apoptosis and common causes of acute lung injury in infants and young children and to identify new areas of research. DESIGN A Medline-based literature search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Few studies have focused on lung epithelial cell apoptosis during common causes of acute lung injury in children. Nevertheless, the limited literature suggests that this may be an important mechanism during respiratory distress syndrome of infants and viral respiratory tract infection. Apoptosis is an essential process during lung development and maturation. Insufficient attention has been paid to potential consequences of this for the short- and long-term outcomes of acute lung injury.
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Knoester H, Grootenhuis MA, Bos AP. Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:1119-28. [PMID: 17823815 PMCID: PMC2039787 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of paediatric intensive care has contributed to the improved survival of critically ill children. Physical and psychological sequelae and consequences for quality of life (QoL) in survivors might be significant, as has been determined in adult intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Awareness of sequelae due to the original illness and its treatment may result in changes in treatment and support during and after the acute phase. To determine the current knowledge on physical and psychological sequelae and the quality of life in survivors of paediatric intensive care, we undertook a computerised comprehensive search of online databases for studies reporting sequelae in survivors of paediatric intensive care. Studies reporting sequelae in paediatric survivors of cardiothoracic surgery and trauma were excluded, as were studies reporting only mortality. All other studies reporting aspects of physical and psychological sequelae were analysed. Twenty-seven studies consisting of 3,444 survivors met the selection criteria. Distinct physical and psychological sequelae in patients have been determined and seemed to interfere with quality of life. Psychological sequelae in parents seem to be common. Small numbers, methodological limitations and quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity hamper the interpretation of data. We conclude that paediatric intensive care survivors and their parents have physical and psychological sequelae affecting quality of life. Further well-designed prospective studies evaluating sequelae of the original illness and its treatment are warranted.
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Boluyt N, Bollen CW, Bos AP, Kok JH, von Rosenstiel IA, Offringa M. [The practice guideline 'Volume suppletion in critically-ill neonates and children up to the age of 18 years' of the Dutch Paediatric Association]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2006; 150:2421-6. [PMID: 17131700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypovolaemia is the most common cause of circulatory failure in children. Treatment consists of volume suppletion with a crystalloid or colloid solution; which agent is the best in children is not clear. This evidence-based practice guideline formulates recommendations as to which fluid should be used for volume suppletion in critically-ill neonates and children up to the age of 18 years with hypovolaemia. Before the guideline development first-choice fluid for volume resuscitation was in 50% a colloid and in 50% a crystalloid solution for both neonatologists and paediatric intensivists. The neonatologists used human albumin as a priority, and the paeditric intensivists predominantly used a synthetic colloid. The guideline was developed on the basis of a comprehensive search and analysis of the literature according to the principles of evidence-based guideline development. The recommendations were formulated by a committee based on evidence from the literature and, when evidence from the literature was insufficient, on consensus after discussion in the committee. Since colloids are much more expensive than crystalloids and can give an anaphylactic reaction, their added value over crystalloids must be proven. In sick neonates and children, insufficient clinical trials have been done to reach the conclusion that colloids are more effective than crystalloids in hypovolaemia. A number of meta-analyses in adults revealed excess mortality in the group treated with albumin, but one recent, large, randomised study showed no difference in mortality. No added value could be demonstrated for the administration of synthetic colloids. On the basis of data from the literature and considerations regarding the applicability of evidence in adults to children and neonates, the side effects of resuscitation fluids, pathophysiology and costs, the first-choice fluid for neonates and children with hypovolaemia is isotonic saline. Albumin should not be used for the treatment of hypovolaemia. The volume to be administered and the infusion rate depend on the severity of the hypovolaemia and should be determined on an individual basis.
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van Woensel JBM, Bos AP, Lutter R, Rossen JWA, Schuurman R. Absence of human metapneumovirus co-infection in cases of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:872-4. [PMID: 16850438 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that co-infection of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in severe respiratory syncytial (RSV) virus bronchiolitis is very common. To evaluate the epidemiology of hMPV co-infection in children with severe lower respiratory tract infection caused by RSV virus. This was an observational cohort study in which hMPV and RSV viral load was measured by RT-PCR in tracheal specimens from the target population. hMPV could not be detected in any of the 30 mechanically ventilated children with RSV lower respiratory tract infection. Our study suggests that hMPV co-infection is not very common in severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection.
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Dahlem P, Bos AP, Haitsma JJ, Schultz MJ, Wolthuis EK, Meijers JCM, Lachmann B. Mechanical ventilation affects alveolar fibrinolysis in LPS-induced lung injury. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:992-8. [PMID: 16837499 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00133104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of mechanical ventilation on alveolar fibrin turnover in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. In a randomised controlled trial, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 61) were allocated to three ventilation groups after intratracheal LPS (Salmonella enteritidis) instillations. Group I animals were subjected to 16 cmH(2)O positive inspiratory pressure (PIP) and 5 cmH(2)O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); group II animals to 26 cmH(2)O PIP and 5 cmH(2)O PEEP; and group III animals to 35 cmH(2)O PIP and 5 cmH(2)O PEEP. Control rats (not mechanically ventilated) received LPS. Healthy rats served as a reference group. Levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TATc), D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and PAI-1 antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured. LPS-induced lung injury increased TATc, D-dimer and PAI activity and PAI-1 antigen levels versus healthy animals. High pressure-amplitude ventilation increased TATc concentrations. D-dimer concentrations were not significantly raised. Instead, PAI activity increased with the amplitude of the pressure, from 0.7 U.mL(-1) in group I to 3.4 U.mL(-1) in group II and 5.0 U.mL(-1) in group III. There was no change in PAI-1 antigen levels. In conclusion, mechanical ventilation creates an alveolar/pulmonary anti-fibrinolytic milieu in endotoxin-induced lung injury which, at least in part, might be due to an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity.
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Boluyt N, Bollen CW, Bos AP, Kok JH, Offringa M. Fluid resuscitation in neonatal and pediatric hypovolemic shock: a Dutch Pediatric Society evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:995-1003. [PMID: 16791662 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a clinical practice guideline that provides recommendations for the fluid, i.e. colloid or crystalloid, used for resuscitation in critically ill neonates and children up to the age of 18 years with hypovolemia. METHODS The guideline was developed through a comprehensive search and analysis of the pediatric literature. Recommendations were formulated by a national multidisciplinary committee involving all stakeholders in neonatal and pediatric intensive care and were based on research evidence from the literature and, in areas where the evidence was insufficient or lacking, on consensus after discussions in the committee. RESULTS Because of the lack of evidence in neonates and children, trials conducted in adults were considered. We found several recent meta-analyses that show excess mortality in albumin-treated groups, compared with crystalloid-treated groups, and one recent large randomized controlled trial that found evidence of no mortality difference. We found no evidence that synthetic colloids are superior to crystalloid solutions. CONCLUSIONS Given the state of the evidence and taking all other considerations into account, the guideline-developing group and the multidisciplinary committee recommend that in neonates and children with hypovolemia the first-choice fluid for resuscitation should be isotonic saline.
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Sluiter JK, Bos AP, Tol D, Calff M, Krijnen M, Frings-Dresen MHW. Is staff well-being and communication enhanced by multidisciplinary work shift evaluations? Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1409-14. [PMID: 16132886 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the implementation of multidisciplinary structured work shift evaluations at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to enhance team communication. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective, repeated measurements design, comparison of pre/post measurements and process measures in a Dutch tertiary care, university-affiliated PICU. PARTICIPANTS All 61 PICU staff members. INTERVENTIONS Implementing multidisciplinary structured work shift evaluations. Before the implementation phase the PICU team received feedback training and eight participants (four physicians, four nurses) were trained as "work shift evaluation leader." MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Outcome measures covered: (a) quality and process of the implementation through prestructured checklists during the 3 months of implementation, (b) a subjective evaluation of a feedback training on team communication as anticipated action and on the level of communication (about patients and with colleagues), and (c) emotional exhaustion complaints and work-related fatigue. The interdisciplinary structured work shift evaluations were implemented successfully as planned during the work shift; all staff were trained ahead, and the process was followed almost completely. Almost two-thirds (62%) of the staff felt a positive influence on team communication. Almost all staff members (92%) were satisfied regarding communication with their colleagues after the intervention, compared to 76% before. Emotional exhaustion in the PICU team decreased significantly after the implementation, but no differences in work-related fatigue levels were found. CONCLUSIONS As organizational change the implementation of a multidisciplinary structured work shift evaluation at a PICU was successful and team communication improved. Emotional exhaustion decreased during the study period.
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van Woensel JBM, Biezeveld MH, Hack CE, Bos AP, Kuijpers TW. Elastase and granzymes during meningococcal disease in children: correlation to disease severity. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1239-47. [PMID: 16010574 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the levels of human neutrophil elastase and lymphocyte-derived granzymes A and B in relation to disease severity in children with meningococcal disease. DESIGN Clinical observational cohort study. SETTING Paediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS All patients with meningococcal disease during the study period were included. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Blood sampling was done on the day of admission and on days 3 and 7. Assays for elastase and granzymes were done with ELISA. Sixty-one patients were included: 19 having distinct meningitis; 17 meningitis and shock; and 25 fulminant septicaemia. On admission levels of elastase were increased in all patients, being highest in those with fulminant septicaemia and lowest in those with distinct meningitis. Granzyme A (although marginally) and granzyme B levels were only increased in patients with shock. In 20 of the 28 patients admitted for > or = 3 days elastase decreased from admission ("rapid-decrease" group). In the remaining 8 patients, elastase started to decrease after 2 days ("slow-decrease" group). Patients of the "slow-decrease" group had a higher temperature up to day 4, needed more respiratory support (mean airway pressure in cm H2O on days 3 and 4: p=0.02 and p<0.01, respectively), and more circulatory support (>2 inotropic agents on day 3; p=0.04) compared with the "rapid-decrease" group. CONCLUSIONS Human neutrophil elastase and granzyme B are related with disease severity during the initial phase of meningococcal disease and prolonged neutrophil activation is associated with the extent of organ dysfunction during the period thereafter.
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van den Broek AJM, Gemke RJBJ, Bos AP, Heij HA. [Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2005; 149:1081-5. [PMID: 15932131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A boy aged 6 months and a girl aged 9 months were admitted due to vomiting, among others, and a boy aged 11 months due to pneumonia. It turned out that they had a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Primary operative repair was performed successfully in all patients, followed by recovery. The older boy experienced a relapse nearly 1 year later, which was treated by surgical correction. Most congenital diaphragmatic hernias present directly after birth, with cyanosis and respiratory distress. However, 10-20% of the cases are discovered after this period. In these children diagnosis can be difficult because of the diverse symptoms such as vomiting, feeding difficulties, tachypnoea or recurrent respiratory tract infections. Physical signs include the absence of breath sounds or the presence of bowel sounds in the chest. Chest X-ray, contrast upper gastrointestinal series or ultrasound imaging confirms the diagnosis. Delay in treatment can lead to complications such as necrosis of the bowel. In young children with acute or chronic respiratory infections or gastrointestinal complaints, a congenital diaphragmatic defect should be considered.
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